2022年考博英语-国防科技大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷87

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1、2022年考博英语-国防科技大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题Once a picture is proved to be a forgery, it becomes quite _.问题1选项A.invaluableB.pricelessC.unworthyD.worthless【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项invaluable表示“极有用的，极宝贵的”；B项priceless表示“无价的，极贵重的”；C项unworthy表示“不值得的，无价值的”，指某事物没有必要的品质，尤指尊敬；D项worthless表示“没用的，无价值的”，指人品质坏的，或者指某物没有实际价值

2、或经济价值。根据前面的句子Once a picture is proved to be a forgery（一旦一幅画被证明是伪造的）可知，“没有价值的”符合语境。句意：一旦一幅画被证明是赝品，它就变得一文不值了。因此，该题选择D项正确。2. 单选题Many states in America have passed laws that say children cannot be enrolled in schools or day care unless they have been _ against tetanus, diphtheria, measles, mumps and who

3、pping cough.问题1选项A.diagnosedB.concurredC.immunizedD.infected【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A项diagnose表示“诊断，断定”，B项concur表示“同意，一致，互助”，C项immunize表示“赋予免疫性，（尤指通过注射疫苗）使免疫”，D项infect表示“感染，传染”。根据unless（除非）可知，后面的句子表示条件，结合前面的句子children cannot be enrolled in schools or day care（儿童不能上学或上托儿所）以及后面的tetanus（破伤风）、diphtheria（白喉）等词，可

4、知“使免疫”符合语境。句意：美国许多州都通过了法律，规定儿童不能上学或上托儿所，除非他们已经接种了预防破伤风、白喉、麻疹、腮腺炎和百日咳的疫苗。因此，该题选择C项正确。3. 单选题Just as there are occupations that require college or even higher degrees, _ occupations for which technical training is necessary.问题1选项A.so too there areB.so also there areC.so there are tooD.so too are there【

5、答案】D【解析】考查句型和倒装结构。本题考查的是“just asso”句型和倒装结构，“just asso”的意思为“正好和一样”。so在本句中表达“也，同样”的含义，连接并列句。too如果在句子中提前，则要求后面的主谓形成部分倒装，所以A，C均不成立；so和also语义重复，因此B选项排除。因此D为正确答案。4. 单选题The man Im seeking to fill this position must be _ since he will be representing us before the public.问题1选项A.personableB.pedantC.hypocriti

6、calD.snobbish【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项personable表示“品貌兼优的，英俊潇洒的”，B项pedant表示“学究，书呆子，卖弄学问的人”，C项hypocritical表示“虚伪的，伪善的”，D项snobbish表示“势利的”。根据he will be representing us before the public（他将在公众面前代表我们）可知，“品貌兼优的”符合语境。句意：我要找来填补这个职位的人必须是品貌兼优的，因为他将在公众面前代表我们。因此，该题选择A项正确。5. 单选题To understand the ancient Mayan people who

7、 lived in the area that is today southern Mexico and Central America and the ecological difficulties they faced, one must first consider their environment, which we think of as “jungle” or “tropical rainforest.” This view is inaccurate, and the reason proves to be important. Properly speaking, tropi

8、cal rainforests grow in high-rainfall equatorial areas that remain wet or humid all year round. But the Maya homeland lies more than sixteen hundred kilometers from the equator, at latitudes 17 to 22 degrees north, in a habitat termed a “seasonal tropical forest.” That is, while there does tend to b

9、e a rainy season from May to October, there is also a dry season from January through April. If one focuses on the wet months, one calls the Maya homeland a “seasonal tropical forest”; if one focuses on the dry months, one could instead describe it as a “seasonal desert.”From north to south in the Y

10、ucatan Peninsula, where the Maya lived, rainfall ranges from 18 to 100 inches (457 to 2,540 millimeters) per year, and the soils become thicker, so that the southern peninsula was agriculturally more productive and supported denser populations. But rainfall in the Maya homeland is unpredictably vari

11、able between years; some recent years have had three or four times more rain than other years. As a result, modern farmers attempting to grow corn in the ancient Maya homelands have faced frequent crop failures, especially in the north. The ancient Maya were presumably more experienced and did bette

12、r, but nevertheless they too must have faced risks of crop failures from droughts and hurricanes.Although southern Maya areas received more rainfall than northern areas, problems of water were paradoxically more severe in the wet south. While that made things hard for ancient Maya living in the sout

