2022年考博英语-陕西师范大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷68

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1、2022年考博英语-陕西师范大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题A newly developed robot that can show its emotions by smiling or frowning may one day help computer users talk as quickly and easily to machine_with other people.问题1选项A.such as they now talkB.like they now talkC.as much as they now doD.as they now do【答案】D【解析】考

2、查比较级。在as.as.引导的同级比较中，第一个as为副词，第二个as为连词其基本结构为：as+adj./adv.+as。根据quickly and easily可知选D。句意：一种新开发的机器人可以通过微笑或皱眉头来表达自己的情感，也许有一天它能帮助计算机用户像现在一样快速、方便地与机器交流。2. 单选题After listening to the testimony, the members of the jury delivered their verdict.问题1选项A.decisionB.sentenceC.prosecutionD.mandate【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析

3、。A选项decision n.决心，决定；B选项sentence n.句子，命题，宣判；C选项 prosecution n.起诉，检举；D选项mandate n.授权，命令。根据句意陪审团的成员们在听取证词后宣布了判决，因此B项符合题意。3. 单选题The two most important _in making a cake are flour and sugar.问题1选项A.elementsB.componentsC.ingredientsD.constituents【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项element“元素，基础”，指一个整体中最基本、不可缺少的或固有的成分；B选项c

4、omponent“组成部分，成分”，指一个整体的组成部分；C选项ingredient“成分，(尤指烹饪) 原料”；D选项constituent“选民，成分，构成要素”指某一整体不可少的部分或成分。根据flour and sugar可知选C。句意：做蛋糕最重要的两种原料是面粉和糖。4. 单选题The police admitted_a mistake in arresting an innocent man问题1选项A.to makeB.to have madeC.to having madeD.to making【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。admit to doing sth.表示“承认作

5、某事”，为固定搭配。“犯错”这个动词发生在“承错误”这个动作之前，根据admitted（admit的过去式）可知空格处应为过去完成时，因此选C。句意：警方承认在逮捕一名无辜男子时犯了错误。5. 单选题Such euphemisms may be stylistically permissible if they are kept within .问题1选项A.boundariesB.rangesC.bordersD.limits【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项boundaries n.界限，分界线，边界；B选项ranges n.里程，范围；C选项borders n.边界，边缘地区；D

6、选项limits n.范围，限制，领土。句意：这样的委婉用法在文体结构上是可以的，但前提是要在有限范围内使用。根据句意可知，D项符合题意。因此，D项是正确答案。6. 单选题His friendliness and helpfulness are（）that make everyone likes him.问题1选项A.principledB.attributesC.functionsD.regimens【答案】C【解析】句意：他的友好和乐于助人是很起作用的，大家都喜欢他。A选项为“有原则的，有操守的”；B选项为“归因，属性”；C选项为“起作用”；D选项为“养生法养生之道”。根据原句语义逻辑可知

7、，C项与friendliness 和helpfulness搭配更恰当，更符合句意。7. 单选题The way in which people use social space reflects their social relationships and their ethnic identity. Early immigrants to America from Europe brought with them a collective style of living, which they retained until late in the 18th century. Historica

8、l records document a group-oriented existence, in which one room was used for eating, entertaining guests, and sleeping. People ate soups from a communal pot, shared drinking cups, and used a common pit toilet. With the development of ideas about individualism, people soon began to shift to the use

9、of individual cups and plates; the eating of meals that included meat, bread, and vegetables served on separate plates; and the use of private toilets. They began to build their houses with separate rooms to entertain guests-living rooms, separate bedrooms for sleeping, separate work areaskitchen, l

10、aundry room, and separate bathrooms.In Mexico, the meaning and organization of domestic space is strikingly different. Houses are organized around a patio, or courtyard. Rooms open onto the patio, where all kinds of domestic activities take place. Individuals do not have separate bedrooms. Children

