2022年考博英语-华东政法大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷21

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1、2022年考博英语-华东政法大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题IX. Forensic AppraisalAs a categorical matter, the science of Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) can no longer support a finding of proof beyond a reasonable doubt in triad-only (三联征) cases cases which represent a significant number of SBS prosecutions. Put simply, he

2、re change has raised the real possibility of past error.In the past, the mere presence of retinal hemorrhaging, (视网膜出血) subdural hematoma (硬膜下血肿), and cerebral edema (脑水肿) was taken to mean that a baby had been shaken hard enough to produce what were conceptualized as whiplash forces. According to t

3、he conventional understanding of SBS, the application of rotational acceleration and deceleration forces to the infants head causes the brain to rotate in the skull. Abrupt deceleration allows continuing brain rotation until bridging veins are stretched and ruptured, causing a thin layer of subdural

4、 haemorrhage on the surface of the brain. Retinal hemorrhages were thought to result from a similar causal mechanism. Most significantly, the triad of symptoms was believed to be distinctly characteristic of violent shaking.Despite its lingering presence in the popular imagination, the scientific un

5、derpinnings of SBS have crumbled over the past decade as the medical establishment has deliberately discarded a diagnosis defined by shaking. Although no single nomenclature has emerged in its place, doctors are now in widespread agreement that SBS is an unhelpful characterization, and that the pres

6、ence of retinal hemorrhages and subdural hematoma cannot conclusively prove that injury was inflicted.Although it may be tempting to conclude simply that science evolves, and leave the inquiry there, the story is more complex; an object lesson in scientific overreaching and the challenge of correcti

7、on.A number of forces coalesced to transform SBS from a certain diagnosis into its current state of flux. Most importantly, in the mid- to late-1990s, medical research, including the SBS literature, became subject to a heightened level of scrutiny. The new evidence-based medicine standards required

8、doctors to derive their research from methods that are scientific and statistically rigorous. The change triggered a review of the evidence supporting a number of areas of medicine, and included a comprehensive effort to examine the science underlying SBS.The application of the evidence-based framew

9、ork to the SBS literature resulted in a remarkable determination: the medical literature published prior to 1998 contained inadequate scientific evidence to come to a firm conclusion on most aspects of causation, diagnosis, treatment, or any other matters pertaining to SBS.83. One learns from the pa

10、ragraphs that SBS is _.84. The presence of the following syndromes makes the doctors believe that a baby was shaken hard, except _.85. According to the last paragraph, the following statement is NOT correct _.86. One can foresee that after the recent research result based on evidence, _.问题1选项A.a dis

11、ease that can be caught by a babyB.a syndrome that courts use to charge a defendant for a babys deathC.a syndrome that doctors look at to determine the cause of a babys deathD.a new discovery问题2选项A.the baby was less than one year oldB.retinal hemorrhagingC.subdural hematomaD.cerebral edema问题3选项A.the

12、 medical literature published prior to 1998 contained inadequate scientific evidence to come to a firm conclusionB.the previous conclusion on most aspects of causation, diagnosis, treatment, or any other matters pertaining to SBS was not correctC.the application of the evidence-based framework to th

13、e SBS literature resulted in a different resultD.the medical literature published after 1998 contained adequate scientific evidence to come to a firm conclusion问题4选项A.the prosecution of SBS defendant will no longer existB.the past conviction of SBS will definitely be announced to be errorC.there wil

14、l probably be challenge to past conviction for correctionD.doctors are going to abandon the term SBS【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:C【解析】83. 【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文第一段第一句As a categorical matter, the science of Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) can no longer support a finding of proof beyond a reasonable doubt

15、in triad-only (三联征) cases cases which represent a significant number of SBS prosecutions.（作为一个绝对的问题，婴儿摇晃综合征的科学不再支持在三联征案件中无可置疑地找到证据这些案件代表了大量SBS起诉）以及最后一段The application of the evidence-based framework to the SBS literature resulted in a remarkable determination: the medical literature published prior

16、to 1998 contained inadequate scientific evidence to come to a firm conclusion on most aspects of causation, diagnosis, treatment, or any other matters pertaining to SBS.（将循证框架应用于SBS文献导致了一个显著的决定：1998年之前出版的医学文献包含了不充分的科学证据，无法就与SBS有关的因果关系、诊断、治疗或任何其他问题的大多数方面得出坚定的结论）可知SBS是用来控诉被告造成婴儿死亡的一种综合征，选B选项“法庭用来指控被告造