13、h, it has also made things hard for modern archaeologists who have difficulty understanding why ancient droughts caused bigger problems in the wet south than in the dry north. The likely explanation is that an area of underground freshwater underlies the Yucatan Peninsula, but surface elevation incr

14、eases from north to south, so that as one moves south the land surface lies increasingly higher above the water table. In the northern peninsula the elevation is sufficiently low that the ancient Maya were able to reach the water table at deep sinkholes called cenotes, or at deep caves. In low-eleva

15、tion north coastal areas without sinkholes, the Maya would have been able to get down to the water table by digging wells up to 75 feet (22 meters) deep. But much of the south lies too high above the water table for cenotes or wells to reach down to it. Making matters worse, most of the Yucatan Peni

16、nsula consists of karst, a porous sponge-like limestone terrain where rain runs straight into the ground and where little or no surface water remains available.How did those dense southern Maya populations deal with the resulting water problem? It initially surprises us that many of their cities wer

17、e not built next to the rivers but instead on high terrain in rolling uplands. The explanation is that the Maya excavated depressions, or modified natural depressions, and then plugged up leaks in the karst by plastering the bottoms of the depressions in order to create reservoirs, which collected r

18、ain from large plastered catchment basins and stored it for use in the dry season. For example, reservoirs at the Maya city of Tikal held enough water to meet the drinking water needs of about 10,000 people for a period of 18 months. At the city of Coba the Maya built dikes around a lake in order to

19、 raise its level and make their water supply more reliable. But the inhabitants of Tikal and other cities dependent on reservoirs for drinking water would still have been in deep trouble if 18 months passed without rain in a prolonged drought. A shorter drought in which they exhausted their stored f

20、ood supplies might already have gotten them in deep trouble, because growing crops required rain rather than reservoirs.58. Why does the author call the Mayan homeland both a “seasonal tropical forest” and “seasonal desert”?59. Which of the following statements about ancient and modern agriculture i

21、n the Yucatan Peninsula is supported by paragraph 2?60. Which of the following statements about the availability of water in the Mayan homeland is supported by paragraph 3?61. According to the passage, why was the southern Mayan homeland hard to farm?问题1选项A.To illustrate how the climate of the Mayan

22、 homeland varied from region to region.B.To explain how the climate of the Mayan homeland is similar to that of a jungle or tropical rainforest.C.To emphasize the vast size of the area that compromised the Mayan homeland in ancient times.D.To make the point that the Mayan homeland is climatically mo

23、re complex than is generally assumed.问题2选项A.Modern agricultural methods have solved many of the ancient problems of farming in the Yucatan Peninsula.B.Ancient Mayan farmers may have been somewhat more successful at farming in the Yucatan Peninsula than farmers are today.C.Farming today is easier tha

24、n in the past because environmental changes in the Yucatan Peninsula have increased available rainfall.D.The Yucatan soils in which ancient farmers worked were richer, more productive, and thicker than they are today.问题3选项A.The construction of wells was an uncommon practice in both the north and the

25、 south because it was too difficult to dig through the karst.B.In most areas in the north and the south, rainwater was absorbed directly into the porous karst.C.The water table was an important resource for agriculture in both the north and the south of the Yucatan Peninsula.D.The lack of surface wa

26、ter in both the north and the south was probably due to the fact that most of it was quickly used up for agricultural purposes.问题4选项A.The presence of numerous sinkholes and wells interfered with farming.B.Southern soil lacked the depth crops needed for growth.C.Underground water was too far below th

27、e surface to reach.D.The presence of karst caused frequent flooding.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:B第4题:C【解析】58.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“为什么作者称玛雅家园为季节性热带雨林和季节性的沙漠？”。根据第一段中的Properly speaking, tropical rainforests grow in high-rainfall equatorial areas that remain wet or humid all year round. But the Maya homeland

28、 lies more than sixteen hundred kilometers from the equator, at latitudes 17 to 22 degrees north, in a habitat termed a “seasonal tropical forest.” That is, while there does tend to be a rainy season from May to October, there is also a dry season from January through April.（确切地说，热带雨林生长在赤道多雨地区，终年潮湿。

29、但是玛雅的家园位于北纬17到22度，距离赤道1600多公里，在一个被称为“季节性热带森林”的栖息地。也就是说，虽然5月到10月确实有雨季，但1月到4月也有旱季。）可知，玛雅家园的气候比一般的要复杂，D项“为了表明玛雅家园的气候比一般认为的要复杂”正确。A项“以说明玛雅家园的气候如何因地区而异”，文中并没有说各个地区不同；B项“来解释玛雅人家园的气候与丛林或热带雨林的相似之处”只说到了雨季，没有说旱季；C项“为了强调古代玛雅家园的广阔面积”中的“广阔面积”在文中也没有提及。因此，该题选择D项正确。59.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“关于尤卡坦半岛古代和现代农业，下列哪一项陈述

