2022年考博英语-国防科技大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷29

《2022年考博英语-国防科技大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷29》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年考博英语-国防科技大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷29（30页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、2022年考博英语-国防科技大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The man Im seeking to fill this position must be _ since he will be representing us before the public.问题1选项A.personableB.pedantC.hypocriticalD.snobbish【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项personable表示“品貌兼优的，英俊潇洒的”，B项pedant表示“学究，书呆子，卖弄学问的人”，C项hypocritical表示“虚伪的，伪善的”，D项snobbish

2、表示“势利的”。根据he will be representing us before the public（他将在公众面前代表我们）可知，“品貌兼优的”符合语境。句意：我要找来填补这个职位的人必须是品貌兼优的，因为他将在公众面前代表我们。因此，该题选择A项正确。2. 单选题When planting shrubbery it is advisable to tamp he dint around the root after covering them.问题1选项A.intrigueB.fertilizeC.pack downD.tamper with【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。题干ta

3、mp“捣实；压实；塞紧”。A项“激起的兴趣；密谋”，B项“使受孕；施肥于”，C项“把压实”，D项“篡改；干预”。因此选C。句意：种植灌木丛时，建议将其覆盖后夯实在根部周围。3. 单选题Although is unusual to denounce museum-goers for not painting, it is quite common, even top those, who are unenthusiastic about sports, to criticize spectators for athletic _.问题1选项A.snobberyB.ignoranceC.arrog

4、anceD.inactivity【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A项snobbery“势利，谄上欺下”，B项ignorance“无知，愚昧”，C项arrogance“自大，傲慢态度”，D项inactivity“不做任何事，不活动”。由quite common 和even可知，前后两句是对应的，那么根据前面的not painting对应可知，athletic _也要表示否定，且空格部分表示的是事情，并不是人，所以只有D项符合。句意：尽管谴责艺术馆参观者不挥毫作画这样的事甚为罕见，但是即使对于那些并不怎么热衷于体育活动的人来说，去批评体育观众在体育上的不参与，这样的事却相当普遍。因此，该题选择D项

5、。4. 单选题We live in a(n) _ society which views success primarily in terms of material possessions.问题1选项A.acquisitiveB.requisiteC.inextricableD.refraining【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项acquisitive“渴求获取财物的，贪婪的”，B项requisite“必备的，必不可少的”，C项inextricable“逃脱不掉的，解不开的”，D项refraining为动词refrain的现在分词形式，表示“克制”。根据句子可知，which是作定语从句

6、修饰society，定语从句的意思是“社会主要从物质财富的角度来看待成功”，那么可以推测，这个社会是一个“渴求获取财物的”社会，A项符合。句意：我们生活在一个主要把成功看成是物质财富的贪婪的社会。因此，该题选择A项。5. 单选题The Rosetta stone thwarted scholars efforts for several decades until the early nineteenth century when several key hieroglyphic phrases were decoded using the Greek inscription.问题1选项A.s

7、timulatedB.influencedC.frustratedD.encouraged【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。题干thwarted“阻止；阻挠”。A项“激发；激励”，B项“影响”，C项“使沮丧；阻止；防止”，D项“支持；鼓励”。因此选C。句意：罗塞塔石碑阻碍了学者们数十年的努力，直到19世纪初，希腊文字才对几个关键的象形文字进行了解码。6. 单选题I am sure that Smith will _ what I have said.问题1选项A.bear upB.bear outC.bear downD.bear away【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。A项bear up“使振

8、作，不气馁”，B项bear out“证实，支持”，C项bear down“击败，压倒”，D项bear away“改变航道，夺走，夺取”。由sure可知，空格处填入“支持”符合语境。句意：我相信史密斯会支持我所说的话。因此，该题选择B项。7. 单选题Scandinavian men were familiarize with hunting and receptive to learning the hunting methods of the local native Americans.问题1选项A.suspicious ofB.ready forC.dependent onD.new to

