2022年考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第5期

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1、2022年考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 翻译题Section A: English to Chinese (20 points)Translate the underlined part of the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on your ANSWER SHEET.All the signs are that Britain is caving in on the three issues in the first phase of the Brexit (Briti

2、sh exit EU) talks. Theresa May was told she had to yield by next week to persuade the European Union summit on December 14th-15th to agree that there had been sufficient progress to begin talks on transition and a future trade framework. The prime minister has duly made big concessions on the rights

3、 of EU citizens in Britain and on the exit bill, perhaps enough to pass the test. There even seems to be some movement on the trickiest issue of all, how to avoid a hard border between Northern Ireland and the Republic, making a December deal more likelybut still not certain.(36)Yet behind the good

4、new lurks a persistent and dangerous threat. The more that Mrs. May yields, the more some Brexiteers argue that Britain should leave on March 29th 2019 without any deal at all. Even if she wins agreement to move to phase two of the talks, the lure of no deal will not disappear. Brexiteers hate the c

5、oncessions that are being made in phase one, especially over money. And trade buffs are united in predicting that the phase two could prove even more painful, with the EU sticking to a rigid line on trade terms.(37)Even so, most people see Brexit with no deal as a disaster to be avoided at almost an

6、y cost. Yet the idea keeps returning, in two guises. The first is tactical. In any negotiation, it is said, one must be willing to walk away to get a good deal. Many Brexiteers fault David Cameron, Mrs. Mays predecessor, for making clear in his renegotiation of Britains EU membership before the refe

7、rendum that he would campaign to stay no matter what Mrs. May still says no deal is better than a bad deal. Brexiteers were cock-a-hoop when the chancellor, Phillip Hammond, set aside 3bn ($3.6bn) for Brexit preparations, including for no deal, in his November budget.(38)The second guise is the asse

8、rtion that no deal would not really be so bad. Instead of pursuing the chimera of a generous free trade deal with a curmudgeonly EU, Britain could revert to trading on World Trade Organization terms (never mind that this would not be simple). David Davis, the Brexit secretary, says no deal actually

9、means a “bare-bones” deal. On this basis, there is no serious risk that aircraft stop flying or nuclear materials are no longer imported. Rational people on both sides can see how damaging this would be to all, so they will prevent it.Yet this idea of a “soft” no deal is not persuasive. A no-deal Br

10、exit would damage other EU countries, but hit Britain harder. (39) And it defies political logic to think that a decision to walk out with no deal can be harmonious. It would mean not paying the exit bill. It would jeopardize the position of EU citizens in Britain. And it would dash hopes of the dee

11、p new partnership that Mrs. May says she wants. Amid the recriminations and bad blood, the EU would surely look to its own interests first.Brexiteers often forget that the EU is a legal as much as a political construct. If Britain left with no deal and no transition, it would fall out of all EU orga

12、nizations, from Euratom to the European Medicines Agency (EMA). The European Court of Justice (ECJ) would lose jurisdiction. Even if all sides wanted Britain to stay in such bodies, it might not be legally possible.(40) Oxford Economics has modelled the effects of Brexit with no deal and says that i

13、t would lop a cumulative 2% off Britains GDP by the end of 2020, equivalent to some 40bn. That is far bigger than the impact on other EU countries. Before the referendum, the Treasury forecast even bigger losses of output. Such numbers are especially daunting when annual growth forecasts for the nex

14、t few years have just been trimmed to as little as 1.3%.【答案】36. 然而，在这良好新局势的背后隐藏着持久而危险的威胁。特蕾莎梅越是屈服，一些英国脱欧支持者就越争辩说英国应该在2019年3月29日无协议脱欧。即使她赢得准许进入第二阶段谈判的协议，但无协议的诱惑也不会消失。英国脱欧支持者讨厌在第一阶段做出的让步，尤其是在金钱方面。贸易爱好者一致预测，由于欧盟在贸易条件上坚持的强硬态度，第二阶段可能会更加艰难。37. 即便如此，大部分人认为英国无协议脱欧是一场灾难，应该几乎不惜一切代价避免。然而，这种看法一直受到两种形式的反击。首先是战术上