11、often sleep with parents, and brothers or sisters share a bed, emphasizing familial interdependence. Rooms in Mexican houses are locations for multiple activities that, in contrast, are rigidly separated in the United States.1. Changes in living styles among early immigrants were initially brought a

12、bout by_.2. Which of the following is NOT discussed in the passage?问题1选项A.rising living standardsB.new conceptsC.new customsD.new designs of houses问题2选项A.Their concepts of domestic spaceB.Their social relationships.C.The functions of their rooms.D.The layout of their houses.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A【解析】1.考查细节事

13、实题。由文章一段中的With the development of ideas about individualism, people soon began to shift to the use of individual cups and plates（随着个人主义思想的发展，人们很快开始转向使用单独的杯子和盘子）可知“个人主义思想”是一种新的观念，改变了人们的生活方式，因此选B。2.细节事实题。文章第一段中的The way in which people use social space reflects their social relationships and their ethn

14、ic identity.（人们使用社会空间的方式反映了他们的社会关系和民族认同）与B选项对应，in which one room was used for eating, entertaining guests, and sleeping（其中一个房间用来吃饭、招待客人和睡觉）与C选项对应，They began to build their houses with separate rooms to entertain guests-living rooms, separate bedrooms for sleeping, separate work areaskitchen, laundry

15、 room, and separate bathrooms（他们开始建造自己的房子，有单独的房间来招待客、睡觉和工作厨房、洗衣房和浴室）与D选项对应。通过排除法排除B、C、D选项，因此选A。8. 单选题After several nuclear disasters, a_has raged over the safety of nuclear energy.问题1选项A.quarrelB.suspicionC.verdictD.controversy【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项quarrel“争吵，吵架”，强调以发生口角和吵架等形式引起的争论；B选项suspicion“怀疑，嫌疑”；

16、C选项verdict“裁定，裁决”；D选项controversy“(公开的)争论，辩论”，指对引起广泛兴趣或非常重要的问题的辨论。根据the safety of nuclear energy可知核能安全是一个重要的话题，因此选D。句意：在几次核灾难之后，激起了一场关于核能安全的争论。9. 单选题The Space Age _in October 1957 when the first artificial satellite was launched by the Soviet Union.问题1选项A.initiatedB.originatedC.embarkedD.commenced【答案

17、】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项 initiate“开始，发起”，一般指活动，团体的产生；B选项originate“起源于，来自，产生”；C选项embark“上船，装船，从事”，后面常接介词on/upon；D选项commence“开始”，指重大事件及历史时期的开始。根据The Space Age（太空时代）和 the first artificial satellite（第一颗人造卫星）可知是一件重大事件，因此选D。句意：太空时代始于1957年10月，当时苏联发射了第一颗人造卫星。10. 单选题A budget of five dollars a day is totally_for a tr

18、ip round Europe.问题1选项A.inadequateB.incapableC.incompatibleD.invalid【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项inadequate“不足够的，不充分的”；B选项incapable“无能力的，不能的”；C选项incompatible“不相容的”；D选项invalid“无效的”。根据四个选项及题干的意思可知A选项符合语义。句意：一天五美元的预算完全不足以作一次欧洲之旅。11. 单选题There are superstitions attached to numbers; even those ancient Greeks believ

19、ed that all numbers and their multiples had some mystical significance.Those numbers between 1 and 13 were in particular to have a powerful influence over the affairs of men.For example, it is commonly said that luck, good or bad, comes in threes; if an accident happens, two more of the same kind ma

20、y be expected soon afterwards. The arrival of a letter will be followed by two others within a certain period.Another belief involving the number three has it that it is unlucky to light three cigarettes from the one match. If this happens, the bad luck that goes with the deed falls upon the person

21、whose cigarette was the last to be lit. The ill-omen linked to the lighting of three things from one match or candle goes back to at least the 17th century and probably earlier. It was believed that three candles alight at the same time would be sure to bring bad luck; one, two, or four, were permis