17、成婴儿死亡的一种综合症”；A选项“一种可以被婴儿传染的疾病”，B选项“医生通过观察确定婴儿死亡原因的一种综合症”和D选项“一项新发现”原文未涉及，排除。因此B选项符合题意。84. 【试题答案】A【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第二段第一句In the past, the mere presence of retinal hemorrhaging, (视网膜出血) subdural hematoma (硬膜下血肿), and cerebral edema (脑水肿) was taken to mean that a baby had been shaken hard enough to

18、 produce what were conceptualized as whiplash forces.（在过去，仅仅存在视网膜出血、硬膜下血肿和脑水肿就被认为是婴儿受到了足够大的震动，产生了所谓的鞭打力）可知B选项“视网膜出血”，C选项“硬膜下血肿”以及D选项“脑水肿”这些症状的存在使医生相信婴儿被用力摇晃，不符合题意，排除；A选项“婴儿不到一岁”原文未涉及，符合题意。因此A选项正确。85. 【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文最后一段the medical literature published prior to 1998 contained inadequate

19、scientific evidence to come to a firm conclusion on most aspects of causation, diagnosis, treatment, or any other matters pertaining to SBS（1998年之前出版的医学文献包含了不充分的科学证据，无法就与SBS有关的因果关系、诊断、治疗或任何其他问题的大多数方面得出坚定的结论）可知A选项“1998年以前出版的医学文献包含不充分的科学证据，无法得出确定的结论”和B选项“先前关于与SBS有关的因果关系、诊断、治疗或任何其他问题的大多数方面的结论是不正确的”描述正确

20、，最后一段开头The application of the evidence-based framework to the SBS literature resulted in a remarkable determination（将循证框架应用于SBS文献导致了一个显著的决定），结合下文可知这个显著的决定和以往的内容不同，因此C选项“将循证框架应用于SBS文献产生了不同的结果”描述正确；D选项“1998年之后出版的医学文献包含了足够的科学证据来得出坚定的结论”在最后一段未提及，属于过度推断。因此D选项符合题意。86. 【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。根据原文第一段最后一句Put sim

21、ply, here change has raised the real possibility of past error.（简单地说，这里的变化增加了过去错误的真正可能性）以及最后一段最后一句the medical literature published prior to 1998 contained inadequate scientific evidence to come to a firm conclusion on most aspects of causation, diagnosis, treatment, or any other matters pertaining t

22、o SBS（1998年之前出版的医学文献包含了不充分的科学证据，无法就与SBS有关的因果关系、诊断、治疗或任何其他问题的大多数方面得出坚定的结论）可知最近的研究结果可能会让过去的定罪产生质疑，选C选项“可能会对过去的定罪提出质疑”，A选项“SBS被告的起诉将不复存在”和B选项“SBS过去的定罪肯定会被宣布为错误”属于过度推断，排除；第三段Although no single nomenclature has emerged in its place.（虽然没有一个单独的术语来代替它）只能推断出没有另外的术语来代替SBS，无法得知SBS是否会被医生放弃，D选项“医生们将放弃术语SBS”不符合原文

23、，排除。因此C选项正确。2. 单选题V. Civil and Commercial LawThe absence of privity of contract precluded a person from recovering against a negligent actor who caused that person harm, wherever the negligent act constituted a breach of contract with someone else. The House of Lords in Donoghue v. Stevenson ruled t

24、hat manufacturers did owe a duty of care to the ultimate consumer not to create risks of harm through the manufacturing process. In reaching this conclusion the Court examined the specific kinds of duties which the law had imposed in a variety of situations and derived therefrom a general principle

25、for the law of negligence.In the words of Lord Atkin: At present I content myself with pointing out that in English law there must be, and is, some general conception of relations giving rise to a duty of care, of which the particular cases found in the books are but instances. The liability for neg

26、ligence, whether you style it such or treat it as in other systems as a species of “culpa”, is no doubt based upon a general public sentiment of moral wrongdoing for which the offender must pay. But acts or omissions which any moral code would censure cannot in a practical world be treated so as to