15、的。通常来说，在任何谈判中，一方必须愿意离开以达成良好交易。许多英国脱欧支持者指责戴维卡梅伦（特蕾莎梅的前任），因为在公投前就英国的欧盟成员国资格重新谈判时，他明确表示无论梅说什么，无协议总比糟糕的协议好，他都会努力争取留在欧盟。38. 第二种是断定无协议不会真的那么糟糕。英国可以回归到按照世贸组织的条款进行交易（尽管这不简单），而不是争取和一个吝啬的欧盟达成慷慨的自由贸易协议。英国“脱欧”事务大臣大卫戴维斯表示，无协议实际上意味着“降到最低限度的”协议。基于此，不存在飞机停飞或不再进口核材料的严重风险。39. 如果英国可以没有争端地无协议退出欧盟，这就有违政治逻辑。这意味着不赔偿就退出，会降

16、低欧盟公民在英国的地位，也会破坏特蕾莎梅所希望的和新伙伴的亲密关系。在相互指责和嫌隙中，欧盟肯定会首先考虑自己的利益。40. 牛津经济研究院模拟了英国无协议脱欧的影响，称到2020年底，英国国内生产总值将累计减少2%，相当于约400亿英镑。这比对其他欧盟国家的影响要大得多。在公投前，财政部预测产量损失甚至更大。未来几年的年度增长预测下调至1.3%，这令人尤为畏惧。2. 单选题The sculptural legacy that new United States _ its colonial predecessors was far from a rich one, and in fact,

17、in 1776 sculptures as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople.问题1选项A.inherited fromB.inherited inC.adapted toD.adopted to【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项inherited from“从继承”；B选项inherited in非固定搭配；C选项adapted to“适应于”；D选项adopted to“采用”。句意：新美洲从其殖民前辈那里_的雕塑遗产远不是丰富的，事实上，在1776年，雕塑作为一种艺术形式仍然在工匠和手艺人手

18、中。根据语境，A选项inherited from“从继承”搭配legacy“遗产”比较合理，意指从先辈那里继承的雕塑艺术遗产，符合题意。因此A选项正确。3. 单选题Bankers have been blaming themselves for their trouble in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report e

19、normous losses, and its just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standa

20、rd-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, Americas Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) r

21、ushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statements. Bob Herz, the FASBs chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives”. Yet bank shares rose and the c

22、hanges enhance what one lobbying group politely calls “the use of judgment by managers.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it complet

23、es its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McGreevy, a European commissioner, warmed the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real world” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that v

24、astly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But banks shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are sk

25、eptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. Americas new plan to buy up toxic assets will not wor

26、k unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by givi

27、ng in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.31. Bankers complained that they were forced to _.32. According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in _.33. According to Paragraph 4, McGreevy objects to the IASBs attempt to _.34. The author thinks the bank

28、s were “on the wrong planet” in that they _.35. The authors attitude towards standard-setters is the one of _.问题1选项A.follow unfavorable asset evaluation rulesB.collect payments from third partiesC.cooperate with the price managersD.reevaluate some of their assets问题2选项A.the diminishing role of manage

29、mentB.the revival of the banking systemC.the banks long-term asset lossesD.the weakening of its independence问题3选项A.keep away from political influencesB.evade the pressure from their peersC.act on their own in rule-settingD.take gradual measures in reform问题4选项A.misinterpreted marked price indicatorsB

30、.exaggerated the real value of their assetsC.neglected the likely existence of bad debtsD.denied booking losses in their sale of assets问题5选项A.satisfactionB.skepticismC.objectivenessD.sympathy【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:D【解析】31.事实细节题。根据第一段最后一句These rules say they must value some assets at the price a

31、 third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.（这些规则规定，他们必须以第三方愿意支付的价格对某些资产进行估价，而不是按照管理者和监管机构希望他们获得的价格。），可知银行家的主要问题是不能按照正常方式估价，所以A选项“遵循不良资产评估规则”正确。B选项“从第三方收取款项”，C选项“配合价格经理”和D选项“重新评估他们的某些资产”不符合题意。因此A选项正确。32.事实细节题。根据第二段第二句but the independence of standard-setters

