2022年考博英语-江西师范大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷90

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1、2022年考博英语-江西师范大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题Dont talk _ you are eating.问题1选项A.whileB.whenC.asD.as soon as【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. while 当时候 B. when 当时候C. as 正当时候 D. as soon as 一就【考查点】时间连词的辨析【解题思路】原句语义为“吃饭的时候不要说话”，“说话”和“吃饭”都是延续性动作，并且从句部分“吃饭的时候”使用的是现在进行时，。因此，时间连词应该使用A选项while“当时候”。【干扰项排除】B选项when的用法：表示“每当时候”，暗示一种规

2、律性的情况时；主句是一个暂时性动作，从句是一个延续性动作；C选项as的用法：主从句表示的两个同时进行的动作含有“一边一边”的意思时；两个正在发展变化的情况，相当于“随着”；主句是一个暂时性动作，从句是一个延续性动作；D选项as soon as“一就”，表示两个动作几乎同时发生，不符合原句语义衔接。【句意】吃饭的时候不要说话。2. 单选题The livelihood of each species in the vast and intricate assemblage of living things depends on the existence of other organisms. T

3、his interdependence is sometimes subtle, sometimes obvious. Perhaps the most straightforward dependence of one species on another occurs with parasites, organisms that live on or in other living things and derive nutrients directly from them. The parasitic way of life is widespread. A multitude of m

4、icroorganisms (including viruses and bacteria) and an army of invertebratesor creatures lacking a spinal column (including crustaceans, insects, and many different types of worms) make their livings directly at the expense of other creatures. In the face of this onslaught, living things have evolved

5、 a variety of defense mechanisms for protecting their bodies from invasion by other organisms.Certain fungi and even some kinds of bacteria secrete substances known as antibiotics into their environment. These substances are capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of various kinds of bacteria th

6、at also occupy the area, thereby eliminating or reducing the competition for nutrients. The same principle is used in defense against invaders in other groups of organisms. For example, when attacked by disease-causing fungi or bacteria, many kinds of plants produce chemicals that help to ward off t

7、he invaders.Members of the animal kingdom have developed a variety of defense mechanisms for dealing with parasites. Although these mechanisms vary considerably, all major groups of animals are capable of detecting and reacting to the presence of “foreign” cells. In fact, throughout the animal kingd

8、om, from sponges to certain types of worms, shellfish, and all vertebrates (creatures possessing a spinal column) , there is evidence that transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are accepted only if they come from genetically compatible or closely related individuals.The ability

9、 to distinguish between “self” and “non-self”, while present in all animals, is roost efficient among vertebrates, which have developed an immune system as their defense mechanism. The immune system recognizes and takes action against foreign invaders and transplanted tissues that are treated as for

10、eign cells.31. What does the passage mainly discuss?32. The word “intricate” in line 1 is closest in meaning to _.33. According to the passage, some organisms produce antibiotics in order to _.34. According to the passage, a transplant of tissue between genetically incompatible organisms will result

11、 in the transplanted tissue _.35. According to the passage, the ability to distinguish between “self” and “non-self” enables vertebrates to _.问题1选项A.How parasites reproduce.B.How organisms react to invaders.C.How antibiotics work to cure disease.D.How the immune system of vertebrates developed.问题2选项

12、A.difficultB.widespreadC.criticalD.complex问题3选项A.prevent disease in humansB.aid digestionC.fight off other organismsD.create new types of nutrients问题4选项A.becoming a parasiteB.being treated as an invaderC.altering its genetic makeupD.developing a new immune system问题5选项A.accept transplanted cellsB.det

13、ect and react to invasionC.weaken their immune systemD.get rid of antibiotics【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:B【解析】31.【选项释义】31. What does the passage mainly discuss? 31. 这篇文章主要讨论什么？A. How parasites reproduce. A. 寄生虫如何繁殖。B. How organisms react to invaders. B. 生物体如何对入侵者做出反应。C. How antibiotics work to cure