27、give a right to every person injured by them to demand relief. In this way rules of law arise which limit the range of complainants and the extent of their remedy. The rule that you are to love your neighbor becomes in law, you must not injure your neighbor; and the lawyers question, who is my neigh

28、bor? receives a restricted reply. You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbor. Who, then, in law is my neighbor? The answer seems to be persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reason

29、ably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called in question. The underlying structure of the reasoning of Lord Atkins judgment may be stated as follows: (1) There are a set of cases where courts have found liability for fa

30、iling to take care. (2) In these cases the courts established a standard of care. (3) In these situations we can infer from the fact that the law imposes a duty (standard of care) to take care. The law of negligence extends to this kind of activity.1.According to the first sentence, a person injured

31、 may not be able to recover against a negligent actor who caused the harm because _.2.Lord Atkin thinks that _.3.In the sense of tort law, a neighbor is one who _.4.Which of the following is NOT a reasoning for the law of negligence _.问题1选项A.there lacks a relation of contract between the twoB.they d

32、o not know each otherC.the actor is negligentD.manufacturers do not owe a duty of care to the ultimate consumer问题2选项A.English law does not have a general conception of duty of careB.the liability for negligence should be styled as a species of “culpa”C.the liability for negligence is based upon a pu

33、blic understanding that offenders must pay for their wrongdoingD.every person injured should be given a right to demand relief问题3选项A.lives next door to youB.you owe a duty of careC.should be taken good care ofD.has friendly relationship with you问题4选项A.There is a duty to take care imposed by lawB.The

34、 doer failed to take careC.The failure caused damages or injury to othersD.The doer has foreseen the result【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D【解析】1.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段第一句The absence of privity of contract precluded a person from recovering against a negligent actor who caused that person harm, wherever the neglig

35、ent act constituted a breach of contract with someone else.（合同相对性的缺失使一个人无法对给自己造成伤害的过失行为人获得赔偿，无论该过失行为是否构成了对他人的违约）可知选A选项“两者之间缺乏契约关系”；B选项“他们彼此不认识”，C选项“行为人疏忽”第一段未提及；根据第一段第二句The House of Lords in Donoghue v. Stevenson ruled that manufacturers did owe a duty of care to the ultimate consumer not to create

36、risks of harm through the manufacturing process.（英国上议院在Donoghue v. Stevenson案中裁定，制造商确实对最终消费者负有注意义务，不应在制造过程中造成伤害风险）可知D选项“制造商对最终消费者不负有注意义务”和原文相悖。因此A选项正确。2.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第二段 The liability for negligence, whether you style it such or treat it as in other systems as a species of “culpa”, is no doubt based

37、 upon a general public sentiment of moral wrongdoing for which the offender must pay.（过失责任，无论你将其视为“罪犯”的一种，或将其视为其他制度中的一种，无疑是基于公众普遍的道德错误情绪，而犯罪者必须为此付出代价）可知C选项“过失责任的基础是公众认识到违法者必须为他们的过错付出代价”正确；根据第二段开头In the words of Lord Atkin: At present I content myself with pointing out that in English law there must

38、be, and is, some general conception of relations giving rise to a duty of care, of which the particular cases found in the books are but instances.（用阿特金勋爵的话说：目前我满足于指出，在英国法律中，必须而且是一些关系的一般概念，产生了一种谨慎的义务，书中所发现的特殊情况只是实例）可知A选项“英国法没有注意义务的一般概念”和原文相悖；B选项“过失责任应该被定义为一种过失”原文没有直接说明；第二段But acts or omissions which

39、 any moral code would censure cannot in a practical world be treated so as to give a right to every person injured by them to demand relief.（但是，在现实世界中，任何道德准则都不会责难的作为或不作为都不能被视为给予每一个受其伤害的人要求救济的权利）可知D选项“每个受伤的人都应该被赋予要求救济的权利”不符合原文。因此C选项正确。3.推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文第二段Who, then, in law is my neighbor? The answer s

40、eems to be persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called in question.（这样，谁是我的邻舍呢？答案似乎是那些受到我的行为密切而直接影响的人，当我将我的思想导向被质疑的作为或不作为时，我应该合理地考虑他们是如何受到影响