22、sible, but never just three.Seven was another significant number, usually regarded as a bringer of good luck. The ancient astrologers believed that the universe was governed by seven planets; students of Shakespeare will recall that the life of man was divided into seven ages. Seven horseshoes naile

23、d to a house will protect it from all evil.Nine is usually thought of as a lucky number because it is the product of three times three. It was much used by the Anglo Saxons in their charms for healing.Another belief was that great changes occurred every 7th and 9th of a mans life. Consequently, the

24、age of 63 (the product of nine and seven) was thought lo be a very perilous time for him. If he survived his 63rd year he might hope to live to a ripe old age.Thirteen, as we well know, is regarded with great awe and fear.The common belief is that this derives from the fact that there were 13 people

25、 at Christs Last Supper. This being the eve of his betrayal, it is not difficult to understand the significance given to the number by the early Christians.In more modem times 13 is an especially unlucky number of a dinner party, for example. Hotels will avoid numbering a floor the 13th; the progres

26、sion is from 12 to 14, and no room is given the number 13. Many home owners will use 12 1/2 instead of 13 as their house number.Yet oddly enough, to be born on the 13th of the month is not regarded with any fear at all, which just shows how irrational we are in our superstitious beliefs.1. According

27、 to the passage, which of the following groups of numbers will certainly bring good luck to people?2. The ill luck associated with 13 is supposed to have its origin in .3. What is the authors attitude towards peoples superstitious beliefs?问题1选项A.3 and 7.B.3 and 9.C.7 and 9.D.3 and 13.问题2选项A.legendB.

28、religionC.popular beliefD.certain customs问题3选项A.He is mildly critical.B.He is strongly critical.C.He is in favor of them.D.His attitude is not clear.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第五段中的Seven was another significant number, usually regarded as a bringer of good luck.（七是另一个重要的数字，通常被认为是好运的使者）和第六段中的N

29、ine is usually thought of as a lucky number（九通常被认为是一个幸运的数字）可知数字七与九代表好运，因此选C。2.细节事实题。由文章倒数第三段中的The common belief is that this derives from the fact that there were 13 people at Christs Last Supper.（人们普遍认为这个数字起源于耶稣最后的晚餐中有13人的事实）可知13这个数字来源于宗教，因此选B。3.观点态度题。由文章最后一段中的Yet oddly enough, to be born on the 13

30、th of the month is not regarded with any fear at all, which just shows how irrational we are in our superstitious beliefs.（但奇怪的是，出生在13号的人一点也不害怕，这恰恰说明我们迷信的观念是多么的不理智）可知作者对迷信带有点批判的态度，因此选A。12. 单选题Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation

31、and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on appr

32、oval and gifts from others.The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journ

33、al of Personality and Social Psychology.“If kids know theyre working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Neward. “But its easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance o

34、r creating too much anticipation for rewards.”A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, lie notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten

35、grading standards and restore failing grades.In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.1. Psycholo

36、gists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward（）.2. What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students?3. Which of the following can best raise students creativity according to Rober Eisenberger?4. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are tr

37、ying to tighten their grading standards because they believe（）.5. The phrase “token economies” (Line 1，Para 5) probably refers to（）.问题1选项A.the choice between spiritual encouragementB.the amount of monetary rewards for students creativityC.the study of relationship between actions and their consequen

38、cesD.the effects of external rewards on students performance问题2选项A.They have no doubts about themB.They have doubts about themC.They approve of themD.They avoid talking about them问题3选项A.Assigning them tasks they have not dealt with beforeB.Assigning them tasks which require inventivenessC.Giving the

39、m rewards they really deserve.D.Giving them rewards they anticipate.问题4选项A.rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of studentsB.punishment is more effective than rewardingC.failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standardsD.discouraging the students anticipation f

40、or easy rewards is a matter of urgency问题5选项A.ways to develop economyB.systems of rewarding studentsC.approaches to solving problemsD.method s of improving performance【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。根据文章第一句话“Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold

41、cash, aflect motivation and creativity”可知，心理学家对于外部奖励（不论是精神鼓励还是物质奖励）如何影响动机和创造力持对立观点。因此，心理学家因“外部奖励对学生行为的影响持不同态度”而分成两派。本题正确答案为D项。2.推理判断题。文章第一段介绍了Behaviorists和Cognitive researchers的两种不同观点。而由文章第二段第一句话The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators.可知，后者的观点，也就是Cognitive researchers获

42、得了很多的支持，尤其是在教育工作者中。他们认为奖赏会摧毁创造力。因此，大多数教育工作者对给予学生的外部奖励持否定态度。正确答案为B项。3.推理判断题。在文章第三段中，the University of Delaware 的Robert Eisenberger 表述了自己对于奖励机制的观点。他认为如果孩子们知道是为得到奖励而学习，并能专注完成相对有挑战性的任务，他们就会表现出最大的创造性。但如果对表现不好的孩子也给予奖励，或者让他们对奖励有过分的期待，那么就很容易扼杀他们的创造力。因此，只有奖励该得奖励的孩子，才能发挥其创造性，正确答案为 C项。4.推理判断题。题干：大学正试图严格评分标准是因为

43、他们认为什么？由文章第四段As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.可知，重点大学加强分级标准是因为“the latter point”，也就是第三段中提及的its easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for

44、 rewards这一观点，因此A项符合题意。5.考查词汇题。分析token economies后的定语从句in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity.可知，在这种机制下，学生能解决富有挑战性的任务并且获得奖励，这将有望提高学生的努力度和创造性。因此，本题正确答案为B项“奖励学生的机制”。13. 单选题Please（）those old

45、newspapers while youre cleaning up the room.问题1选项A.dispose outB.dispose ofC.dispose awayD.dispose in【答案】B【解析】考查词组搭配。A选项dispose out非短语搭配；B选项dispose of处理，转让，卖掉；C选项 dispose away 非短语搭配；D选项dispose in非短语搭配。因此，只有B项为正确搭配，且符合题意。句意：请你在清理房间的时候丢掉这些过期的报纸。14. 翻译题Translate the following passage into English.“孩子是上天

46、送给成人的天使；宠物是成人送给孩子的天使。”宠物可以成为孩子很好的伙伴：他们与孩子玩耍，同时也与孩子进行着感情的交流。孩子可以对他们倾诉自己的心事，因为他们是最好的倾诉者；孩子受到父母的训斥或别人的嘲笑时，这些默默无闻的听者可以带给他们关怀和安慰；孩子生病时，宠物可以陪伴他们，给他们抚慰和鼓励帮助他们勇于面对困难，自强不息。【答案】Children are the angels of adults given by god; pets are the angels of children given by adults. Pets can be childrens good friends.

47、They play with children, as well as exchange emotional feelings with them at the same time. Children can tell their own worries to pets for they are the best audient. When children are rebuked by parents or laughed at by others, these silent listeners can bring them care and comfort. Pets can keep c

48、hildren company when they are ill, giving them comfort and encouraging them to face difficulties and constantly striving to become stronger.15. 翻译题Translate the following passage into Chinese.Mans youth is a wonderful thing: it is so full of anguish and of magic and he never comes to know it as it i

49、s, until it has gone from him forever.It is the thing he cannot bear to lose; it is the thing whose passing he watches with infinite sorrow and regret; it is the thing whose loss he must lament forever; it is the thing whose loss he really welcomes with a sad and secret joy; the thing would never wi

50、llingly relive again, could it be restored to him by any magic.【答案】人的青春美妙绝伦，虽满是痛楚，但魅力无限。年少时不了解青春为何物，当其永逝，方才幡然大悟。青春的逝去令人百般不舍，目睹其渐行渐远，难免触目伤怀，悔不当初。但青春不再却又着实让人悲喜交加。可即便奇迹出现，时光倒流，却也无人情愿重度那段青春岁月。16. 单选题National and international（）is indispensable if victory is to be achieved.问题1选项A.sociologyB.isolationC.so