14、disease. C. 抗生素是如何治疗疾病的。D. How the immune system of vertebrates developed. D. 脊椎动物的免疫系统是如何发展的。【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】首先，根据首段最后一句“生物进化出了各种各样的防御机制来保护自己的身体免受其他生物的入侵”，和末段第一句“区分自我和非自我的能力，虽然存在于所有动物中，但在脊椎动物中是非常有效的，它们已经发展出一种免疫系统作为它们的防御机制”；从中可知文章首段和尾段讨论的都是生物体的防御机制；然后看到文章行为结构是总分结构，开头介绍引发生物进化出防御机制的原因，后面三段分别讨论这种防御机制的

15、作用。综上所述，可以得知这篇文章主要讨论的是生物体如何对入侵者做出反应。所以B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“寄生虫如何繁殖”和D选项“脊椎动物的免疫系统是如何发展的”属于以偏概全；C选项“抗生素是如何治疗疾病的”没提及，无中生有。32.【选项释义】32. The word “intricate” in line 1 is closest in meaning to _. 32. 第一行中的“intricate”一词的意思最接近_。A. difficult A. 困难的B. widespread B. 广泛的C. critical C. 批判的D. complex D. 复杂的【考查点】词义推

16、测题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第一段第一句“在这个庞大而intricate的生物群落中（in the vast and intricate assemblage of living things），每个物种的生存都依赖于其他生物的存在”，由所修饰的assemblage（群落），以及并列的定语vast（庞大的）可推测，intricate应该表示“复杂”的意思，所以D项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“困难的”、B选项“广泛的”和C选项“批判的”不符合原文意思，曲解原文。33.【选项释义】33. According to the passage, some organisms produce anti

17、biotics in order to _. 33. 根据这篇文章，一些生物产生抗生素是为了_。A. prevent disease in humans A. 预防人类疾病B. aid digestion B. 有助消化C. fight off other organisms C. 抵抗其他生物D. create new types of nutrients D. 创造新的营养类型【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】定位原文第二段前两句“某些真菌，甚至是某些种类的细菌会向环境中分泌抗生素。这些物质能够杀死或抑制同样占据该区域的各种细菌的生长，从而消除或减少对营养物质的竞争（eliminating

18、 or reducing the competition for nutrients）。”，从中可知，一些生物产生抗生素是为了消除或减少其他生物对自身营养物质的竞争，故C项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“预防人类疾病”、B选项“有助消化”和D选项“创造新的营养类型”没有提到，无中生有。34.【选项释义】34. According to the passage, a transplant of tissue between genetically incompatible organisms will result in the transplanted tissue _. 34. 根据这篇文章，在

19、基因不相容的生物体之间移植组织将导致移植的组织_。A. becoming a parasite A. 成为寄生虫B. being treated as an invader B. 被视为入侵者C. altering its genetic makeup C. 改变其基因组成D. developing a new immune system D. 发展出新的免疫系统【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】首先定位第三段最后一句，文章对此有描述：“事实上，在整个动物界，从海绵动物到某些种类的蠕虫、贝类和所有的脊椎动物，只有来自基因相容或亲缘关系密切的个体的细胞或组织碎片移植到动物体内，才会被接受”，从中

20、可知在基因不相容的生物体之间移植组织将导致移植的组织不被接受；而该段前面提到“动物王国的成员已经发展出了对付寄生虫的各种防御机制。尽管这些机制差别很大，但所有主要的动物群体都能够检测到外来细胞的存在并做出反应。”，综合理解可推断，不相容的组织会被认为是外来入侵细胞，使得生物体对该组织做出防御机制。因此，该题选择B项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“成为寄生虫”表述错误，不是成为寄生虫，而是会被生物体视为寄生虫一样的外来组织，该项曲解原文；C选项“改变其基因组成”和D选项“发展出新的免疫系统”没提到，无中生有。35.【选项释义】35. According to the passage, the abi

21、lity to distinguish between “self” and “non-self” enables vertebrates to _. 35. 根据这篇文章，区分“自我”和“非自我”的能力使脊椎动物能够_。A. accept transplanted cells A. 接受移植的细胞B. detect and react to invasion B. 检测并应对入侵C. weaken their immune system C. 削弱它们的免疫系统D. get rid of antibiotics D. 摆脱抗生素【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干定位到最后一段的内容：