9、【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。题干receptive“愿意倾听的，乐于接受的”。A项“怀疑”，B项“准备好”，C项“依赖，依靠”，D项“对不熟悉”。因此只有B项符合。句意：斯堪的纳维亚人熟悉狩猎，并乐于学习当地美洲原住民的狩猎方法。8. 单选题We must yield to the _ evidence which you have presented and free your client.问题1选项A.incontrovertibleB.inconsequentialC.incorrigibleD.inexorable【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项incontrovertib

10、le表示“无可争议的，无疑的”，B项inconsequential表示“不重要的，不合理的”，C项incorrigible表示“不可救药的，积习难改的”，D项inexorable表示“无情的，不屈不挠的”。根据关键信息free your client（释放你的委托人）可知，_ evidence应该表示“无可争议的证据”。句意：我们必须根据你提供的无可争议的证据释放你的委托人。因此，该题选择A项正确。9. 单选题For some time scientists have believed that cholesterol (胆固醇) plays a major role in heart dis

11、ease because people with familial hypercholesterolemia, a genetic defect, have six to eight times the normal level of cholesterol in their blood and they invariably develop heart disease. These people lack cell-surface receptors for low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), which are the fundamental carriers

12、 of blood cholesterol to the body cells that use cholesterol. Without an adequate number of cell-surface receptors to remove LDLs from the blood, the cholesterol-carrying LDLs remain in the blood, increasing blood cholesterol levels. Scientists also noticed that people with familial hypercholesterol

13、emia appear to produce more LDLs than normal individuals. How, scientists wondered, could a genetic mutation that causes a slow-down in the removal of LDLs from the blood also result in an increase in the synthesis of this cholesterol-carrying protein?Since scientists could not experiment on human b

14、ody tissue, their knowledge of familial hyper-cholesterolemia was severely limited. However, a breakthrough came in the laboratories of Yoshio Watanabe of Kobe University in Japan in 1980. Watanabe noticed that a male rabbit in his colony had ten times to the normal concentration of cholesterol in i

15、ts blood. By appropriate breeding, Watanabe obtained a strain of rabbits that had very high cholesterol levels. These rabbits spontaneously developed heart disease. To his surprise, Watanabe further found that the rabbits, like humans with familial hypercholesterolemia, lacked LDL receptors. This, s

16、cientists could study these Watanabe rabbits to gain a better understanding of familial hypercholesterolemia in humans.Prior to the breakthrough at Kobe University, it was known that LDLs are secreted from the liver in the form of a precursor, called very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), which carr

17、y triglycerides as well as relatively small amounts of cholesterol. The triglycerides are removed from the VLDLs by fatty and other tissues. What remains is a remnant particle that must be removed from the blood. What scientists learned by studying the Watanabe rabbits is that the removal of the VLD

18、L remnant requires the LDL receptor. Normally, the majority of the VLDL remnants go to the liver where they bind to LDL receptors and are degraded. In the Watanabe rabbit, due to a lack of LDL receptors on liver cells, the VLDL remnants remain in the blood and are eventually converted to LDLs. The L

19、DL receptors thus have a dual effect in controlling LDL levels. They are necessary to prevent oversynthesis of LDLs from VLDL remnants and they are necessary for the normal removal of LDL from the blood. With this knowledge, scientists are now well on the way toward developing drugs that dramaticall

20、y lower cholesterol levels in people afflicted with certain forms of familial hypercholesterolemia.54. In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with _.55. The passage supplies information to answer which of the following questions?56. The passage implies that if the Watanabe rabbits had had

21、 as many LDL receptors on their livers as do normal rabbits, the Watanabe rabbits would have been _.57. The passage implies that Watanabe rabbits differ from normal rabbits in which of the following ways?问题1选项A.presenting a hypothesis and describing compelling evidence in support of itB.raising a qu

22、estion and describing an important discovery that led to an answerC.showing that a certain genetically caused disease can be treated effectively with drugsD.explaining what causes the genetic mutation that leads to heart disease问题2选项A.Which body cells are the primary users of cholesterol?B.How did s

23、cientists discover that LDLs are secreted from the liver in the form of a precursor?C.Where in the body are VLDL remnants degraded?D.Why are LDL secreted from the liver in the form of a precursor?问题3选项A.less likely than normal rabbits to develop heart diseaseB.less likely than normal rabbits to deve

