2022年考博英语-东北大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第78期

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1、2022年考博英语-东北大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题Rocks which have solidified directly from molten materials are called igneous rocks. Igneous rocks are commonly referred to as primary rocks because they are the original source of material found in sedimentaries and metamorphics. Igneous rocks compose the gr

2、eater part of the earths crust, but they are generally covered at the surface by a relatively thin layer of sedimentary or metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are distinguished by the following characteristics: (1) they contain no fossils; (2) they have no regular arrangement of layers and (3) they are

3、 nearly always made up of crystals.Sedimentary rocks are composed largely of minute fragments derived from the disintegration of existing rocks and in some instances from the remains of animals. As sediments are transported, individual fragments are assorted according to size. Distinct layers of suc

4、h sediments as gravel, sand, and clay build up, as they are deposited by water and occasionally wind. These sediments vary in size with the material and the power of the eroding agent. Sedimentary materials are laid down in layers called strata.When sediments harden into sedimentary rocks, the names

5、 applied to them change to indicate the change in physical state. Thus, small stones and gravel cemented together are known as conglomerates; cemented sand becomes sandstone; and hardened clay becomes shale. In addition to these, other sedimentary rocks such as limestone frequently result from the d

6、eposition of dissolved material. The ingredient parts are normally precipitated by organic substances, such as shells of clams or hard skeletons of other marine life.Both igneous and sedimentary rocks may be changed by pressure, heat, solution, or cementing action. When individual grains from existi

7、ng rocks tend to deform and interlock, they are called metamorphic rocks. For example, granite, an igneous rock, may be metamorphosed into a gneiss or a schist. Limestone, a sedimentary rock, when subjected to heat and pressure may become marble, a metamorphic rock. Shale under pressure becomes slat

8、e.1.The primary purpose of the passage is to （ ）.2.All of the following are sedimentary rocks EXCEPT （ ）.3.The passage would be most likely to appear in a （ ）.4.The relationship between igneous and sedimentary rocks may best be compared to the relationship between （ ）.5.The authors tone in the passa

9、ge can be best described as （ ）.问题1选项A.explain the factors that may cause rocks to change in formB.show how the scientific names of rocks reflect the rocks compositionC.define and describe several diverse kinds of rocksD.differentiate between different kinds of igneous rocks问题2选项A.shaleB.schistC.san

10、dD.gravel问题3选项A.newspaper feature explaining how oil is foundB.pamphlet promoting conservation of natural resourcesC.teaching manual accompanying an earth science textD.nonfiction book explaining where to find fossils问题4选项A.water and landB.sand and clayC.nucleus and cell wallD.leaves and compost问题5选

11、项A.objectiveB.meditativeC.concernedD.ironic【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.【试题解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章描述了igneous rocks 火成岩、sedimentary rocks 沉积岩及metamorphic rocks变质岩这三种岩石。因此判断C项“定义和描述了几种 不同种类的岩石”正确。2.【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干可以定位到原文尾段“For example, granite, an igneous rock, may be metamorphosed into a gneiss or a

12、 schist.”，中文大意为：例如，属于火成岩的花岗岩，可能变形成片麻岩或结晶片岩。B选项“片岩”正确，符合题意。3.【试题解析】推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章描述了igneous rocks 火成岩、sedimentary rocks 沉积岩及metamorphic rocks变质岩这三种岩石，判断C选项“附带在地球科学课本上的教学手册”，正确。4.【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干关键词igneous and sedimentary rocks可以定位到原文第一段 “Igneous rocks are commonly referred to as primary rocks because

13、 they are the original source of material found in sedimentaries and metamorphics.”，中文翻译为：火成岩通常被称为原生岩，因为它们是在沉淀物和变质物体中被发现的原材料。故选D“树叶和（树叶）堆肥”。5.【试题解析】观点态度题。通读全文，作者的对三种岩石的描述都客观的。因此A选项“客观的”符合题意。2. 单选题Drinking water is（ ）when sewage seeps into the water supply.问题1选项A.concealedB.consumedC.contemplatedD.co

14、ntaminated【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项conceal“隐藏；隐瞒”；B选项consume“消耗，消费”；C选项contemplate“沉思；注视”；D选项contaminate“污染，弄脏”。句意：当污水渗入到供水系统后，饮用水会被污染。根据句意判断出D选项正确。3. 单选题Both children seem to be doing everything they could to（ ）me, when I was already in a bad mood before getting home.问题1选项A.agitateB.aggravateC.aggregat

