2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷55

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1、2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题There were incessant demands for the resignation of the Georgian president from the office for his inefficient running of state affairs.问题1选项A.occasionalB.temporaryC.continuousD.intermittent【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。横线单词incessant意为“不断的；连续的”；A选项“occasional”意为“偶然的，临时的”

2、；B选项“temporary”意为“暂时的，临时的”；C选项“continuous”意为“连续的，持续的；继续的”；D选项“intermittent”意为“间歇的；断断续续的”。句意：由于格鲁吉亚总统管理国家事务效率低下，不断有人要求他辞职。由题干可知，his inefficient running of state affairs（他管理国家事务效率低下），所以可以推测出让他辞职的要求应该是持续不断的，由此可推知incessant在这里是“不断的”的意思。因此C选项符合题意。2. 单选题The pollutants can be（ ）hundreds and even thousands o

3、f kilometers by large air masses.问题1选项A.containedB.conveyedC.contaminatedD.conserved【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项contain“包含；控制；容纳”；B选项convey“传达；运输；转移”；C选项contaminate“污染，弄脏”；D选项conserve“保存；将做成蜜饯”。句意：这大型气团可以将污染物输送到数百甚至数千公里以外的地方。由题干中的“by large air masses通过大的空气团”可知“转移”符合题意，因此B选项正确。3. 不定项选择题There is a question, ho

4、wever, that must be answered before this synthesis is attempted, namely, which are the social tendencies that are general human characteristics? It is easy to be misled in this respect. Much of our social behavior is automatic. Some may be instinctive, that is, organically determined. Much more is b

5、ased on conditioned responses, that is, determined by situations so persistently and early impressed upon us that we are no longer aware of the character of the behavior and also ordinarily unaware of the existence or possibility of a different behavior. Thus, a critical examination of what is gener

6、ally valid for all humanity and what is specifically valid for different cultural types comes to be a matter of great concern to students of society. This is one of the problems that induce us to lay particular stress upon the study of culture that are historically as little as possible related to o

7、ur own. Their study enables us to determine those tendencies that are common to all mankind and those belonging to specific human societies only.Another vista opens if we ask ourselves whether the characteristics of human society are even more widely distributed and found also in the animal world. R

8、elations of individuals or of groups of individuals may be looked at from three points of view: relations to the organic and inorganic outer world, relations among members of the same social group, and what, for lack of a better term, may be designated as subjectively conditioned relations. I mean b

9、y this term those attitudes that arise gradually by giving values and meanings to activities, as good or bad, right or wrong, beautiful or ugly, purposive or causally determined. Relations with the organic and inorganic outer world are established primarily by the obtaining of sustenance, protection

10、 against rigor of the climate, and geographical limitations of varied kinds. The relations of members among the same social group include the relation of sexes, habits of forming social groups and their forms. Obviously, these phases of human life are shared by animals. Their food requirements are b

11、iologically determined and adjusted to the geographical environment in which they live. Acquisition and storage of food are found among animals as well as in man. The need of protection against climate and enemies is also operative in animal society, and adjustment to these needs in the form of nest

12、s or dens is common. No less are the relations between members of social groups present in animal life, for animal societies of varied structure occur. It appears, therefore, that a considerable field of social phenomena does not by any means belong to man alone but is shared by the animal world, an

13、d the questions must be asked: what traits are common to human and animal societies?1. Which of the following statements is true? Our social behavior is （ ）.2. Why is social behavior difficult to change?3. In order to answer the question: “which are the social tendencies that are general human chara

14、cteristics?” we have to emphasize on the study of （ ）.4. The three points of view that indicate the relations of individuals are （ ）.5. Form the definitions of the three points of view, according to the passage, we can infer that （ ）.问题1选项A.more based on learned reactions than natural tendencyB.more

15、 inherently determined than early impressedC.more spontaneous than inbornD.more based on inherent than constitutional behavior问题2选项A.Ones behavior is inborn so that nothing can be done about it.B.Ones behavior is instinctive so that he/she cant act differently.C.Ones behavior is taught from childhoo