24、lop high concentrations of cholesterol in their bloodC.less useful than they actually were to scientists in the study of familial hypercholesterolemia in humansD.unable to secrete VLDL from their livers问题4选项A.Watanabe rabbits have more LDL receptors than do normal rabbits.B.The blood of Watanabe rab

25、bits contains more VLDL remnants than docs the blood of normal rabbits.C.Watanabe rabbits have fewer fatty issues than do normal rabbits.D.Watanabe rabbits secrete lower levels of VLDLs than do normal rabbits.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:C第4题:B【解析】54.【试题答案】B【试题解析】中心主旨题。题干意思是“在这篇文章中，作者主要关注”。通读全文可知，文章第一段先是提出一个问题

26、，即第一段最后一句How, scientists wondered, could a genetic mutation that causes a slow-down in the removal of LDLs from the blood also result in an increase in the synthesis of this cholesterol-carrying protein?（科学家们想知道，一种导致血液中低密度脂蛋白清除速度减缓的基因突变，是如何导致这种携带胆固醇的蛋白质的合成增加的呢？），接着作者就第一段的这个问题展开了论述，并详细描述了能解决第一段提出的问题的

27、重大发现，所以B项“提出一个问题，并描述一个导致答案的重要发现”正确。A项“提出一个假设，并描述有力的证据来支持它”中的hypothesis（假设）并不符合文意。C项“表明某种由基因引起的疾病可以用药物有效治疗”和D项“解释导致心脏病的基因突变的原因”都只是其中的一部分内容。因此，该题选择B项正确。55.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“这篇文章提供信息来回答以下哪个问题？”。文章最后一段详细的描述了VLDL残留物是如何产生以及肝脏是如何清除VLDL残余物，第五句提到Normally, the majority of the VLDL remnants go to the li

28、ver where they bind to LDL receptors and are degraded.（正常情况下，大多数VLDL残体进入肝脏，与LDL受体结合并被降解），所以文章提供信息回答了“VLDL残留物在身体何处被降解”这个问题，故C项“VLDL残留物在身体的何处被降解？”正确。A项“哪些细胞是胆固醇的主要使用者？”、B项“科学家是如何发现低密度脂蛋白以一种前体的形式从肝脏分泌出来的？”和D项“为什么LDL以前体的形式从肝脏分泌？”在文中都没有相关信息解释其原因。因此，该题选择C项正确。56.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“这篇文章暗示，如果渡边兔的肝脏中有和正

29、常兔子一样多的低密度脂蛋白受体，渡边兔可能”。最后一段中提到What scientists learned by studying the Watanabe rabbits is that the removal of the VLDL remnant requires the LDL receptorIn the Watanabe rabbit, due to a lack of LDL receptors on liver cells, the VLDL remnants remain in the blood and are eventually converted to LDLs.Wi

30、th this knowledge, scientists are now well on the way toward developing drugs that dramatically lower cholesterol levels in people afflicted with certain forms of familial hypercholesterolemia.（通过研究渡边兔，科学家发现清除VLDL残余需要LDL受体在渡边兔体内，由于肝细胞上缺乏低密度脂蛋白受体，VLDL残留在血液中并最终转化为低密度脂蛋白有了这些知识，科学家们现在正在开发药物，以显著降低某些家族性高胆

31、固醇血症患者的胆固醇水平。），可知，渡边兔因为缺乏LDL受体所以它血液中的低密度脂蛋白会过多从而引起高胆固醇，这对科学研究有很大帮助，从而反推，如果渡边兔的肝脏中有和正常兔子一样多的低密度脂蛋白受体，那么它对科学研究来说没什么意义，所以C项“在科学家对人类家族性高胆固醇血症的研究中，它们实际上没有那么有用”正确。A项“比正常兔子更不容易患心脏病”和B项“在它们的血液不太可能比正常的兔子发展高浓度的胆固醇”在文中没有相关信息可以推断。D项“无法从他们的肝脏分泌VLDL”，不管低密度脂蛋白受体的数量多少，肝脏都会分泌VLDL，所以D项错误。因此，该题选择C项正确。57.【试题答案】B【试题解析】题