15、eD.alleviate【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项agitate“摇动；骚动；使激动”；B选项aggravate“加重；使恶化；激怒”；C选项aggregate“集合；聚集；合计”；D选项alleviate“减轻，缓解”。句意：当我在回家之前就已经心情不好的时候，两个孩子似乎在尽他们所能来缓解我的情绪。根据句意可知D选项正确。4. 单选题The girl had an（ ）manner which made her very popular at school.问题1选项A.insoutiantB.insouciantC.insousantD.insuciant【答案】B【解析

16、】考查形容词词义辨析。B选项insouciant“漫不经心的，漠不关心的；无忧无虑的”；A，C和D这三项在英语中不存在。句意：这个女孩有着无忧无虑的举止，这让她在学校很受欢迎。结合句意，B选项正确。5. 单选题A recent of home buying patterns（ ）shows that many people under 30 in America are still renting.问题1选项A.statusB.bonusC.chorusD.census【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项status“地位；状态”；B选项bonus“奖金；红利；额外津贴”；C选项chor

17、us“合唱队；齐声”；D选项census“人口普查；普查”。句意：针对住宅购买模式的一项最近普查显示，在美国很多30岁以下的人仍然在租房。由句意可知D选项正确。6. 单选题（1） we all have guilty pleasures, our day-to-day decisions are usually governed by a deep-seated sense that we would be better off （2）if we favored work over leisure, necessities over luxuries, and saving money ove

18、r （3） spending it. But would we be happier?Our research shows that forgoing indulgences today can（4）strong regrets later, and that near-term regrets about self-indulgence dramatically （5）with time. These responses are so strong that we were able to influence peoples buying behavior simply by asking

19、them to （6）their long-term regrets.One of our studies published in the Journal of Consumer Research （7）the regrets felt by college students （8）their conduct on recent winter breaks and by alumni remembering winter breaks of 40 years ago. Regret about（9）or traveled more during breaks increased with t

20、ime, whereas regret about not having worked, studied or saved money during breaks decreased with time. We saw a（10）pattern in a study of （11）business people perceived past choices between work and pleasure. Over time, those who had indulged felt （12）guilty about their choices, whereas those who had

21、been dutiful experienced a growing sense of having （13） on the pleasures of life.People who unduly resist self-indulgence（14）from an excessive farsightedness, or hyperopia the reverse of typical self-control problem.（15）yielding to temptation, they focus on（16）necessities and acting responsibly and

22、they see indulgence as wasteful, irresponsible, and even immoral.（17）, these consumers avoid precisely the products and experiences that they most enjoy. Their hyperopia can inhibit consumption in ways that are both bad for their own well-being and for marketers bottom lines. We dont advocate（18）to

23、motivate consumption to make ill-considered purchases, of course, but marketers can help customers make appropriately indulgent choices that theyll （19） over the long term.In another study, forthcoming in the Journal of Marketing Research, fifty-seven consumers were asked（20） of a shopping mall trip

24、 to consider two（21）: buying an expensive item of clothing that would make them happy, or buying a cheaper alternative that would （22）them to spend the saved money on more practical things. Half were then asked to predict which of the two choices would（23）them the greatest regret the next day, while

25、 the other half were asked to consider the regret they might feel over each purchase several years later.After the shopping trip, we examined the consumers actual purchase. As we（24）, those who anticipated regret the next day（25）to buy more practical goods; those who had considered regret in the mor

26、e distant future bought more indulgent products. In other words, thinking about short-term regret drives consumers to be virtuous, （26）thinking about long-term regret leads them to be extravagant.Our findings suggest that marketers of luxury products and leisure services could （27）from prompting con

27、sumers to predict their feelings in the future if they forgo the indulgent choice. For instance, a travel company might ask customers to consider how theyll feel about having（28）a family vacation package once the nest is empty.Consumers, too, can benefit from such prompts. In the words of the late M

28、assachusetts senator Paul Tsongas, “Nobody on his deathbed （29）said, I wish I（30）more time at the office.”问题1选项A.ThoughB.WhenC.UnlessD.That问题2选项A.in the long runB.in the mean timeC.in the endD.in time问题3选项A.deliberatelyB.impulsivelyC.consciouslyD.compulsively问题4选项A.growB.increaseC.feedD.arouse问题5选项A

