2022年考博英语-中南大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷95

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1、2022年考博英语-中南大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The research committee urged the archaeologist to undercut her claim that the tomb she has discovered was that of Alexander the Great, since her initial report has been based only on （ ）.问题1选项A.capriceB.suppositionC.evidenceD.conjecture【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。caprice怪

2、想，随想曲；supposition:假定，推测；evidence证据，证明；conjecture推测，猜想。句意：因为原始报告仅仅依据异想天开，研究委员会敦促这个考古学家去掉那个说她发现的这个坟墓是亚历山大的声明。由undercut her claim及only可知空格处所填单词是贬义词。2. 单选题A little more than a century ago, Michael Faraday, the noted British physicist, managed to gain audience with a group of high government officials, t

3、o demonstrate an electrochemical principle, in the hope of gaining support for his work.After observing the demonstration closely, one of the officials remarked bluntly “Its a fascinating demonstration, young man, but just what practical application will come of this?”“I dont know,” replied Faraday,

4、 “but I do know that 100 years from now youll be taxing them”.From the demonstration of a principle to the marketing of products derived from that principle is often a long, involved series of steps. The speed and effectiveness with which these steps are taken are closely related to the history of m

5、anagement, the art of getting things done. Just as management applies to the wonders that have evolved from Faraday and other inventors, so it applied some 4,000 years ago to the workings of the great Egyptian and Mesopotamian import and export firms, to Hannibals remarkable feat of crossing the Alp

6、s in 218 B.C, with 90,000 foot soldiers, 12,000 horsemen and a “conveyor belt” of 40 elephants or to the early Christian Church, with its world-shaking concepts of individual freedom and equality.These ancient innovators were deeply involved in the problems of authority, division of labor, disciplin

7、e, unity of command, clarity of direction and the other basic factors that are so meaningful to management today. But the real impetus to management as an emerginprofession was the Industrial Revolution. Originating in 18th-century England, it was triggered by a series of classic inventions and new

8、processes; among them John Kays Flying Shuttle in 1733, James Hargreaves Spinning Jenny in 1770, Samuel Cromptons Mule Spinner in 1779 and Edmund Cartwrights Power Loom in 1785.1.The anecdote about Michael Faraday indicates that （ ）.2.According to the passage, management is defined as（ ）.3.In the pa

9、ssage we can see that management came into its own（ ）.问题1选项A.politicians tax everythingB.people are skeptical about the value of pure researchC.taxes are uppermost in scientists mindsD.he was rejected by his government问题2选项A.accomplishing wondersB.the creator of the Industrial RevolutionC.the art of

10、 getting things doneD.supervising subordinates问题3选项A.in the Egyptian and Mesopotamian import and export firmsB.in the development of the early Christian ChurchC.at the time of Michael FaradayD.in the eighteenth century【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D【解析】1.判断推理题。定位到第二段中 “Its a fascinating demonstration, young man

11、, but just what practical application will come of this? 年轻人，这是一个令人着迷的演示，但它究竟会产生什么实际应用呢？”可知B项“人们对纯研究的价值持怀疑态度”正确。2.判断推理题。定位第四段中 “The speed and effectiveness with which these steps are taken are closely related to the history of management, the art of getting things done. 采取这些步骤的速度和效率与管理的历史即完成工作的艺术密切相

12、关。”可知C项“完成工作的艺术”正确。3.细节事实题。定位到最后一段中 “Originating in 18th-century England, it was triggered by a series of classic inventions and new processes它起源于18世纪的英国，由一系列经典的发明和新工艺引发。”可知D项正确。3. 单选题Sigmund Freud lived most of his life in Vienna, Austria. He was trained in medicine and established the Internationa

13、l Psychoanalytic Association in 1910. This excerpt is from a translation of a 1923 work, The Ego and the Id.There are certain people who behave in a quite peculiar fashion during the work of analysis. When one speaks hopefully to them or expresses satisfaction with the progress of the treatment, the

14、y show signs of discontent and their condition invariably becomes worse. One begins by regarding this as defiance and as an attempt to prove their superiority to the physician, but later one comes to take a deeper and juster view. One becomes convinced, not only that such people cannot endure any pr