32、, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised.（但对资本市场正常运转至关重要的标准制定者的独立性正在受到损害。），可知D选项“削弱其独立性”正确。A选项“削弱管理层的作用”：根据第三段最后一句Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobbying group politely calls “the use of judgment by managers.”（然而，银行股票上涨加强了游说团所敬称的“管理者决断权”。）

33、，可知FASB的变化加强了管理层权力，故错误。B选项“恢复银行系统”：根据第二段最后一句unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.（除非银行以吸引买家的价格持有有毒资产，否则恢复银行体系将会很困难），可知FASB变化不会恢复银行体系，故错误。C选项“银行损失长期资产”：根据第三段第二句more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their i

34、ncome statements（也给银行在损益表中确认长期资产损失时更大的灵活性），可知并没有导致长期资产损失，故错误。因此D选项正确。33.语义推测题。根据第四段第二句The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong.（IASB表示它不想没有完整计划就贸然行动，但它在今年下半年完成规则修订时必须屈服的压力十分巨大。），可知

35、C选项“自己制定规则”正确；没有要逃避压力，故B选项“规避来自同行的压力”错误。A选项“远离政治影响”：根据第四段第三句Charlie McGreevy, a European commissioner, warmed the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum”（欧盟委员Charlie McGreevy称赞IASB“不是生活在政治的真空中”。），可知这只是Charlie McGreevy的看法，故错误。D选项“逐步改革措施”：文章没有提到，故错误。因此C选项正确。34.事实细节题。根据第五段第一句It was banks that

36、 were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets.（银行在错误的星球上，他们的账户资产被大大高估了。），可知B选项“夸大他们资产的实际价值”正确。A选项“错误解读标价价格指标”，C选项“忽视了可能存在的坏账”和D选项“否认其出售资产的账面损失”不符合题意，故错误。因此B选项正确。35.观点态度题。根据第二段第二句but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets,

37、 is being compromised.（但对资本市场正常运转至关重要的标准制定者的独立性正在受到损害。），随后对此进行进一步说明，所以作者认为标准制定者的独立性正在受到损害，所以D选项“同情”正确，A选项“满意”，B选项“怀疑”和C选项“客观”不符合题意。因此D选项正确。4. 单选题What do you think of Toms proposal that _ put on the play at tonights ceremony?问题1选项A.we will notB.we notC.we hadntD.we wouldnt【答案】B【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：汤姆提议我们不在今

38、晚的典礼上演出，你觉得怎么样?“一个坚持（insist）、两个命令（order, command）、三个建议（advise, suggest, propose）、四个要求（demand, require, request, ask）”这类虚拟语气由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略，所以B选项we not符合题意。因此B选项正确。5. 单选题Teachers complain that children _ these tests without being able to write a decent essay, solve a multi-step

39、 math problem or construct a framework.问题1选项A.look throughB.carry throughC.sail throughD.put through【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项look through“浏览；仔细查看”；B选项carry through“（常指不顾困难）完成”；C选项sail through“轻易完成；顺利通过”；D选项put through“给接通电话；使遭受”。句意：老师们抱怨说，孩子们没有写出一篇像样的文章、解决一个多步骤的数学问题或构建一个框架，在这种情况下_这些测试。根据语境，sail through“顺利

40、通过”搭配tests“测试”比较合理，意指学生不做什么努力就通过测试了。因此C选项正确。6. 单选题Beef cattle _ of all livestock for economic growth in the certain geographic regions.问题1选项A.the most are importantB.are the most importantC.is the most importantD.that are most important【答案】B【解析】考查句子成分。句意：在某些地区，肉牛是经济增长最重要的牲畜。根据题目和选项确定句子结构为主语+系动词+表语结构

41、，所以用be动词；根据cattle是集合名词确定用复数形式；根据形容词最高级结构为the most+adj.确定用the most important，所以B选项are the most important符合题意。因此B选项正确。7. 单选题The devil, as the old saying goes, is in the details. Or, in the case of the new Estonian law setting up a national genetic data bank, there is reason for concern that the devil