41、的）可知在侵权法的意义上，邻居是会受到“我”行为密切影响的人，“我”需要考虑他们是如何受到影响，选B选项“你应负注意义务”；A选项“住在你隔壁”，D选项“与你有友好的关系”原文未提及；原文只是说“我”的行为会密切和直接影响邻居，没有要求必须好好照顾邻居，C选项“应该被好好照顾”错误。因此B选项正确。4.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第二段末The underlying structure of the reasoning of Lord Atkins judgment may be stated as follows: (1) There are a set of cases where cour

42、ts have found liability for failing to take care. (2) In these cases the courts established a standard of care. (3) In these situations we can infer from the fact that the law imposes a duty (standard of care) to take care. The law of negligence extends to this kind of activity.（阿特金勋爵的判决推理的基本结构可以说如下

43、：（1）在一系列案件中，法院发现了因疏忽而应承担的责任。（2）在这些案件中，法院确立了谨慎的标准。（3）在这些情况下，我们可以从法律规定的注意义务（注意标准）中推断出来。过失法也适用于这种行为）可知A选项“法律规定有谨慎的义务”，B选项“行事者没有注意”符合原文，同时可知D选项“行为者已经预见了结果”和原文相悖，原文明确提出在一系列案件中，法院发现了因疏忽而应承担的责任；根据第一段The House of Lords in Donoghue v. Stevenson ruled that manufacturers did owe a duty of care to the ultimate

44、consumer not to create risks of harm through the manufacturing process.（英国上议院在Donoghue v. Stevenson案中裁定，制造商确实对最终消费者负有注意义务，不应在制造过程中造成伤害风险）可知造成伤害风险的话是需要承担义务，则为C选项“该故障对他人造成损害或伤害”也属于过失法的理由。因此D选项符合题意。3. 单选题If the fire alarm is sounded, all residents are requested to _ in the courtyard.问题1选项A.convergeB.as

45、sembleC.crowdD.accumulate【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项converge“聚集（从不同的方向走向一个地方并相遇）；靠拢；收敛”；B选项assemble“集合，聚集；装配；收集（作为一个团体聚集在一起或者把人或事物作为一个团体聚集在一起）”；C选项crowd“挤满；逼近（某人）；聚集（站得很近以至于使某人感到不舒服或紧张）；（想法或观点）塞满脑子；催促（因而使人生气或不快）”；D选项accumulate“累积；积聚（在一段时间内逐渐得到越来越多某物）”。句意：如火警响起，请所有居民在庭院_。本句表达“火灾发生的话请所有居民作为一个团体聚集在庭院”，因此B选项正确。

46、4. 单选题V. (Constitutional Law and Administrative Law)I wish to take as my subject Justice Scalias 1988 Taft Lecture, Originalism: The Lesser Evil. The published version of this lecture has had an enormous influence. It is among the most frequently cited law review articles and together with Justice S

47、calias introduction to A Matter of Interpretation helped shape the current debate over the proper method of constitutional interpretation. Indeed, his Taft Lecture can be credited with contributing to one of the most remarkable intellectual comeback stories of legal scholarship.In the 1980s various

48、leading figures in constitutional law took aim at the contention that the Constitution should be interpreted according to the original intentions of its framers. Originalism, it was widely thought, was thoroughly trounced by three unanswerable objections. First, originalism is impractical because it

49、 is impossible to discover and aggregate the various intentions held by numerous framers. Second, originalism is actually contrary to the original intentions of the founding generation who themselves rejected reliance on original intent. Finally, originalism is to be rejected because it is wrong for

50、 the living to be bound by the dead hand of the past.In his Taft Lecture, Justice Scalia was perhaps the first defender of originalism to shift the theory from its previous focus on the intentions of the framers of the Constitution to the original public meaning of the text at the time of its enactm

51、ent. This shift from original framers intent to original public meaning obviated much of the practical objection to originalism. That language has an accessible public meaning is what enables interpersonal communication. If words did not have an objective meaning beyond the subjective intention of s

52、peakers and writers, we would never be able to understand each other. Indeed, the objective theory by which private contracts are normally interpreted assumes the availability of such meaning. And the very same evidence that shows the founding generation rejecting reliance on the intentions of the f

53、ramers also shows their reliance on the original public meaning of the text.Shifting from original framers intent to original public meaning did little to answer the “dead hand” objection, however. Why be bound by the past? For that, Justice Scalia and other originalists had to develop a theory of c