15、aise or appreciation, but that they react inversely to the progress of the treatment. Every partial solution that ought to result; and in other people does result, in an improvement or a temporary suspension of symptoms produces in them for the exacerbation of their illness; they get worse during th

16、e treatment instead of getting better. The exhibit what is known as a “negative therapeutic reaction.”There is no doubt that there is something in these people that sets itself against their recovery, and its approach is dreaded as though it were a danger. We are accustomed to say that the need for

17、illness has got the upper hand in them over the desire for recovery. If we analyze this resistance in the usual way then, even after allowance has been made for an attitude of defiance towards the physician and for fixation to the various forms of gain from illness, the greater part of it is still l

18、eft over; and this reveals itself as the most powerful of all obstacles to recovery, more powerful than the familiar ones of narcissistic inaccessibility, a negative attitude towards the physician and clinging to the gain from illness.In the end, we come to see that we are dealing with what may be c

19、alled a“moral”factor, a sense of guilt which is finding satisfaction in the illness and refuses to give up the punishment of suffering. We shall be right in regarding this disheartening explanation as final. But as far as the patient is concerned this sense of guilt is dumb; it does not tell him he

20、is guilty; he does not feel guilty, he feels ill. This sense of guilt expresses itself only as a resistance to recovery which is extremely difficult to overcome. It is also particular difficult to convince the patient that this motive lies behind his continuing to be ill, he holds fast to the more o

21、bvious explanation that treatment by analysis is not the right remedy for his case.1.A good title for this passage might be （ ）.2.From the passage we can learn that Freud means that these patients（ ）.3.Freuds study of this syndrome leads him to think that（ ）.4.Does Freud feel that analysis is not ri

22、ght for the patients he describes?问题1选项A.An Inverse Reaction to ProgressB.The Need for AnalysisC.Guilt and SufferingD.Introduction to Freuds Ideas问题2选项A.act contrary to a physicians expectationsB.get worse when they should get betterC.get better when they should get worseD.both A and B问题3选项A.most pa

23、tients respond badly to praiseB.patients need to trust their physiciansC.patients guilt may keep them from getting wellD.the patients personal emotions need to be analyzed问题4选项A.Yes, he feels they are in love with their illness.B.Yes, he feels that they are too ill to recover.C.Yes, he senses that t

24、hey need another remedy.D.No, but the patients often feel that way.【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:C第4题:D【解析】1.判断推理题。由第一段中This excerpt is from a translation of a 1923 work, The Ego and the Id. “本文节选自1923年的作品自我与本我。”与第二段There are certain people who behave in a quite peculiar fashion during the work of analysis. Whe

25、n one speaks hopefully to them or expresses satisfaction with the progress of the treatment, they show signs of discontent and their condition invariably becomes worse. “在分析工作中，有些人的行为举止相当奇特。当人们满怀希望地与他们交谈，或对治疗的进展表示满意时，他们就会表现出不满的迹象，病情总是会恶化。” 可推知D项“对弗洛伊德观点的介绍”正确。其他三项都是文中未提及的内容。2.判断推理题。定位到第二段中的but that

26、they react inversely to the progress of the treatment. “但是它们对治疗过程的反应是相反的。”和they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better. “他们在治疗过程中病情恶化，而不是好转”。可知A项与B项正确，故答案为D。3.判断推理题。由最后一段中We shall be right in regarding this disheartening explanation as final. 我们将正确地把这个令人沮丧的解释作为最后的解释”。 和“This sense

27、of guilt expresses itself only as a resistance to recovery which is extremely difficult to overcome. 这种内疚感只表现为对恢复的抗拒，而恢复是极其难以克服的”。可知C项正确。4.细节事实题由最后一段中It is also particular difficult to convince the patient that this motive lies behind his continuing to be ill, he holds fast to the more obvious expla

28、nation that treatment by analysis is not the right remedy for his case. 要让病人相信他继续患病的动机是非常困难的，他坚持更明显的解释，即通过分析治疗并不是对他的病例的正确治疗”。可知D项正确。4. 单选题Mass media as a carrier and avenue of message （ ）has more and more important function and force in modem society.问题1选项A.prognosisB.promulgateC.proclamationD.prolo