32、干意思是“这篇文章暗示渡边兔在以下哪方面不同于正常的兔子？”。最后一段中提到Normally, the majority of the VLDL remnants go to the liver where they bind to LDL receptors and are degraded. In the Watanabe rabbit, due to a lack of LDL receptors on liver cells, the VLDL remnants remain in the blood and are eventually converted to LDLs.（正常情况

33、下，大多数VLDL残体进入肝脏，与LDL受体结合并被降解。在渡边兔体内，由于肝细胞上缺乏低密度脂蛋白受体，VLDL残留在血液中并最终转化为低密度脂蛋白。），可知渡边兔由于缺乏低密度脂蛋白受体，所以不能降解VLDL，故VLDL残留物会比正常兔子的多，B项“渡边兔血液中VLDL残留量比正常兔子血液多”正确。A项“渡边兔比正常兔子有更多的LDL受体”，与文章表述相反，因此错误。C项“渡边兔的脂肪问题比正常兔子少”和D项“渡边兔分泌的VLDL水平比正常兔子低”在文中没有对它们的脂肪和分泌的VLDL水平进行比较。因此，该题选择B项正确。10. 单选题Although I dont wish to _ y

34、our contribution, I feel we must place it in tits proper perspective.问题1选项A.magnifyB.expurgateC.denigrateD.belittle【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A项magnify表示“放大，赞美”，B项expurgate表示“删除，删去”，C项denigrate表示“诋毁，使变黑，玷污”，D项belittle表示“轻视，贬低”。Although引导让步状语从句，根据主句的内容“我觉得我们必须正确地看待它”可推知，I dont wish to _ your contribution表示的是“我不

35、想贬低你的贡献”。句意：虽然我不想贬低你的贡献，但我觉得我们必须正确看待它。因此，该题选择D项正确。11. 单选题The modern poets have gone back to the fanciful poems of the _ poets of the seventeenth century for many of their images.问题1选项A.philosophicalB.transcendentalC.melancholicD.metaphysical【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项philosophical表示“哲学的”，B项transcendental表示“

36、先验的，卓越的”，C项melancholic表示“忧郁的，抑郁的”，D项metaphysical表示“形而上学的，玄学派诗歌的”。根据关键词fanciful poems（幻想的诗歌）可知，“玄学派诗歌的”符合语境。句意：现代诗人的许多意象又回到了十七世纪玄学诗人的幻想诗歌中。因此，该题选择D项正确。12. 单选题Dr. Brown became irritated when the science experiment that was supposed to confirm his findings ended up _ them.问题1选项A.lingeringB.tramplingC.d

37、iminishingD.debunking【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A项linger“消磨，缓慢度过”，B项trample“践踏，蔑视”，C项diminish“使减少，使变小”，D项debunk“揭穿的真相，拆穿的假面具”。由句子可知，that was supposed to confirm his findings在句子中作定语修饰science experiment，表示“这个科学实验本应该证实他的发现”，而空格处是填入一个非谓语动词修饰science experiment ended up这一句子，结合定语从句的内容和选项，可知只有debunking符合语境，表示“揭穿真相”。句意

38、：当本应证实他的发现的科学实验最终揭穿了他们的谎言时，布朗博士非常恼火。因此，该题选择D项。13. 单选题He discovered, to his mortification, that is young son knew much more about the subject than he did.问题1选项A.surpriseB.decorationC.delightD.humiliation【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A项surprise“惊奇，诧异”，B项decoration“装饰，装潢”，C项delight“高兴”，D项humiliation“丢脸，耻辱，蒙羞”。句意：使他感

39、到难堪的是，他发现他的小儿子在这方面比他懂得多。根据句意可知，mortification在句中表示“难堪”，四个选项中意思与之相近的是D项。因此，该题选择D项。14. 单选题How do the professional timekeepers of the word determine, to the precise nanosecond, when a new year begins? They simply consult an atomic clock. And at the end of last month, just in time to ring in the new year