30、得到第2段的支持？”。根据关键词ancient和modern定位到第二段最后两句As a result, modern farmers attempting to grow corn in the ancient Maya homelands have faced frequent crop failures, especially in the north. The ancient Maya were presumably more experienced and did better, but nevertheless they too must have faced risks of c

31、rop failures from droughts and hurricanes.（因此，现代农民要在玛雅遗址种植谷物就要面临频繁的作物减产的风险，尤其在半岛的北部地区。古玛雅人也许更有经验也做得更好，但是不管怎么说他们都必须面对旱灾和飓风带来的颗粒无收的风险。），由此可知，现代和古代的玛雅人都会遇到同样的问题，即自然灾害带来的作物减产，但在某种程度上，古代人比现代人解决的更好，因此B项“古代玛雅农民在尤卡坦半岛的农业可能比今天的农民更成功”符合题意，A项“现代农业方法解决了尤卡坦半岛许多古老的农业问题”正好相反，A项错误。C项“由于尤卡坦半岛的环境变化增加了可用的降雨量，今天的农业比过去更

32、容易”和D项“古代农民耕种的尤卡坦半岛的土壤比现在更肥沃、更多产、更厚”在该段都没提到。因此，该题选择B项正确。60.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“以下哪一项关于玛雅家园水资源的陈述得到了第3段的支持？”。根据第三段倒数第二句和第三句In low-elevation north coastal areas without sinkholes, the Maya would have been able to get down to the water table by digging wells up to 75 feet (22 meters) deep. But muc

33、h of the south lies too high above the water table for cenotes or wells to reach down to it.（在没有排水口且海拔较低的北部沿海地区，玛雅人就需要借助凿井到达75英尺深的地下水含水层。但在南方若想通过排水口或凿井达到含水层的话，深度就要深得多。）可知，北部打井容易而南部却很难，所以A项“无论是在北方还是南方，打井都是一种罕见的做法，因为在岩溶中挖掘太困难了”错误，C项“地下水位是尤卡坦半岛北部和南部重要的农业资源”中的“地下水位”虽然有提及，但是并没有提到它的重要性，所以C项也不选。由第三段最后一句Mak

34、ing matters worse, most of the Yucatan Peninsula consists of karst, a porous sponge-like limestone terrain where rain runs straight into the ground and where little or no surface water remains available.（更糟糕的是，尤卡坦半岛大部分地区属于喀斯特地貌，多孔状如海绵的石灰岩地形，雨水直接流入地下，几乎没有地表水余留。）可知，B项“在北方和南方的大部分地区，雨水被直接吸收到多孔的喀斯特地貌”符合原

35、文。D项“北方和南方地表水的缺乏可能是由于大部分地表水很快被用于农业用途”在原文中没有对应。因此，该题选择B项正确。61.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“根据文章，为什么南部玛雅人的家园很难耕种？”。根据第三段第三句The likely explanation is that an area of underground freshwater underlies the Yucatan Peninsula, but surface elevation increases from north to south, so that as one moves south the l

36、and surface lies increasingly higher above the water table.（可能的解释是，尤卡坦半岛的地下有一片淡水区域，但地表高度从北向南增加，所以当你向南移动时，地表高于地下水位的位置越来越高。）可推知，玛雅南部的地表高于地下水位，所以地下水无法达到地表，从而南部玛雅人很难耕种，故C项“地下水在地表以下很远，无法到达”正确。根据第三段倒数第二句But much of the south lies too high above the water table for cenotes or wells to reach down to it.（但在南

37、方若想通过排水口或凿井达到含水层的话，深度就要深得多。）可知，在玛雅南部凿井是很困难的，所以A项“大量排水口和井的存在妨碍了农业”是错误的。B项“南方土壤缺乏作物生长所需的深度”在原文中没有提到。由第三段最后一句Making matters worse, most of the Yucatan Peninsula consists of karst, a porous sponge-like limestone terrain where rain runs straight into the ground and where little or no surface water remain

38、s available.（更糟糕的是，尤卡坦半岛大部分地区属于喀斯特地貌，多孔状如海绵的石灰岩地形，雨水直接流入地下，几乎没有地表水余留。）可知，喀斯特地貌导致的是雨水直接流下地下，而不是洪水，D项“喀斯特地貌的存在导致频繁的洪水”错误。因此，该题选择C项正确。6. 单选题Ethologists are convinced that many animals survive through learningbut learning that is indicated by their genetic programming, learning as thoroughly as the most