22、区分“自我”和“非自我”的能力，虽然存在于所有动物中，但在脊椎动物中是非常有效的，它们已经发展出一种免疫系统作为它们的防御机制（developed an immune system as their defense mechanism）。免疫系统会识别被视为外来细胞的移植组织和外来入侵者并采取行动（recognizes and takes action）。从中可知，区分“自我”和“非自我”的能力能够使脊椎动物产生一种免疫系统，而这种免疫系统能够识别并对入侵者采取防御措施。这与B项“检测并应对入侵”意思相一致，故B项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“接受移植的细胞”与原文相反，免疫系统先会对移植组织进

23、行识别，该项反向干扰；C选项“削弱他们的免疫系统”和D选项“摆脱抗生素”没提到，无中生有。3. 单选题There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accomplished by an equivalent surge in industrial research. A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the pro

24、duct of individual inventors working alone, independent of organized industrial research. While industrial laboratories contributed such important products as nylon and transistors, independent inventors developed air conditioning, the automatic transmission, the jet engine, the helicopter, insulin,

25、 and streptomycin. Still other inventions, such as stainless steel, television, sillicons, and plexiglass were developed through the combined efforts of individuals and laboratory teams.Despite these findings, we are urged to support monopolistic power on the grounds that such power creates an envir

26、onment supportive of innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm, cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources; that only the prodigious assets of the giant corporation or co

27、nglomerate can afford the kind of expenditure that can produce the technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine expenditure for research, we find that of the more than $35 billion spent each year in this country, almost two-thirds is spent by the federal government. More th

28、an half of this government expenditure is funneled into military research and product development, accounting for the enormous increase in spending in such industries as nuclear energy, aircraft, missiles, and electronics. There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked resear

29、ch projects will account for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, do much to protect our diminishing resources.Recent history has demonstrated that we may have to alter our longstanding conception of the process actuated by competition. The price variable, once perceived as the

30、dominant aspect of the process is now subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure, and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by a single corporation, investment in innovationa risky and expensive budget itemm

31、ight meet resistance from management and stockholders who might be more concerned with cost-cutting, efficient organization, and large advertising budget, it would be an egregious error to assume that the monopolistic producer should be equated with bountiful expenditures for research. Large-scale e

32、nterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change. Furthermore, the firm with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue new techniques and different pro

33、ducts, since with little vested interest in capital equipment or plant it is not deterred from investment in innovation. In some cases, where inter-industry competition is reduced or even entirely eliminated, the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliber

34、ately obstructing technological progress.The conglomerates are not, however, completely exempt from strong competitive pressures; there are instances in which they, too, must compete, as against another industrial Goliath, and then their weapons may include large expenditures for innovation.41. Acco

35、rding to the passage, important inventions of twentieth century _.42. It is the authors belief, as expressed or implied in the passage, that _.43. Management and stockholders might be deeply concerned with cost-cutting rather than innovation if _.44. It can be inferred from the passage that the auth

36、or _.45. The amount of money spent by the federal government for non-military research and product development is _.46. Which of the following statements is neither expressed nor implied in the passage?47. The authors purpose in this passage is to _.48. Which of the following best supports the thesi

37、s that industrial giants do not best serve to provide the innovation we need to improve our standard of living and protect our diminishing resources?49. The industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress. The sentence m

38、eans _.50. According to the author, the conglomerates may spend large amount on innovation because _.问题1选项A.are not necessarily produced as a result of governmental support for military weapons research and developmentB.came primarily from the huge laboratories of monopoly industriesC.were produced

39、at least as frequently by independent inventors as by research teamsD.have greater impact on smaller firms than on conglomerates问题2选项A.monopoly power creates an environment supportive of innovationB.government protection for military research will do much to protect our dwindling resourcesC.industri

40、al giants, with their managerial bureaucracies, respond more quickly to technological changeD.firms with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue innovations because they are not locked into old capital equipment问题3选项A.their company is faced with strong competition in a field not dominat

41、ed by one of the industrial giantsB.they are very stable and secure and hold a monopoly position in their industryC.they are part of the military-industrial complex and are the recipients of federal funds for product developmentD.they have produced some of the important inventions of this century问题4