42、may get involved in the actual workings of that countrys Human Gene Research Act.The authors of the 34-section act have made a serious effort to prevent misuse of the data and to protect gene donors rights and privacy. Participation in the project is strictly voluntary, on the basis of informed cons

43、ent. It will be illegal to ask anyone if he or she is participating in the free program. People wont be paid for providing a tissue sample, medical, and family history to the Estonian Gene Bank. That information is immediately given “a unique code consisting of at least 16 random characters”. Geneti

44、c and medical data become and remain the property of the Estonian Gene Bankexcept that individual donors have the right, “at any time,” to request “destruction of the data which enables decoding.”They can also have their sample materials destroyed if their identity has been unlawfully disclosed.Dono

45、rs are entitled to their own genetic data, at no charge, as are their designated physicians. No one else has lawful access to this information. Indeed, it is unlawful to askand the act contains specific paragraphs that forbid employers and insurance companies to gather such information, or to treat

46、“people with different genetic risks” differently as employees or insurance clients. Genetic information may be released to researchers “only in coded form, as a set of data and on the condition that tissue samples or data concerning at least five gene donors are issued at a time.”Supporters of the

47、project expect that the Estonian Gene Bank will become a favorite source of information for researchers associated with biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies that are expected to pay handsomely for access to the decoded (and anonymous) information. Some firms are expected to set up shop in Esto

48、nia, presumably in or near the University City of Tartu where most Estonian geneticists live and work. The project is expected to “put Estonia on the map” and lead to an economic bonanza for a newly independent country with few natural resources.Not everybody shares that view. Regardless of the favo

49、rable poll results, a number of objections have been published in Estonian-language newspapers. These range from the simplistic “If its such a great idea, how come the French and Germans arent doing it already?” to arguments that the start-up money could be spent on better things. Some commentators

50、are also concerned about privacy. Information in the data bank could be used for blackmail and is there a data bank in the world that is truly secure from hackers? And what about leaks? Allegations of corruption are a fact of public life in post-Soviet independent states. Estonias scandals have been

51、 less lurid than those of other states, but there have been enough to engender considerable cynicism, not just about leaked data, but also about payoffs where lucrative contracts are involved.16. The saying “The devil is in the details” is used to imply that_.17. Under Estonian law, donors may reque

52、st to have their tissue samples destroyed_.18. The phrase “put Estonia on the map” (para.5) most likely means _.19. From the last paragraph we can infer that, in regard to the new genetic data bank _.20. The authors attitude towards Estonias new laws governing the genetic data bank seems to be _.问题1

53、选项A.Estonias new genetic data bank has immoral implicationsB.while the overall idea is good, the details of the genetic banks workings are flawedC.despite their efforts, the new laws may not prevent misuse of genetic dataD.it is inherently wrong to collect genetic data问题2选项A.at any timeB.if their se

54、cret code has been decodedC.if their identity has been revealed illegallyD.with their physicians approval问题3选项A.gain international fame for the Estonian governmentB.confirm Estonias post-Soviet independenceC.gain respect for genetics research conducted in EstoniaD.bring global recognition to this li

55、ttle-known country问题4选项A.public polling was most likely corruptB.most Estonians approve of itC.only less educated citizens are objecting to the new lawsD.Estonians are sharply divided on the issue问题5选项A.ambivalenceB.cautionC.approvalD.skepticism【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:B【解析】16.推理判断题。根据第一段The devi

56、l, as the old saying goes, is in the details. Or, in the case of the new Estonian law setting up a national genetic data bank, there is reason for concern that the devil may get involved in the actual workings of that countrys Human Gene Research Act.（正如一句老话所说，细节决定成败。或者，在爱沙尼亚建立国家基因数据库的新法律中，人们有理由担心魔鬼