40、, the Hewlett-Packard company, of Palo Alto, California, unveiled the latest in these meticulous time-pieces. For nearly 30 years, the firm has been supplying military and scientific clients with atomic clocks; the most advanced models neither gain nor lose more than a second every 800,000 years. Bu

41、t the newest version, a $54,0000 device the size of a desktop computer, is accurate to one second in 1.6 million yearsfar longer than all of human history to date.It is natural to wonder who could possibly need such precision. The answer: practically everyone, at least indirectly. Telephone and comp

42、uter networks rely on atomic clocks to synchronize the flow of trillions of bits of information around the nation and the world, thus avoiding mammoth electronic logjams. Television and radio stations use the clocks to time their broadcasts. Satellite-based navigation systems depend on the devices t

43、o measure the arrival time of radio signals to within a tiny fraction of second, allowing users to gauge their location to within a few feet. The armed forces use atomic clocks to help track the almost imperceptible motions of continents across the surface of the earth and galaxies and stars across

44、the sky. Even the people who dropped the ball in New York Citys Times Square to signal the start of 1992 relied on a timekeeping source that was pegged ultimately to an atomic clock.The principle that lies behind all this precision comes out of quantum physics. When an atom is bombarded with electro

45、magnetic radiationin this case, microwavesits electrons shift into a new energy state. Each type of atom responds most readily to a particular frequency of radiation. For the cesium 133 atoms in most atomic clocks, the frequency is 9,192,613,770 vibrations per second. That means that when a microwav

46、e beam inside the clock is set exactly to that frequency, the maximum number of atoms will undergo the energy shift. This signals the clocks internal computer that the device is correctly tuned. And in fact, it is the vibrating microwaves that keep time; the atoms are used just to keep them on track

47、.Theoretically, an atomic clock could keep perfect time, but the actual performance depends on engineering details exactly how the microwaves hit the cesium atoms, how sophisticated the electronics are and so on. It was by improving factors like these that Hewett-Packard boosted its clocks performan

48、ce from incredibly good to even better. The next generation of clocks should do better sill, but no one is sure when that generation will come along. For new, a second every million and a half years will have to do.31. The newest atomic clock is accurate to _.32. Which of the following is NOT mentio

49、ned?33. Atomic clock is very accurate because _.34. The next generation of clock will be made _.问题1选项A.30 yearsB.no more than a second every 800,000 yearsC.a second in 1.6 million yearsD.$54,000问题2选项A.Television and radio stations use atomic clocks to time their broadcasts.B.The armed forces use ato

50、mic clocks to time secret calls to submarines around the world.C.Scientists use atomic clocks to gauge the location of continents across the surface of the earth.D.Telephone and computer networks rely on atomic clocks to synchronize the flow of large amount of information around the nation and the w

51、orld.问题3选项A.quantum physics keeps perfect timeB.the cesium 133 atoms keeps perfect timeC.electro-magnetic radiation keeps timeD.the vibrating microwaves keep time问题4选项A.in a secondB.in a million yearsC.in a half yearD.in the time no one is sure of【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D【解析】31.【试题答案】C【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意

52、思是“最新的原子钟精确到”。根据第一段最后一句But the newest version, a $54,0000 device the size of a desktop computer, is accurate to one second in 1.6 million years（但是最新的版本，一台价值540000美元的台式电脑大小的设备，精确到160万年中的一秒）可知，C项“160万年一秒”正确，D项“54000美元”不符合题干。根据第一段倒数第二句For nearly 30 years, the firm has been supplying military and scient

53、ific clients with atomic clocks; the most advanced models neither gain nor lose more than a second every 800,000 years.（近30年来，该公司一直为军事和科研客户提供原子钟；最先进的模型每80万年增加或减少的时间都不超过一秒。）可知，A项“30年”错误，B项“每80万年不超过一秒”是最先进的版本，并不是最新的。因此，该题选择C项正确。32.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“以下哪项没有提到？”。由第二段第二句Telephone and computer netwo