51、lidarityD.solo【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项sociology n.社会学；B选项isolation n.隔离，孤立；C选项 solidarity n.团结，团结一致；D选项solon.独奏，独唱曲。句意：如果要取得胜利，国家和国际力量的团结必不可少。因此只有C项符合句意和搭配。17. 单选题He thinks that method is prevalent.问题1选项A.advancedB.commonC.difficultD.old-fashioned【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。题目中prevalent表示“普遍发生的；盛行的”；A选项advanced“先

52、进的；高级的”；B选项common为“共同的，常见的，普遍的”；C选项difficult为“困难的，艰难的”；D选项old-fashioned为“老式的，过时的”。因此，正确答案是B项。句意：他认为这个方法很普遍。18. 单选题There are many good bakeries in Milltown; in fact, the baking industry is（）.问题1选项A.adhesiveB.flourishingC.incidentalD.accommodating【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。通过There are many good bakeries in Mi

53、lltown可知Milltown有很多好的面包房，所以这里的烘焙产业发展不错。A选项为“可黏的”；B选项为“繁荣的；盛行的”；C选项为“附属的；偶然的；伴随发生的”；D选项为“乐于助人的；可通融的；随和的”。因此，B选项更符合题意。19. 单选题On the fateful night in 1930 when the first German bombs fell on Poland, young Nina Novak, one of Polands most promising dancers, was performing in the Opera House in Warsaw. Tw

54、o days later the Opera House was destroyed by bombs. Ninas whole life had been devoted to ballet: Now her world collapsed around her. In the dark years that followed, it seemed that she would never dance again, much less become one of the worlds leading ballerinas. But Nina had courage-and a dream t

55、hat began when she was very young.Nina was born in Warsaw and spent the early years of her childhood there; Her first school teacher noticed little Ninas grace and told her she should study dancing, Nina delightedly reported the teachers words at home, but her mother fought the idea, saying that no

56、daughter of hers was going to be a dancer. Nina, however, was a determined child. She had made up her mind to be a really great ballerina no matter what the cost, and she worked toward this goal with her whole being. She coaxed and raged until her mother finally gave in and let her enroll at the Pol

57、ish Opera Ballet School.Her first appearance on stage came three years later, when she was allowed to dance the part of a slave girl in the opera Aida. Shortly after this, Nina became a real professional, dancing for two years as prim a ballerina of the Childrens of Warsaw.When she was thirteen, she

58、 was taken into the Polish Opera Company. She was the youngest dancer ever to become a member of its corps de ballet. The following year, she started out with the company on a long European tour. She spent two exciting years dancing in the capitals of Europe, and she rose from her humble place in th

59、e corps de ballet all the way to soloist.She had just returned to Warsaw after this tour when the Polish State Ballet was invited to dance at the Worlds Far in New York early in 1929. But while she was dancing gaily in New York, war clouds were darkening over her native country. Nina had been home f

60、or only a month when Hitler marched into Poland.The invading Germans decreed that anyone who did not have a job would be sent to a work camp. At great risk, Nina refused to dance at the large theater that the Germans had taken-over. Instead she joined a group of Polish dancers in a small, ill-equipp

61、ed theater where they gave performances only for their own countrymen.The dark years of World War II wore on. One by one, the members of Ninas large and wealthy family were arrested and sent to concentration: camps. Her adored older brother was taken first, then her father, then Nina and her other b

62、rothers and sisters. They were separated and sent to different camps. Nina frantically asked for news of her family from each prisoner who came to her camp. Dreary month dragged by before the tragic news reached her that her beloved brother had been killed from anti-Nazi activities. Her father, too,

63、 was deadof starvation.Dazed with grief, she no longer cared whether she lived or died. Six months later, when liberating troops arrived and threw open the prison gates, she was so thin that she could hardly walk.Barely aware that the war was over; Nina listlessly began to pick up the threads of her l