29、ngation【答案】C【解析】考查名词和动词词义辨析。prognosis预知；promulgate传播； proclamation宣布；prolongation延伸。句意：大众媒体作为信息发布的载体与渠道，在现代社会中发挥着越来越重要的作用。根据句意可知，C项符合题意。5. 单选题There seems to be no （ ）the reading publics thirst for books about the 1960s；indeed, the normal level of interest has increased recently because of a spate of

30、 popular television documentaries.问题1选项A.slakingB.referenceC.decorationD.soporific【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。slaking消散，消化； reference 参考，提及；decoration装饰；soporific催眠剂。句意：阅读群众对20世纪60年代的书籍的渴望并没有减少；事实上，由于受一连串的通俗电视纪录片的影响，普遍的兴趣还增加了。根据句意及前后关系可知A项正确。6. 单选题A major goal of law, to deter potential criminals by punishing w

31、rongdoers, is not served when the penalty is so seldom invoked that it ceases to be a （ ）threat.问题1选项A.seriousB.coerciveC.credibleD.deceptive【答案】C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。serious “严肃的；认真的”；coercive “强制的”；credible “可靠的；可信的”；deceptive “欺诈的；虚伪的”。句意：通过惩罚违法犯罪者来阻止潜在的罪犯是法律的一个主要目的，当法律惩罚很少被实行以至于它不再是一种可信的震慑时，该主要目的就没有达到。

32、由“A major goal is not served目标没达到”可知C项符合语境。7. 单选题During periods of social stability, many art academies are so firmly controlled by dogmatists that all real creative work must be done by the （ ）.问题1选项A.eliteB.disenfranchisedC.reactionariesD.dissatisfied【答案】B【解析】考查形容词及名词辨析。elite “精英；精华”；disenfranchis

33、ed “被剥夺权利的”，the disenfranchised “被剥夺权利的人”； reactionaries “反动派”；dissatisfied “不满意的；不高兴的” 。句意： 在社会稳定时期，很多艺术学院被教条主义者牢牢地控制，以至所有真正有创意的作品必须由那些被剥夺了权利的人完成。由“controlled by dogmatists被教条主义者控制”及“real creative work真正有创意的作品”的对应知“真正有创意的作品都是由艺术学院里被剥夺了权利的人来完成。被教条主义控制意味着被剥夺了权利。8. 单选题Several hundred million years ago

34、, plants similar to modem ferns covered vast stretches of the land. Some were as large as trees, with giant fronds bunched at the top of trunks as straight as pillars. Others were the size of bushes and formed thickets of me undergrowth. Still others lived in the shade of giant club mosses and horse

35、tails along the edges of swampy lagoons where giant amphibians swam.A great number of these plants were true ferns, reproducing themselves without fruits or seeds. Others had only the appearance of ferns. Their leaves had organs of sexual reproduction and produced seeds. Although their “flowers” did

36、 not have corollas these false ferns (today completely extinct) ushered in the era of flowering plants. Traces of these flora of the earliest times have been preserved in the form of fossils. Such traces are most commonly found in shale and sandstone rocks wedged between coal beds.Today only tropica

37、l forests bear living proof of the ancient greatness of ferns. The species that grow there are no longer those of the Carboniferous period, but their variety and vast numbers, and the great size of some, remind us of the time when ferns ruled the plant kingdom.1.Which of the following is NOT mention

38、ed as a characteristic of the plants described in the passage?2.What does the passage mainly discuss?问题1选项A.They once spread over large areas of land.B.They varied greatly in sizeC.They coexisted with amphibians, mosses, and horsetailsD.They clung to tree trunks and bushes for support问题2选项A.Plant re

39、production.B.How to locate fossils.C.An ancient form of plant life.D.Tropical plant life.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。由第一段“Several hundred million years ago, plants similar to modem ferns covered vast stretches of the land. Some were as large as trees, with giant fronds bunched at the top of trunks as

40、straight as pillars. Others were the size of bushes and formed thickets of me undergrowth. Still others lived in the shade of giant club mosses and horsetails along the edges of swampy lagoons where giant amphibians swam.几亿年前，类似于现代蕨类植物的植物覆盖了大片土地。有些和树一样大，树干顶端的大叶子像柱子一样直。有的像灌木丛那么大，形成了灌木丛。还有一些生活在巨大的俱乐部苔