29、.decreaseB.vanishC.shrinkD.fade问题6选项A.anticipateB.realizeC.abandonD.recall问题7选项A.investigatedB.exploredC.examinedD.involved问题8选项A.onB.aboveC.overD.with问题9选项A.having spentB.not to spendC.not spendingD.not having spent问题10选项A.similarB.differentC.alikeD.related问题11选项A.howB.whatC.whereD.why问题12选项A.more

30、and moreB.the sameC.less and lessD.no问题13选项A.turned outB.missed outC.made outD.figured out问题14选项A.meetB.undergoC.endureD.suffer问题15选项A.Rather thanB.More thanC.Less thanD.Other than问题16选项A.requiringB.inquiringC.acquiringD.enquiring问题17选项A.In factB.So farC.As a resultD.At present问题18选项A.being triedB.t

31、ryC.to tryD.trying问题19选项A.regretB.appreciateC.declineD.value5问题20选项A.in publicB.in advanceC.in generalD.in detail问题21选项A.chancesB.opportunitiesC.capabilitiesD.possibilities问题22选项A.allowB.leadC.makeD.demand问题23选项A.attractB.causeC.renderD.create问题24选项A.expectedB.knewC.sawD.told问题25选项A.inclinedB.likedC

32、.tendedD.leaned问题26选项A.unlessB.althoughC.whenD.whereas问题27选项A.originateB.deriveC.benefitD.result问题28选项A.passed upB.turned upC.made upD.taken up问题29选项A.evenB.neverC.stillD.ever问题30选项A.spendB.had spentC.spentD.would spend【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A第6题:A第7题:A第8题:C第9题:D第10题:A第11题:A第12题:C第13题:B第14题:D第1

33、5题:A第16题:C第17题:C第18题:D第19题:B第20题:B第21题:D第22题:A第23题:B第24题:A第25题:C第26题:D第27题:C第28题:A第29题:D第30题:B【解析】1. 【试题解析】考查逻辑关系。选项后“we all have guilty pleasures”，中文翻译为：我们都有罪恶的快乐。下文又说“our day-to-day decisions are usually governed by a deep-seated sense”，中文翻译为：我们日常的决定通常是由一种根深蒂固的感觉所支配的可知选项处应表示转折，故A项最符合。2. 【试题解析】考查逻辑

34、关系。根据下文出现的“near-term regrets近期遗憾” “long-term regrets 长期遗憾”以及“over the long term长期来看”可知A选项“从长远看”正确。3. 【试题解析】考查副词词义辨析。A选项deliberately“故意地；谨慎地”；B选项impulsively“冲动地；有推动力地”；C选项consciously“自觉地；有意识地”；D选项compulsively“强制地，强迫地”。联系上文“if we favored work over leisure, necessities over luxuries”中文翻译为：如果我们重视工作而不是休闲

35、、选择必需品而不是奢侈品，推断出空格处选B。4. 【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项grow“使生长；种植；扩展”；B选项increase“增加”；C选项feed“喂养”；D选项arouse“引起”。根据语境和句意，后面搭配strong regrets，译为“强烈的遗憾”可知D选项正确。5. 【试题解析】考查逻辑关系。结合后文“whereas regret about not having worked, studied or saved money during breaks decreased with time”，中文大意为：面对于没有在休息时间工作、学习或存钱的遗憾则随着时间的推移而减少

36、。因此判断出空格处表示减少的意思，A选项正确。6. 【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项anticipate“预料，期望”；B选项realize“实现；认识到；了解”；C选项abandon“遗弃；放弃”；D选项recall“召回；回想起，记起；取消”。联系下文“anticipated regret”意为：预料遗憾，可知A选项正确。7. 【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项investigate“调查；研究”；B选项explore“探索；探测；探险”；C选项examine“检查；审查”；D选项involve“包含；牵涉；使陷于”。由前文“our studies”，中文翻译为：我们的研究，可知A选项正确。

37、8. 【试题解析】考查固定搭配。regret over sth.“对感到遗憾（或后悔）”，故C选项正确。9. 【试题解析】考查逻辑关系。结合下文whereas regret about not having worked, studied or saved money 可知D选项正确。10. 【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项similar“类似的”；B选项different“不同的；个别的，与众不同的”；C选项alike“相似的；相同的”；D选项related“有关系的”。结合下文between work and pleasure“在工作和娱乐之间”可知该空格处应表示类似的模式。因此可知A选项