54、onstitutional legitimacy. Most originalists stressed the theory of popular sovereignty. They contended that the Constitution is an authoritative expression of the will of the People, which judges are duty-bound to follow.RANDY E. BARNETT: “Scalias Infidelity: A Critique of Faint-Hearted Originalism”

55、67. Which of the following is NOT a comment of Justice Scalias 1988 Lecture by the author?68. The following are critical comments of Originalism except _.69. The contribution of Justice Scalia to originalism is that he _.70. From the last paragraph, we know that _.问题1选项A.It is one of the most freque

56、ntly cited law review articles.B.It contributed to one of the most remarkable intellectual review of legal scholarship.C.It helped shape the current debate over the proper method of constitutional interpretation.D.It had an enormous influence.问题2选项A.Originalism, it was widely thought, was thoroughly

57、 trounced by unanswerable objectionsB.it is impossible to discover and aggregate the intentions of so many framersC.people in the 20th century should not be bound by the dead hand of the pastD.the founders of the US themselves rejected reliance on original intent问题3选项A.obviated much of the practical

58、 objection to originalismB.found that language had an accessible public meaning was what enabled interpersonal communicationC.found that if words did not have an objective meaning beyond the subjective intention of speakers and writers, we would never be able to understand each otherD.shifted the pr

59、evious focus on the intentions of the framers of the Constitution to the original public meaning of the text at the time of its enactment问题4选项A.original public meaning did answer the “dead hand” objectionB.judges have the duty to follow the will of the peopleC.a new theory of popular sovereignty was

60、 developed to answer the “dead hand” objectionD.one should not be bound by the past【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B【解析】67. 【试题答案】C【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键字“Justice Scalia”定位到原文第一段It is among the most frequently cited law review articles and together with Justice Scalias introduction to A Matter of Interpretation

61、helped shape the current debate over the proper method of constitutional interpretation.（它是最常被引用的法律评论文章之一，与斯卡利亚大法官对解释问题的介绍一起，帮助塑造了目前关于正确解释宪法方法的辩论）可知C选项“它帮助形成了目前关于正确的宪法解释方法的辩论”和原文有出入，是斯卡利亚法官1988年演讲和斯卡利亚大法官对解释问题的介绍一起塑造了目前关于正确解释宪法方法的辩论，而不仅仅是斯卡利亚法官1988年演讲；以及A选项“这是最常被引用的法律评论文章之一”符合原文；第一段Indeed, his Taft

62、Lecture can be credited with contributing to one of the most remarkable intellectual comeback stories of legal scholarship.（的确，史格里亚大法官关于原意论的讲座对法律学术的重新检阅与完善做出了贡献）可知B选项“它对法学界最引人注目的学术评论之一做出了贡献”正确；第一段The published version of this lecture has had an enormous influence.（这次演讲的出版版本产生了巨大的影响）可知D选项“它有巨大的影响”正确。

63、因此C选项符合题意。68. 【试题答案】C【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键字“Originalism”定位到第二段最后一句Finally, originalism is to be rejected because it is wrong for the living to be bound by the dead hand of the past.（最后，原意论被抵制是因为当代的人们不应该被传统守旧的教条所束缚住）可知C选项“20世纪的人不应该被过去的死亡之手束缚”错误，无法判断原文中“当代的人们”是C选项中“20世纪的人”；第二段Originalism, it was widely t

64、hought, was thoroughly trounced by three unanswerable objections.（人们普遍认为，原创性被三个无可辩驳的反对意见彻底击败了）可知A选项“人们普遍认为，原创性被无可辩驳的反对意见彻底打败了”符合题意；第二段First, originalism is impractical because it is impossible to discover and aggregate the various intentions held by numerous framers.（首先，原始论是不切实际的，因为它不可能发现和聚集众多制宪者持有的各种意图）可知B选项“这是不可能发现和聚集如此多的意图的制宪者”正确；第二段Second, originalism is actually contrary to the original intentions of the founding generation who themselves rejected reliance on original intent.（第二，原始主义实际上与创始一代的原始意图相悖，创始一代本身就拒绝了对原始意图的依赖）可知D选项“美国的缔造者自己拒绝了对最初意图的依赖”正