39、 _ instinctive of behavioral responses.问题1选项A.stereotypedB.supersededC.transientD.incompatible【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项stereotyped“刻板的，老一套的”，B项superseded“作废的，被取代的”，C项transient“短暂的，路过的”，D项incompatible“不相容的，矛盾的”。句子前部分说的是“动物行为学家相信，许多动物是通过学习生存下来的，但这种学习是由它们的遗传程序决定的”，结合后面的instinctive of behavioral responses（本能的

40、行为反应）可推，空格处填入的修饰词应该是“刻板的”，A项符合。句意：动物行为学家相信，许多动物是通过学习生存下来的，但这种学习是由它们的遗传程序决定的，学习就像最刻板的本能行为反应一样彻底。因此，该题选择A项。7. 单选题The testimonies of the witnesses provided _ proof that my client is innocent; I demand that he be released at once.问题1选项A.invalidB.incredulousC.irrefragableD.impotent【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项inva

41、lid表示“（法律上或官方）不承认的，无效的”，B项incredulous表示“怀疑的，不轻信的”，C项irrefragable表示“不能反驳的，不能否认的”，D项impotent表示“无能为力的，不起作用的”。根据my client is innocent（我的当事人是无辜的）可知，_ proof表示“无可辩驳的证据”符合语境。句意：证人的证词提供了无可辩驳的证据，证明我的当事人是无辜的；我要求立即释放他。因此，该题选择C项正确。8. 单选题Molly Brown was labeled “unsinkable” after she helped to evacuate passengers

42、 from the ill-fated ship the Titanic.问题1选项A.anticipateB.comfortC.removeD.shelter【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A项anticipate“预料，预期，预见”，B项comfort“安慰，使（痛苦等）缓和”，C项remove“移开，拿开，转移”，D项shelter“保护，使掩蔽”。句意：莫莉布朗在帮助疏散泰坦尼克号上的乘客后被贴上了“永不沉没”的标签。根据句意可知，evacuate在句中表示“疏散”，四个选项中意思与之相近的是C项。因此，该题选择C项。9. 单选题The National Park System _ a

43、reas of natural beauty for preservation and public employment.问题1选项A.sets asideB.saves upC.arranges forD.reserves for【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。A项set aside“挑出，留出”，B项save up“储蓄，贮存”，C项arrange for“安排，为做准备”，D项reserve for“为而保留”。由areas of natural beauty（自然风景区）可知，空格处填入“划出、留出”符合，A项正确。句意：国家公园系统为自然保护和公共就业划出了自然风景区。因此，该题选

44、择A项。10. 单选题By todays standards, early farmers were imprudent because they planted the same crop repeatedly, exhausting the soil after a few harvests.问题1选项A.unwiseB.stubbornC.tiresomeD.unscientific【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项unwise“不明智的，愚蠢的，轻率的”，B项stubborn“顽固的，顽强的”，C项tiresome“烦人的，无聊的”，D项unscientific“不科学的，不符合科

45、学原理的”。句意：按照今天的标准，早期的农民是轻率的，因为他们重复种植同一种作物，几次收获后就耗尽了土壤。根据句意可知，imprudent在句中表示“轻率的”。因此，该题选择A项。11. 单选题Despite the fact that the two council members belonged to different political parties, they _ the issue of how to finance the town debt.问题1选项A.attestedB.reported onC.disdain forD.consent to【答案】D【解析】考查动词及

46、词组辨析。A项attest“证明，证实”，B项report on“报告，汇报，就作报告”，C项disdain for“蔑视，鄙视”，D项consent to“同意，答应”。由despite可知，前后句子为转折关系，前半句的意思是“尽管这两名委员会成员属于不同的政党”，那么可以推测they _ the issue的意思应该是“但是他们都同意这个事情”，D项符合。句意：尽管这两名委员会成员属于不同的政党，但他们同意如何为城镇债务融资的问题。因此，该题选择D项。12. 单选题As a child, time used to move as slowly as lightning bugs drift

47、 in the summer evening skies, but as an adult, time is_. 问题1选项A.transmittingB.peripateticC.nomadicD.ephemeral【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项“传送；输送”，B项“巡回工作的；流动的”，C项“游牧的”，D项“短暂的”。根据题干中的but，可知前后为对比，结合句意：小时候，时间总是像夏天傍晚天空中的闪电虫一样缓慢移动，但成年后，时间是 。因此选D项。13. 单选题No one would have time to read or listen to an account of eve