38、正确。11. 【试题解析】考查逻辑关系。结合下文“business people perceived past choices between work and pleasure.”中文翻译为：商人看待在工作和娱乐之间过去的选择。判断出正确答案为A“如何”。12. 【试题解析】考查逻辑关系。对应下文“whereas those who had been dutiful experienced a growing”中文翻译为：然而，过去尽职的那些人经历日益增强的判断出最符合语境句意的选项为C“越来越少的”。13. 【试题解析】考查固定搭配。miss out on“错过机会”，故选B。14. 【试

39、题解析】考查逻辑关系。根据下文“an excessive farsightedness”中文翻译为：一种过度的远见，可知此处对应D项“遭受”。15. 【试题解析】考查逻辑关系。联系下文“they focus on. and acting responsibly and they see indulgence as wasteful, irresponsible, and even immoral”中文翻译为：他们专注于 做事负责且他们将放纵看成是浪费的、不负责的甚至不道德的。结合“yielding to temptation”“屈服于诱惑”判断应选A“而不是”。16. 【试题解析】考查词义。A

40、选项require“需要；要求”；B选项inquire“询问；查究；问明”；C选项acquire“获得；学到；捕获”；D选项enquire“询问；调查；问候”。结合下文necessities“必需品”，可知最佳答案为C。17. 【试题解析】考查逻辑关系。根据下文“these consumers avoid precisely the products and experiences that they most enjoy”中文翻译为：这些消费者恰恰避开他们极其喜爱的这些产品和经历，可以判断出选项处应表示“结果”。答案为C。18. 【试题解析】考查固定搭配。advocate doing sth

41、.“提倡做某事”，并且此处为主动语态。答案为D。19. 【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项regret“后悔；惋惜；哀悼”；B选项appreciate“感激；领会”；C选项decline“谢绝；婉拒”；D选项value“评价；重视”。由上文but marketers can help customers make appropriately indulgent choices“但是市场营销者能帮助消费者做出适当放纵的选择”和下文over the long term“从长期来看”可以推测出答案为B。20. 【试题解析】考查逻辑关系。A选项in public“公开地，当众”；B选项in advanc

42、e“预先，提前”；C选项in general“总之”；D选项in detail“详细地”。结合下文After the shopping trip“在购物之旅后”可以判断出最符合的答案是选项B。21. 【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项chance“机会，际遇；运气”；B选项opportunity“时机，机会”；C选项capability“才能，能力；性能，容量”；D选项possibility“可能性；可能发生的事物”。联系下文可知正确选项为D。22. 【试题解析】考查固定搭配。allow sb. to do sth.“允许某人做某事”。可知A选项为最佳答案。23. 【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选

43、项attract“吸引”；B选项cause“引起；使遭受；给带来”；C选项render“致使；提出”；D选项create“创造，创作”。结合后文“the greatest regret”中文翻译为：最大的遗憾，可知最佳答案为B。24. 【试题解析】考查逻辑关系。结合上文“After the shopping trip, we examined the consumers actual purchase”中文翻译为：在这个购物之旅后，我们检查了这些消费者实际购买的东西，可以判断选项A“如我们所料”正确。25. 【试题解析】考查固定搭配。tend to do sth.“倾向于做某事”，结合上下文可

44、知答案为C。26. 【试题解析】考查逻辑关系。A选项unless“除非，如果不”；B选项although“尽管；虽然”；C选项when“当时”；D选项whereas“然而”。由上文“whereas regret about not having worked”可知此处应该表示“然而”，故答案为D。27. 【试题解析】考查逻辑关系。结合下文“Consumers, too, can benefit from such prompts.”，中文翻译为：消费者也可以从这些提示中受益，可知C为最佳答案。28. 【试题解析】考查逻辑关系。联系上文“forgo the indulgent choice”，中

45、文翻译为：放弃这个放纵的选择，和下文“a family vacation”，中文翻译为：一个家庭度假，可知此处应为forgo的近义词，故选A。29. 【试题解析】考查词义。A选项even“甚至，连，即使；更加”；B选项never“从未；决不”；C选项still“仍然；静止地”；D选项ever“永远；曾经；究竟”。联系上文“Nobody on his deathbed”中文翻译为：没有人在弥留之际，判断出D为最佳答案。30. 【试题解析】考查虚拟语气。根据上文“Nobody on his deathbed”中文翻译为：没有人在弥留之际，以及空格前的wish可知此处为与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，从句

46、的谓语动词用would/could have done。可知答案为B。7. 单选题A（ ）survey was conducted among local families to find out the average amount of expense on their childrens education.问题1选项A.questionnaireB.representationC.obligationD.integration【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项questionnaire“问卷；调查表”；B选项representation“代表；表现；表示法；陈述”；C选项obl