16、d so that it is fixed as normal in his/her childhood.D.If one never changes his/her geographical dwelling, his/her social behavior can never be changed.问题3选项A.human behaviorB.human organsC.cultureD.environment问题4选项A.relations characterized by natural development; relations that are culturally determ

17、ined; socially accepted behavior among the groupB.relations to natural and unnatural world; relations among people; conditioned relationsC.relations to organic and inorganic outer world; relations among human behavior; objectively conditioned relationsD.relations to living environment; relations amo

18、ng members of the same social group; subjectively conditioned relations问题5选项A.conditioned relations are acquiredB.relations to the organic and inorganic outer world are instinctiveC.relations among members or the same social group are learnedD.all of the above【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】第1题:细节事

19、实题。由题干定位到文章第一段中“Much more is based on conditioned responses, that is, determined by situations so persistently and early impressed upon us that we are no longer aware of the character of the behavior and also ordinarily unaware of the existence or possibility of a different behavior. 更多的是建立在条件反应的基础上

20、，也就是说，条件反应是由长期的和早期的情况所决定的，我们不再意识到行为的特征，通常也没有意识到不同行为的存在或可能性。”可知A项与原文相符。A项“更多的是基于习得的反应，而不是自然倾向”；B项“更多的是内在的决心而不是早期的印象”，与原文不符；C项“自发的多于天生的”，与原文不符；D项“更多地基于天生而不是本质的行为”，与原文不符，因此A选项正确。第2题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第一段中“Much more is based on conditioned responses, that is, determined by situations so persistently and ear

21、ly impressed upon us that we are no longer aware of the character of the behavior and also ordinarily unaware of the existence or possibility of a different behavior. 更多的是建立在条件反应的基础上，也就是说，条件反应是由长期的和早期的情况所决定的，我们不再意识到行为的特征，通常也没有意识到不同行为的存在或可能性。”可推知C项与原文相符。A项“一个人的行为是与生俱来的，因此没有什么可以改变它。”，与原文不符；B项“一个人的行为是本

22、能的，所以他/她不会有不同的行为。”，与原文不符；C项“一个人的行为是从小就被教导的，因此在他/她的童年就被固定下来，作为正常的行为。”；D项“如果一个人永远不改变他/她的居住地，他/她的社会行为也永远不会改变。”，与原文不符，因此C选项正确。第3题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第一段中“Their study enables us to determine those tendencies that are common to all mankind and those belonging to specific human societies only. 他们的研究使我们能够确定哪些倾向是

23、全人类共有的，哪些只属于特定的人类社会。”可推知C项与原文相符。A项“人类行为”；B项“人类器官”；C项“文化”；D项“环境”，因此C选项正确。第4题:推理判断题。最后一段中提及的三个观点：relations to the organic and inorganic outer world、relations among members of the same social group和conditioned relations（有机和无机外部世界的关系、同一社会群体成员之间的关系和条件关系），B、C、D三个选项均不符合题干要求，所以A项与原文相符。A项“以自然发展为特点的关系；由文化决定的关

24、系；群体间被社会所接受的行为”；B项“与自然和非自然世界的关系；人们之间的关系；条件关系”，与题意不符；C项“与外部世界有机和无机的关系；人类行为的关系；客观条件的关系”，与题意不符；D项“与生活环境的关系；同一社会群体成员之间的关系；主观条件关系”，与题意不符，因此A选项正确。第5题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章最后一段中“I mean by this term those attitudes that arise gradually by giving values and meanings to activities我用这个术语意指那些通过赋予活动价值和意义而逐渐产生的态度”，可知A项“

25、条件关系是获得的”与原文相符；由题干定位到文章最后一段中“Relations with the organic and inorganic outer world are established primarily by the obtaining of sustenance, protection against rigor of the climate, and geographical limitations of varied kinds. 与有机和无机外部世界的关系主要是通过获得食物、抵御严酷的气候和各种地理限制来建立的。”可知B项“与有机和无机外部世界的关系是本能的”与原文相符；最