54、rks rely on atomic clocks to synchronize the flow of trillions of bits of information around the nation and the world, thus avoiding mammoth electronic logjams.（电话和计算机网络依靠原子钟来同步全国和全世界数万亿比特信息的流动，从而避免了巨大的电子堵塞。）可知，D项“电话和计算机网络依靠原子钟来同步全国和世界各地大量信息的流动”符合原文。由第二段第三句Television and radio stations use the clock

55、s to time their broadcasts.（电视和广播电台用这些钟来给他们的广播计时。）可知，A项“电视和广播电台使用原子钟来计时他们的广播”有提到。根据第二段倒数第二句和第三句Satellite-based navigation systems depend on the devices to measure the arrival time of radio signals to within a tiny fraction of second, allowing users to gauge their location to within a few feet. The a

56、rmed forces use atomic clocks to help track the almost imperceptible motions of continents across the surface of the earth and galaxies and stars across the sky.（基于卫星的导航系统依靠这些设备来测量无线电信号的到达时间，误差不超过几分之一秒，这让用户可以在几英尺内测量自己的位置。军队使用原子钟来追踪地球表面上几乎无法察觉的大陆运动，以及天空中星系和恒星的运动。）可知，使用原子钟来追踪大陆在地表上的位置在文中有提到，但是军队使用原子钟来

57、计时秘密呼叫在文中并没有体现，所以B项“武装部队使用原子钟来计时向世界各地的潜艇发出的秘密呼叫”错误，C项“科学家使用原子钟来测量大陆在地球表面的位置”正确。因此，该题选择B项正确。33.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“原子钟非常准确是因为”。根据文章第三段首句The principle that lies behind all this precision comes out of quantum physics.（所有这些精确背后的原理来自量子物理学。）可知，原子钟的精准性是来源于量子物理学，A项“量子物理精确计时”正确。B项“133铯原子精确计时”、C项“电磁辐射计时”

58、和D项“振动的微波计时”都是原子钟的原理，属于量子物理。因此，该题选择A项正确。34.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“下一代时钟将在时候制造出来”。文章最后一段倒数第二句指出The next generation of clocks should do better sill, but no one is sure when that generation will come along.（下一代钟表应该会做得更好，但没人确定这一代何时会出现。）可知，D项“没人能确定”正确。A项“一秒钟”、B项“一百万年”和C项“半年”都不正确。因此，该题选择D项正确。15. 单选题Stud

59、ent: How long can I keep the book?Librarian: _问题1选项A.Any period longer than four weeks, you will be fined.B.You can check it on the computer over there.C.Four weeks, but you can renew it if you need it longer.D.At most four weeks if you dont mind.【答案】C【解析】考查句意理解。这是发生在学生与图书管理员之问的对话，学生问及“图书能保留多长时间”，只有

60、C选项最合适：“四周，但如果需要的话可以续借”故选C。A项“任何超过四周的时间，你都将被罚款”，B项“你可以在那边的电脑上查一下”，D项“如果你不介意的话最多四个星期”，均不符合。16. 单选题The difference between the polar and equatorial diameters of Mars has not been unequivocally determined.问题1选项A.definitelyB.arithmeticallyC.polemicallyD.copiously【答案】A【解析】考查副词辨析。题干unequivocally“明确地，毫不含糊地”

61、。A项“确切地，明确地”，B项“算术上”，C项“争论地”，D项“丰富地；充裕地”。所以选A。句意：尚未明确确定火星的极地直径与赤道直径之间的差异。17. 单选题There is increasing evidence that the impacts of meteorites have had important effects on Earth, particularly in the field of biological evolution. Such impacts continue to pose a natural hazard to life on Earth. Twice i

62、n the twentieth century, large meteorite objects are known to have collided with Earth.If an impact is large enough, it can disturb the environment of the entire Earth and cause an ecological catastrophe. The best-documented such impact took place 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous pe

63、riod of geological history. This break in Earths history is marked by a mass extinction, when as many as half the species on the planet became extinct. While there are a dozen or more mass extinctions in the geological record, the Cretaceous mass extinction has always intrigued paleontologists because it marks the end of the ag