57、可能会参与该国人类基因研究法的实际运作。），第一句话的重点是细节，按照两句话的先后顺序，推理出作者想要表达基因数据库存在细节上的缺陷，B选项“虽然总体想法是好的，但基因数据库的工作细节是有缺陷的”正确。A选项“爱沙尼亚新的基因数据库有不道德的成分”，C选项“尽管他们做出了努力，新的法律可能不会防止基因数据的滥用”和D选项“收集基因数据本身就是错误的”不是这里表达的重点，不符合题意。因此B选项正确。17.事实细节题。根据第三段They can also have their sample materials destroyed if their identity has been unlawfu

58、lly disclosed.（如果他们的身份被非法泄露，他们的样本材料也可能被销毁。），可知组织样本被销毁的条件是C选项“如果他们的身份被非法揭露”。A选项“随时”：根据第二段最后一句Genetic and medical data become and remain the property of the Estonian Gene Bankexcept that individual donors have the right, “at any time,” to request “destruction of the data which enables decoding.”（遗传和医疗

59、数据成为并仍然是爱沙尼亚基因库的财产，但个人捐助者有权“在任何时候”要求“销毁可解码的数据”。），可知任何时候可以销毁的是可解码的数据，而非样本，故错误。B选项“如果他们的密码被破译”和D选项“得到他们的医生的批准”文章没有提到。因此C选项正确。18.推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句The project is expected to “put Estonia on the map” and lead to an economic bonanza for a newly independent country with few natural resources.（这个项目有望“让爱沙尼亚在地图

60、上崭露头角”，并为这个刚刚独立、自然资源贫乏的国家带来经济上的巨大财富。），可知爱沙尼亚独立不久，需要国际社会的认可，这是一个国家在国际社会上基础的需求，D选项“为这个鲜为人知的国家带来全球认可”正确，A选项“为爱沙尼亚政府赢得国际声誉”是在被认可的基础上更进一步的需求，属于过度推断。B选项“确认爱沙尼亚在后苏联时代的独立”：爱沙尼亚已经独立了，不需要通过其他方式证明。C选项“在爱沙尼亚进行的遗传学研究获得了尊重”：不是表达的重点，不符合题意。因此D选项正确。19.事实细节题。根据第六段第二句Regardless of the favorable poll results, a number

61、of objections have been published in Estonian-language newspapers.（不管民调结果如何，爱沙尼亚语报纸上刊登了许多反对意见。），句子是转折关系，表明前面想要表达大多数人赞成，B选项“大多数爱沙尼亚人赞成”正确。A选项“公众投票很可能是堕落的”：根据第六段倒数第二句Allegations of corruption are a fact of public life in post-Soviet independent states.（对堕落的指控是后苏联独立国家公共生活的一个事实。），这里指的是公共生活堕落的大背景，而非投票这件事

62、，故错误。C选项“只有教育程度较低的公民反对新法律”：文中没有提到教育程度不同的人对此的看法，故错误。D选项“爱沙尼亚人在这个问题上有尖锐的分歧”：不是表达的重点，没有体现尖锐，故错误。因此B选项正确。20.观点态度题。作者首先客观地讲述这项立法的细则，再分别表达支持者和反对者的观点，而没有直接表达自己对此的看法，所以B选项“谨慎”正确，A选项“矛盾”，C选项“赞同”和D选项“怀疑”不符合题意。因此B选项正确。8. 单选题_ they may eventually reduce the amount of labor needed on construction sites by 90 per

63、cent.问题1选项A.So clever are the construction robotsB.So clever the construction robots areC.Such construction robots are cleverD.Such clever construction robots are【答案】A【解析】考查定语从句。句意：这些建筑机器人非常聪明，它们最终可能会使建筑工地所需的劳动力减少90%。根据状语前置用倒装结构，排除B、D选项，C选项使题目成为两个独立的完整句子，不符合题意。根据语境和句子结构，句子还原成The construction robots

64、are so clever that they may eventually reduce the amount of labor，that在这里省略，A选项So clever are the construction robots符合题意。因此A选项正确。9. 单选题The genetic characteristics of all life forms on earth are embodied in the chemical structure of DNA molecule. An organisms DNA molecules provide a complete blueprint for its p