26、后一段提到“Relations with the organic and inorganic outer world are established primarily by the obtaining”，即成员与群体间的关系是习得的，C选项正确。所以D项“以上各选项”正确。A项“条件关系是获得的”；B项“与有机和无机外部世界的关系是本能的”；C项“成员或同一社会群体之间的关系是习得的”；D项“以上各选项”，因此D选项正确。4. 不定项选择题Few people would defend the Victorian attitude to children, but if you were a

27、 parent in those days, at least you knew where you stood: children were to be seen and not heard. Freud and company did away with all that and parents have been （71） ever since. The childs happiness is all-important, the psychologists say, （72） what about the parents happiness? Parents suffer consta

28、ntly from fear and guilt while their children （73） romp about pulling the place apart. A good old-fashioned spanking is out of the （74）; no modern child-rearing （75） would permit such barbarity. The trouble is you are not allowed （76） to shout. Who knows what deep （77） wounds you might inflict? The

29、poor child may never recover from the dreadful traumatic （78）. So it is that parents （79） to avoid giving their children complexes （80） a hundred years ago wasnt even heard of. Certainly a child needs love, and a lot of it. But the excessive （81） of modern parents is surely doing more harm than good

30、.Psychologists have succeeded in （82） parents confidence in their own authority. And it hasnt taken children long to get wind of the fact. （83） the great modern classics on child care, there are countless articles in magazines and newspapers. With so much unsolicited （84） flying about, mum and dad j

31、ust dont know what to do any more. In the end, they do nothing at all. So, from early childhood, the kids are in charge and parents lives are （85） according to the needs of their offspring. When the little dears develop into （86）, they take complete control. Lax authority over the years makes adoles

32、cent （87） against parents all the more violent. If the young people are going to have a party, （88）, parents are asked to leave the house. Their presence merely （89） the fun. What else can the poor parents do but （90）?问题1选项A.relaxedB.thrilledC.bewilderedD.inspired问题2选项A.soB.butC.andD.or问题3选项A.pleasa

33、ntlyB.enthusiasticallyC.cautiouslyD.gaily问题4选项A.problemB.questionC.issueD.argument问题5选项A.brochureB.pamphletC.manualD.publication问题6选项A.evenB.alsoC.justD.as问题7选项A.physicalB.emotionalC.psychologicalD.sensational问题8选项A.experienceB.hazardC.adventureD.impact问题9选项A.striveB.hesitateC.anticipateD.oblige问题10

34、选项A.whatB.itC.whichD.this问题11选项A.penaltyB.barbarityC.scoldD.permissiveness问题12选项A.establishingB.enhancingC.detainingD.undermining问题13选项A.With relation toB.With regard toC.In addition toD.In terms of问题14选项A.demonstrationB.adviceC.criticismD.interpretation问题15选项A.operatedB.intensifiedC.regulatedD.comp

35、ensated问题16选项A.adultsB.teenagersC.parentsD.veterans问题17选项A.resistanceB.objectionC.hostilityD.rebellion问题18选项A.at firstB.in particularC.after allD.for instance问题19选项A.devastatesB.spoilsC.manipulatesD.converts问题20选项A.refuteB.violateC.abideD.obey【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C第6题:A第7题:C第8题:A第9题:A第10题:C第1

36、1题:D第12题:D第13题:C第14题:B第15题:C第16题:B第17题:D第18题:D第19题:B第20题:D【解析】第1题:考查逻辑关系。A选项 relaxed“松懈的；悠闲的，自在的”；B选项thrilled“非常兴奋的；极为激动的”；C选项bewildered“困惑的”；D选项inspired“有灵感的；受鼓舞的”。前文提到“but if you were a parent in those days, at least you knew where you stood 但如果你是那个年代的父母，至少你知道自己的立场。”和“Freud and company did away wi