41、藓和马尾草的阴影下，沿着巨大的两栖动物游泳的沼泽泻湖的边缘。”可知A项“它们曾经遍布大片土地”；B项“它们的大小差别很大”；C项“它们与两栖动物、苔藓和马尾草共存”都有提及。故D项符合题意。2.主旨大意题。第一段提到的是这类植物的生存环境，和植物体特征；第二段说到繁殖情况，第三段说的是到现在只能通过热带的化石才能寻找到它们以前的生长足迹。因此，文章通篇讲的是这类植物的发展形态。故C项符合题意。9. 单选题If your goals are general, you should （ ）them （ ）into sub-goals, so that you have a schedule for

42、 each sub-goal too.问题1选项A.undertake.forB.minimize.withC.induct. withD.pare.down【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配undertake “承担，从事”；induct “引导；感应”；minimize “使减到最少；极度轻视”；pare down把 消减成 。句意：如果你的目标太笼统，那么你就应该将它们分为子目标，这样你对每个子目标也有相应的计划表。由句意可知D项正确。10. 单选题Despite a tendency to be overtly （ ），the poetry of the Middle Ages often

43、 sparks the imagination and provides lively entertainment, as well as pious sentiments.问题1选项A.divertingB.didacticC.whimsicalD.romantic【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。diverting “有趣的；令人快乐的”；didactic “说教的；教诲的”；whimsical “古怪的；异想天开的”；romantic “浪漫的；多情的；空想 的”。句意：尽管中世纪的诗歌有说教的明显倾向，但是它却经常激发想象力，提供充满生气的娱乐和虔诚的心情。由the poetry

44、of the Middle Ages中世纪的诗歌可知其特点，另外由despite表让步也可知前后两句句意相反， B项 符合语意。11. 单选题The French and the Americans have a very different relationship to money, （ ）and ostentation.问题1选项A.obnoxiousB.obfuscateC.optimumD.opulence【答案】D【解析】考查形近词辨析。 obnoxious讨厌的； obfuscate使模糊； optimum最佳效果； opulence富裕。句意：法国人和美国人在对待金钱，奢华，以

45、及炫富的关系上大不相同。空格处应填入一个和money并列的名词。12. 单选题I passed all the other courses that I took at my university, but I could have never passed botany. This was because all botany students had to spend several hours a week in a laboratory looking through a microscope at plant cells, and I could never once see a c

46、ell through a microscope. This used to enrage my instructor. He would wander around the laboratory pleased with the progress all the students were making in drawing the structure of flower cells, until he came to me. I would just be standing there. “I cant see anything” I would say. He would begin p

47、atiently enough, explaining how anybody can see through a microscope, but he would always end up in a fury, claiming that I could, too, see through a microscope but just pretended that I couldnt. “It takes away from the beauty of flowers anyway.”I used to tell him. “We are not concerned with beauty

48、in this course，” he would say. “We are concerned solely with what I may call the mechanics of flowers.” “Well,” Id say, “I cant see anything” “Try it just once again,” hed say, and I would put my eye to the microscope and see nothing at all, except now and again a nebulous milky substance a phenomen

49、on of maladjustment. You were supposed to see a vivid, restless clockwork of sharply defined plant cells. “I see what looks like a lot of milk，” I would tell him. This, he claimed, was the result of my not having adjusted the microscope properly, so he would readjust it for me, or rather, for himsel

50、f. And I would look again and see milk.I finally took a deferred pass, as they called it, and waited a year and tried again. (You had to pass one of the biological sciences or you couldnt graduate.) The professor had come back from vacation brown as a berry, bright-eyed and eager to explain cell-str

51、ucture again to his classes. “Well,” He said to me, cheerily, when we met in the first laboratory hour of the semester, “Were going to see cells this time, arent we?” “Yes, sir， I said. Students to the right of me and to the left of me and in front of me were seeing cells; whats more, they were quie