48、rything _ going on in the world.问题1选项A.it isB.there isC.as isD.what is【答案】B【解析】考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知everything为定语从句的先行词，everything后面所接部分是修饰everything的定语从句；there is结构作“目前有的”解时，可引导限定性定语从句，置于被修饰的名词后面，作该从句主语的关系代词that常常省略。14. 单选题Scandinavian men were familiarize with hunting and receptive to learning the hunti

49、ng methods of the local native Americans.问题1选项A.suspicious ofB.ready forC.dependent onD.new to【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。题干receptive“愿意倾听的，乐于接受的”。A项“怀疑”，B项“准备好”，C项“依赖，依靠”，D项“对不熟悉”。因此只有B项符合。句意：斯堪的纳维亚人熟悉狩猎，并乐于学习当地美洲原住民的狩猎方法。15. 单选题There is increasing evidence that the impacts of meteorites have had important eff

50、ects on Earth, particularly in the field of biological evolution. Such impacts continue to pose a natural hazard to life on Earth. Twice in the twentieth century, large meteorite objects are known to have collided with Earth.If an impact is large enough, it can disturb the environment of the entire

51、Earth and cause an ecological catastrophe. The best-documented such impact took place 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period of geological history. This break in Earths history is marked by a mass extinction, when as many as half the species on the planet became extinct. While ther

52、e are a dozen or more mass extinctions in the geological record, the Cretaceous mass extinction has always intrigued paleontologists because it marks the end of the age of the dinosaurs. For tens of millions of years, those great creatures had flourished. Then, suddenly, they disappeared.The body th

53、at impacted Earth at the end of the Cretaceous period was a meteorite with a mass of more than a trillion tons and a diameter of at least 10 kilometers. Scientists first identified this impact in 1980 from the worldwide layer of sediment deposited from the dust cloud that enveloped the planet after

54、the impact. This sediment layer is enriched in the rare metal iridium and other elements that are relatively abundant in a meteorite but very rare in the crust of Earth. Even diluted by the terrestrial material excavated from the crater, this component of meteorites is easily identified. By 1990 geo

55、logists had located the impact site itself in the Yucat region of Mexico. The crater, now deeply buried in sediment, was originally about 200 kilometers in diameter.This impact released an enormous amount of energy, excavating a crater about twice as large as the lunar crater Tycho. The explosion li

56、fted about 100 trillion tons of dust into the atmosphere, as can be determined by measuring the thickness of the sediment layer formed when this dust settled to the surface. Such a quantity of material would have blocked the sunlight completely from reaching the surface, plunging Earth into a period

57、 of cold and darkness that lasted at least several months. The explosion is also calculated to have produced vast quantities of nitric acid and melted rock that sprayed out over much of Earth, starting widespread fires that must have consumed most terrestrial forests and grassland. Presumably, those

58、 environmental disasters could have been responsible for the mass extinction, including the death of the dinosaurs.Several other mass extinctions in the geological record have been tentatively identified with large impacts, but none is so dramatic as the Cretaceous event. But even without such speci

59、fic documentation, it is clear that impacts of this size do occur and that their results can be catastrophic. What is a catastrophe for one group of living things, however, may create opportunities for another group. Following each mass extinction, there is a sudden evolutionary burst as new species

60、 develop to fill the ecological niches opened by the event.Impacts by meteorites represent one mechanism that could cause global catastrophes and seriously influence the evolution of life all over the planet. According to some estimates, the majority of all extinctions of species may be due to such

61、impacts. Such a perspective fundamentally changes our view of biological evolution. The standard criterion for the survival of a species is its success in competing with other species and adapting to slowly changing environments. Yet an equally important criterion is the ability of a species to surv

62、ive random global ecological catastrophes due to impacts.Earth is a target in a cosmic shooting gallery, subject to random violent events that were unsuspected a few decades ago. In 1991 the United States Congress asked NASA to investigate the hazard posed today by large impacts on Earth. The group

63、conducting the study concluded from a detailed analysis that impacts from meteorites can indeed be hazardous. Although there is always some risk that a large impact could occur, careful study shows that this risk is quite small.62. In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that dinosaurs had flourished for tens of millions of years and then suddenly disappeared?63. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the location of the meteorite impact in Mexico?64. The word “excavating” in Para.4 is closest in meaning to _.65. Which