37、th all that弗洛伊德和他的同伴们废除了这一切”，可知这里要表达的意思是“困惑的”。因此C选项正确。第2题:考查逻辑关系。A选项so“所以；因此”；B选项but“但是”；C选项and“和；就；而且”；D选项or“或者；还是”。前文提到“The childs happiness is all-important, the psychologists say 心理学家说，孩子的快乐是最重要的”与空格后提到“what about the parents happiness? 父母的幸福呢？”，可看出空格前后明显存在转折关系。因此B选项正确。第3题:考查词义辨析。A选项pleasantly“愉

38、快地；和蔼地，亲切地”；B选项enthusiastically“热心地；满腔热情地”；C选项cautiously“慎重地，谨慎地”；D选项gaily“华丽地；欢乐地”。下文提到“romp about嬉戏玩耍”，所以这里“欢乐地”符合语境。因此D选项正确。第4题:考查固定搭配。A选项out of the problem“绝不可能的”；B选项out of the question“不予考虑的”；没有out of the argument与out of the issue的搭配。下文的no modern child-rearingwould permit such barbarity意思是“没有现代

39、的育儿会允许如此的粗野”，可知这里要表达的意思是“不予考虑的”。因此B选项正确。第5题:考查词义辨析。A选项brochure“手册；说明书”；B选项pamphlet“小册子”；C选项manual“手册，指南”；D选项publication“出版；出版物；发表”。空格前说到child-rearing“抚养子女”，所以在这里“指南”更符合句意。因此C选项正确。第6题:考查词义辨析。A选项even“甚至；即使”；B选项also“也；而且”；C选项just“仅仅；正好”；D选项as“同样地；和一样的”。这里要表达的意思是“甚至不允许你去大喊”。因此A选项正确。第7题:考查词义辨析。A选项physica

40、l“物理的；身体的；物质的”；B选项emotional“情绪的；易激动的；感动人的”；C选项psychological“心理的；心理学的；精神上的”；D选项sensational“轰动的；耸人听闻的；使人感动的”。这里要表达的意思是“心理的创伤”。因此C选项正确。第8题:考查词义辨析。A选项experience“经验；经历；体验”；B选项hazard“危险，冒险；冒险的事”；C选项adventure“冒险；冒险精神；投机活动”；D选项impact“影响；效果；碰撞；冲击力”。由前文提及的“to shout大喊”以及空格前“dreadful traumatic可怕的（心理）创伤的”可知这里要表达

41、的意思是“经历”。因此A选项正确。第9题:考查词义辨析。A选项strive“努力；奋斗；抗争”，strive to“努力去做”；B选项hesitate“踌躇，犹豫；不愿”，hesitate to“犹豫去”；C选项anticipate“预期，期望；占先，抢先，提前使用”，不与介词to搭配；D选项oblige“迫使；强制”，oblige to“必须；不得不”。前文The poor child may never recover from the dreadful traumatic. 的意思是“这个可怜的孩子可能永远无法从可怕的创伤中恢复过来。”因此父母努力去避免给予他们的孩子变态心理，“努力”符

42、合句意。因此A选项正确。第10题:考查语法。句意：所以，在一百年前，甚至没有人听说过父母应该避免给他们的孩子带来情结。关系代词which引导从句充当后置定语。“a hundred years ago wasnt even heard of”为修饰空格前“complexes”的后置定语，所以这里需要用关系代词which来引导后置定语。因此C选项正确。第11题:考查词义辨析。A选项penalty“罚款，罚金；处罚”；B选项barbarity“残暴；粗野”；C选项scold“责骂”；D选项permissiveness“放任；许可”。这里要表达的意思是“现代父母对孩子的过度许可无疑弊大于利”。因此D选