52、tly drawing pictures of them in their notebooks, Of course, I didnt see anything.“Well try it, the professor said to me grimly, “with every adjustment of the microscope known to man. As God is my witness. Ill arrange this glass so that you see cells through it or Ill give up teaching. In twenty-two

53、years of botany, I” He cut off abruptly for he was beginning to quiver all over, like Lionel Barrymore, and he genuinely wished to hold onto his temper; his scenes with me had taken a great deal out of him.So, we tried it with every adjustment of the microscope known to man. With only one ofthem did

54、 I see anything but blackness or the familiar lacteal opacity, and that time I say, to my pleasure and amazement, a variegated constellation of flecks, specks, and dots. These I hastily drew. The instructor, noting my activity, came back from an adjoining desk, a smile on his lips and his eyebrows h

55、igh in hope. He looked at my cell drawing, “whats that?” he demanded, with a hint of a squeal in his voice, “thats what I saw,” I said. “You didnt, you didnt，you didnt!” he screamed, losing control of his temper instantly; and he bent over and squinted into the microscope. His head snapped up. “That

56、s your eye!” he shouted. “Youve fixed the lens so that it reflects! Youve drawn your eye!”1.According to the author, why was he taking the botany course?2.It can be inferred from the passage that the professors attitude toward the author was（ ）.3.Why did the author have difficulty with the microscop

57、e?4.The tone of this passage could best be described as（ ）.问题1选项A.He was a premedical student.B.He wanted to see the structure of cells.C.He needed it to graduate.D.It was required of science majors.问题2选项A.encouragingB.disbelievingC.instructiveD.All of the above问题3选项A.The professor adjusted it to hi

58、s own eyes rather than to the authors eyes.B.Because of a faulty instrument.C.Due to the teachers poor instruction.D.He didnt try.问题4选项A.self-congratulatoryB.ironyC.degradingD.critical【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。定位到第二段中 “You had to pass one of the biological sciences or you couldnt graduate.

59、 你必须通过一门生物科学课程否则你不能毕业。”可知C项正确。2.细节事实题。定位到第一段中“He would begin patiently enough, explaining how anybody can see through a microscope, but he would always end up in a fury, claiming that I could, too, see through a microscope but just pretended that I couldnt. 他在开始的时候有足够耐心，解释如何通过显微镜看到东西，但他总是在愤怒中结束，声称我也

60、可以通过显微镜看到东西，只是假装我不能看到。”可知B 项正确。3.判断推理题。定位到第一段中 “This, he claimed, was the result of my not having adjusted the microscope properly, so he would readjust it for me, or rather, for himself. And I would look again and see milk他声称，这是由于我没有调好显微镜，所以他就为我调试，或者更确切地说，为自己。我再看了一遍，结果我看到了乳状物。”可知A项正确。4.判断推理题。最后一段中“

61、Thats your eye!” he shouted. “Youve fixed the lens so that it reflects! Youve drawn your eye!” 那是你的眼睛！他（导师）大声说。“你已固定了镜头，以至于它发生了反射！你画了你的眼睛！”可推知B项“讽刺的”正确。A项“自满的”；C项“可耻的；不名誉的”；D 项“批评的”。13. 单选题The research suggests a wave of possible protectionism in 2010 as such investigations lead to the （ ）of anti-du

62、mping penalties.问题1选项A.dispositionB.distributionC.impositionD.allocation【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。disposition “处置；倾向”；distribution “分布；分配”；imposition “征收；强加”；allocation “分配”。 句意：研究表明，此类调查会导致一系列反倾销惩罚措施出台，在2010年可能会掀起一股保护主义热潮。只有C项能与anti-dumping penalties搭配。14. 单选题In arguing against assertions that environmental

63、catastrophe is imminent, her book does not ridicule all predictions of doom but rather claims that the risks of harm have in many cases been （ ）.问题1选项A.exaggeratedB.ignoredC.scrutinizedD.increased【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。exaggerate “夸大；夸张”；ignore “驳回诉讼；忽视”； scrutinize“详细检查；细看”；increase“增加，增大”。 句意：在驳斥环境灾难即将来临的断言时，她的书没有嘲笑所有关于灾难的预测，相反却声称损害的风险在很多情况下被夸大了。由but