42、选项A.has little confidence in the ability of monopolistic industry to produce the important inventions of the futureB.would rather see the federal government spend money on social services than on the defense establishmentC.favors a conservative approach to innovation and places trust in conglomerate

43、s to provide efficient productionD.while admitting that more than half the important inventions of the century were produced by independent inventors, feel that the future lies in the hands of giant industry问题5选项A.more than $36 billion each yearB.approximately $24 billion each yearC.more than $18 bi

44、llion each yearD.less than $12 billion each year问题6选项A.Important inventions have been produced, in the past, by individuals as well as by corporate teams.B.The federal governments research funds are funneled into pure research as well as military research.C.The development of the automatic transmiss

45、ion is not credited to organized industrial research.D.Industrial giants may deliberately suppress innovations to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence.问题7选项A.advocate an increase in government support of organized industrial researchB.point out a common misconception about the relationship

46、 between the extent of industrial research and the growth of monopolistic power in industryC.describe the inadequacies of small firms in dealing with the important matter of research and innovationD.show that Americas strength depends upon individual ingenuity and resourcefulness问题8选项A.More than hal

47、f the important inventions made since the turn of the century were the product of individual inventors working alone, independent of organized industrial research.B.More than half the government expenditure for research goes to military research.C.The missile industry is one that benefits from gover

48、nment spending for research.D.Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances.问题9选项A.that the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss because of obsolescence by purposely preventing technological progressB.that the industrial giants may seek to av

49、oid capital loss caused by obsolescence by purposely promoting technological progressC.that the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss caused by obsolescence by deliberately spending more money on technological progressD.that the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss caused by o

50、bsolescence by purposely investing more money on innovation问题10选项A.they are completely exempt from strong competitive pressuresB.they are supportive of innovationC.they can afford to undertake the important research neededD.they, too, must compete against another industrial Goliath【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:

51、A第4题:A第5题:D第6题:B第7题:B第8题:D第9题:A第10题:D【解析】41.【选项释义】41. According to the passage, important inventions of twentieth century _. 41. 根据文章，20世纪的重要发明_。A. are not necessarily produced as a result of governmental support for military weapons research and development A. 不一定是政府支持军事武器研发的结果B. came primarily fro

52、m the huge laboratories of monopoly industries B. 主要来自垄断行业的大型实验室C. were produced at least as frequently by independent inventors as by research teams C. 至少是由独立发明家和研究团队共同创造的D. have greater impact on smaller firms than on conglomerates D. 对小公司的影响大于对大公司的影响【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据第一段第二句“最近一项对世纪之交以来的重要发明的研究表明

53、，超过一半的发明是独立于工业研究组织的个体发明者独自工作的成果”，和第三句“当工业实验室贡献了像尼龙和晶体管这样重要的产品时，独立的发明家发明了空调、自动变速器、喷气发动机、直升机、胰岛素和链霉素。”，可知20世纪的重要发明至少是由独立发明家和研究团队共同创造的，那么C项意思与之相符。故该题选择C项。【干扰项排除】A选项“不一定是政府支持军事武器研发的结果”，在原文中并没有提到20世纪的重要发明和政府支持军事武器研发的关系，无中生有；B选项“主要来自垄断行业的大型实验室”与原文不符，超过一半的发明是由个体发明者研究出来的，该项曲解原文；D选项“对小公司的影响大于对大公司的影响”，在原文中说的是

54、研究所需的支出，与题干无关，张冠李戴。42.【选项释义】42. It is the authors belief, as expressed or implied in the passage, that _. 42. 正如文章中所表达或暗示的那样，作者认为_。A. monopoly power creates an environment supportive of innovation A. 垄断力量创造了一个支持创新的环境B. government protection for military research will do much to protect our dwindling

55、 resources B. 政府对军事研究的保护将在很大程度上保护我们日益减少的资源C. industrial giants, with their managerial bureaucracies, respond more quickly to technological change C. 拥有管理机构的工业巨头对技术变革的反应更快D. firms with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue innovations because they are not locked into old capital equipm