43、项正确。第12题:考查逻辑关系。A选项establish（其现在分词为establishing）“建立；创办；安置”；B选项enhance（其现在分词为enhancing）“提高；加强；增加”；选项C选项detain（其现在分词为detaining）“拘留；留住；耽搁”；D选项undermine（其现在分词为undermining）“破坏，渐渐破坏；挖掘地基”。由前后文知这里说的是“心理学家已成功地破坏了父母对自己权威的自信”。因此D选项正确。第13题:考查逻辑关系。A选项with relation to“关于，涉及”；B选项“with regard to“关于；至于”；C选项in addit

44、ion to“除之外”；D选项in terms of“依据；在方面；以措词”。由空格后的内容可知这里指的是“除了关于照顾小孩的极好的现代经典著作外”，in addition to符合题意。因此C选项正确。第14题:考查词义辨析。A选项demonstration“示范；证明；示威游行”；B选项advice“建议：忠告：通知”；C选项criticism“批评；考证；苛求”；D选项interpretation“解释；翻译；演出”。前文提到“there are countless articles in magazines and newspapers 在杂志和报纸上有无数的文章”，所以这里说的是“有

45、那么多不请自来的建议满天飞”因此B选项正确。第15题:考查词义辨析。A选项operate（过去分词为operated）“操作；经营”；B选项intensify（过去分词为intensified）“使加强，使强化；使变激烈”；C选项regulate（过去分词为regulated）“调整；控制；管理”；D选项compensate（过去分词为compensated）“补偿，赔偿；付报酬”。这里要表达的意思是“父母的生活根据儿女的需要来调节”。因此C选项正确。第16题:考查词义辨析。A选项adult“成年人”；B选项teenage“青少年”；C选项parent“父亲（或母亲）；父母亲”；D选项vete

46、ran“富有经验的人；老运动员”。下文提到“adolescent青春期的”，因此这里指的是“当小宝贝长成青少年”，teenage符合题意。因此B选项正确。第17题:考查词义辨析。A选项resistance“阻力；电阻；抵抗”；B选项objection“异议，反对”；C选项hostility“敌意；战争行动”；D选项rebellion“叛乱；反抗；谋反；不服从”。“adolescent青春期的”与“rebellion反叛”构成“青春期的反叛”。因此D选项正确。第18题:考查词义辨析。A选项at first“起先，首先；最初”；B选项in particular“尤其，特别”；C选项after al

47、l“毕竟；终究”；D选项for instance“例如”。“If the young people are going to have a party如果年轻人将开一个派对”，“If”表示假设，所以这里表示举例。因此D选项正确。第19题:考查词义辨析。A选项devastate“毁灭；毁坏”；B选项spoil“溺爱；糟蹋；破坏；掠夺”；C选项manipulate“操纵；操作；篡改”；D选项convert“使转变；转换”。句意为“父母的在场只是会破坏这种乐趣”。因此B选项正确。第20题:考查词义辨析。A选项refute“反驳，驳斥；驳倒”；B选项violate“违反；侵犯，妨碍；亵渎”；C选项ab

48、ide“忍受；停留；遵守”；D选项obey“服从，听从；按照行动”。由前文可知这里要表达的意思为“可怜的父母除了服从外还有什么其他可做的事情呢？”。因此D选项正确。5. 单选题If you repeatedly find yourself _or agreeing to requests you are reluctant to fulfill and feeling unhappy about, you might want to look at some reasons why you say yes when you prefer to say no.问题1选项A.abstainingB

49、.acquiescingC.accommodatingD.articulating【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“abstaining”意为“（投票时）弃权；回避；自制”；B选项“acquiescing”意为“默许；勉强同意”；C选项“accommodating”意为“容纳；使适应；供应；调解”；D选项“articulating”意为“清晰地发（音）；明确有力地表达；用关节连接；使相互连贯”。句意：如果你不断地发现自己默许或同意那些你不愿去满足或感到不开心的要求，你可能想看看为什么你在更想说不的时候却说“是”的原因。由题干可知，or是并列连词表选择，说明横线处与agreeing（同意）