56、ent D. 市场份额小的公司将积极追求创新，因为他们不会被束缚在旧的固定设备中【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第三段倒数第二句“此外，市场份额小的公司将积极追求新技术和不同的产品，因为在固定设备或工厂方面没有什么既得利益，它不会阻止对创新的投资”，可知市场份额小的公司因为在设备和工厂方面都没有既得利益，所以他们不会阻止对创新的投资；理解可推断，市场份额小的公司将积极追求创新，因为他们不会被束缚在设备和工厂中。故该题选择D项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“垄断力量创造了一个支持创新的环境”在原文第二段提到，但是第二句指出个体发明家和小公司无法承担这种创新所需的支出，只有大公司才能负担，但是第

57、三段作者提到大企业更倾向于保持现状，所以作者并不相信“垄断力量创造了一个支持创新的环境”，该项反向干扰；B选项“政府对军事研究的保护将在很大程度上保护我们日益减少的资源”定位第二段最后一句“有些人认为，这些与国防有关的研究项目能否改善生活水平，或者能否在保护我们日益减少的资源方面起很大作用，是值得怀疑的”，其中“这”指的是政府对军事研究的支持，理解可知“政府对军事研究的保护将在很大程度上保护我们日益减少的资源”是“值得怀疑的”，该项曲解原文；C选项“拥有管理机构的工业巨头对技术变革的反应更快”从第三段最后一句“工业巨头可能会通过故意阻碍技术进步来避免因过时而造成的资本损失”可看出，该项与原文相

58、反，反向干扰。43.【选项释义】43. Management and stockholders might be deeply concerned with cost-cutting rather than innovation if _. 43. 如果_，管理层和股东可能更关心削减成本而不是创新。A. their company is faced with strong competition in a field not dominated by one of the industrial giants A. 他们的公司在一个并非由工业巨头主导的领域中面临着激烈的竞争B. they are

59、 very stable and secure and hold a monopoly position in their industry B. 他们非常稳定和安全，在他们的行业中占有垄断地位C. they are part of the military-industrial complex and are the recipients of federal funds for product development C. 他们是军工复合体的一部分，并接受联邦资金用于产品开发D. they have produced some of the important inventions of

60、this century D. 他们创造了本世纪的一些重要发明【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第三段第三句“虽然可以假设（assumed）在一个不是由单个公司主导的（not dominated by a single corporation）高度竞争的行业中（a highly competitive industry），对创新的投资可能会遇到来自管理层和股东的阻力，他们可能更关心削减成本、高效率的组织和大量的广告预算”，从中可知，在一个不是由单个公司主导的高度竞争的行业中，管理层和股东可能更关心削减成本而不是创新；从a highly competitive industry（高

61、度竞争的行业）和not dominated by a single corporation（不是由单个公司主导）可以看出，这两个是管理层和股东可能不会关心创新的原因。A选项“他们的公司在一个并非由工业巨头主导的领域中面临着激烈的竞争”符合题意，故选择A项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“他们非常稳定和安全，在他们的行业中占有垄断地位”、C选项“他们是军工复合体的一部分，并接受联邦资金用于产品开发”和D选项“他们创造了本世纪的一些重要发明”在文中都没有说明，无中生有。44.【选项释义】44. It can be inferred from the passage that the author _.

62、44. 从文章中可以推断出作者_。A. has little confidence in the ability of monopolistic industry to produce the important inventions of the future A. 对垄断企业在未来的创新没有信心B. would rather see the federal government spend money on social services than on the defense establishment B. 宁愿看到联邦政府把钱花在社会服务而不是国防建设上C. favors a con

63、servative approach to innovation and places trust in conglomerates to provide efficient production C. 偏爱保守的创新方式，并相信大企业集团能够提供高效的生产D. while admitting that more than half the important inventions of the century were produced by independent inventors, feel that the future lies in the hands of giant industry D. 虽然承认这个世纪有一半以上的重要发明是由个体发明家创造的，但作者认为未来掌握在大企业手中【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第三段倒数第四句“将垄断生产者等同于大量的研究开支（the monopolistic producer should be equated with bountiful expenditures for research），那就大错特错了”可知，垄断公司会较少地投入资金