50、意思相近，acquiescing有默许，勉强同意的意思。因此B选项符合题意。6. 单选题Providing first-class service is one of the tactics the airline adopts to attract passengers.问题1选项A.methodsB.attitudesC.thoughtsD.solutions【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。tactic“策略，手段”；A选项method“方法；手段”；B选项attitude“态度；意见”；C选项thought“思想；想法；关心”；D选项solution“解决方案；溶液；溶解”。句意：提供一

51、流的服务是航空公司吸引乘客的策略之一。根据句中“to attract passengers为吸引乘客”可知tactic在这里的意思为“手段”，因此A选项正确。7. 单选题One（ ）needed when making a cake is flour, another is sugar.问题1选项A.containerB.ingredientC.contentD.equivalent【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项container“集装箱；容器”；B选项ingredient“原料；要素；组成部分”；C选项content“内容，目录；满足；容量”；D选项equivalent“等价物，相等

52、物”。句意：制作蛋糕所需的一种原料是面粉，另一种原料是糖。根据句中“making a cake制作蛋糕”可知“原料”符合语境，因此B选项正确。8. 不定项选择题Many Americans harbor a grossly distorted and exaggerated view of most of the risks surrounding food. Fergus Clydesdale, head of the department of food science and nutrition at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, sa

53、ys bluntly that if the dangers from bacterially contaminated chicken were as great as some people believe, “the streets would be littered with people lying here and there”.Though the public increasingly demands no-risk food, there is no such thing. Bruce Ames, chairman of the biochemistry department

54、 at the University of California, Berkeley, points out that up to 10% of a plants weight is made up of natural pesticides. Says he, “Since plants do not have jaws or teeth to protect themselves, they employ chemical warfare.” And many naturally produced chemicals, though occurring in tiny amounts, p

55、rove in laboratory tests to be strong carcinogens a substance which can cause cancer. Mushrooms might be banned if they were judged by the same standards that apply to food additives. Declares Christina Stark, a nutritionist at Cornell University: “Were got far worse natural chemicals in the food su

56、pply than anything man-made.”Yet the issues are not that simple. While Americans have no reason to be terrified to sit down at the dinner table, they have every reason to demand significant improvements in food and water safety. They unconsciously and unwillingly take in too much of too many dangero

57、us chemicals. If food already contains natural carcinogens, it does not make much sense to add dozens of new man-made ones. Though most people will withstand the small amounts of contaminants generally found in food and water, at least a few individuals will probably get cancer one day because of wh

58、at they eat and drink. To make good food and water supplies even better, the Government needs to tighten its regulatory standards, stiffen its inspection program and strengthen its enforcement policies. The food industry should modify some long-accepted practices or turn to less hazardous alternativ

59、es. Perhaps most important, consumers will have to do a better job of learning how to handle and cook food properly. The problems that need to be tackled exist all along the food-supply chain from fields to processing plants to kitchens.1. What does the author think of the Americans view of their fo

60、od?2. The author considers it impossible to obtain no-risk food because（ ）.3. By saying “they employ chemical warfare” (Paragraph 2, Line 4), Bruce Ames means （ ）.4. The reduction of the possible hazards in food ultimately depends on （ ）.5. What is the message the author wants to convey in the passa

61、ge?问题1选项A.They overstate the governments interference with the food industry.B.They are overoptimistic about the safety of their food.C.They overestimate the hazards of their food.D.They overlook the risks of the food they eat.问题2选项A.no food is free from pollution in the environmentB.pesticides are

62、widely used in agricultureC.many vegetables contain dangerous natural chemicalsD.almost all foods have additives问题3选项A.plants produce certain chemicals to combat pests and diseasesB.plants absorb useful chemicals to promote their growthC.farmers use man-made chemicals to dissolve the natural chemicals in plantsD.farmers use chemicals to protect plants against pests and diseases问题4选项A.the governmentB.the processorC.the cons