47、igation“义务；职责；债务”；D选项integration“集成；综合”。句意：为了查明孩子教育的平均费用，在当地家庭中进行了一份问卷调查。结合句意，可知A选项正确。8. 单选题The woman tripped over the uneven pavement and（ ）her elbow.问题1选项A.distortedB.dislodgedC.disabledD.dislocated【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项distort“扭曲；使失真；曲解”；B选项dislodge“逐出，驱逐；用力移动”；C选项disable“使失去能力；使残废；使无资格”；D选项dislocat

48、e“使脱臼；使混乱”。句意：这位妇女绊倒在这个不平坦的人行道上，结果使自己的肘部脱臼。结合此处句意，判断出D选项正确。9. 单选题The lecturer wandered from his text to（ ）on a point that had obviously caught his audiences interest.问题1选项A.elaborateB.interruptC.explainD.emphasize【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项elaborate“详细说明，阐述；详尽计划（常与on连用）”；B选项interrupt“中断；打断；插嘴；妨碍”；C选项expla

49、in“说明；解释”；D选项emphasize“强调，着重”。句意：这位演讲者离开他的正文，去详尽阐述明显让他的观众感兴趣的一个观点。结合句意，A选项正确。10. 单选题Because the demand of coal decreased, many miners became （ ）.问题1选项A.indignantB.extraneousC.immaterialD.redundant【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项indignant“愤愤不平的”；B选项extraneous“外来的；没有关联的”；C选项immaterial“非物质的；无形的；不重要的；非实质的”；D选项redun

50、dant“多余的，过剩的；被解雇的，失业的；冗长的”。句意：因为煤炭的需求下降，所以很多煤矿工人变得失业。结合句意，判断出选项D正确。11. 单选题Our vacation to the tropical beach resort was very（ ）until the hurricane came.问题1选项A.adverseB.maximumC.constrainedD.serene【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项adverse“不利的；相反的；敌对的”；B选项maximum“最多的；最大极限的”；C选项constrained“拘泥的；被强迫的；不舒服的”；D选项serene

51、“平静的；晴朗的”。句意：在这场暴风来临之前，我们去热带海滩度假胜地的度假是非常平静的。结合此处语义，D选项正确。12. 单选题Most religious organizations depend on the（ ）actions of their members for financial and material aid.问题1选项A.elemosynaryB.ellemosynaryC.elemosinaryD.eleemosynary【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。D选项eleemosynary“施舍的；慈善的；接受接济的”。A，B和C这三项在英语中不存在。句意为：大多数宗教组

52、织依赖它们成员的慈善行为来获取资金和物资支持。根据句意可知D选项正确。13. 单选题The mayor is a woman with great（ ）and therefore deserves our political and financial assistance.问题1选项A.integrityB.instinctC.intensityD.insanity【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项integrity“完整；正直；诚实；廉正”；B选项instinct“本能；直觉；天性”；C选项intensity“强度；强烈”；D选项insanity“疯狂；精神错乱；愚顽”。句意：这位

53、市长是一位非常正直的女性，因此值得我们的政治和财政援助。根据句意，A选项正确。14. 单选题It is all very well to blame traffic jam, the cost of petrol and the fast pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming deplorable. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is all very well, again, to have a t

54、iger in the tank, but to have one in the drivers seat is another matter. You might tolerate the odd road-hog（占道者）, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a “Be Kind to Other Drivers” campaign; otherwise it may get completely out of hand.

55、Road courtesy is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to hit back when subjected to uncivilized behavior. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of courtesy helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill

56、and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of courtesy are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays dont even seem able to recognize courtesy when they see it.Contrary to general opinion, young drivers have better manners than their seniors. But this is short

57、-lived in the world of modern driving where many drivers neither expect nor give any mercy. This may be encouraged on the battlefield but is out of place on the roads.Lorry drivers say they have almost abandoned the practice of signaling cars to overtake when the road is clear, because many of the c

58、ars took too long to pass. They couldnt be bothered to select a lower gear. The car drivers, after overtaking, slowed down again and hogged the road. Again, a motoring magazine has recently drawn attention to the increasing number of drivers who never wait for gaps. “They manufacture them by force,

59、using their direction indicators as a threat rather than a warning.” Punch-ups （打群架）are quite common. It cant be long before we hear of pistols and knives being used.Driving is essentially a state of mind. However technically skilled a driver may be, he cant be an advanced motorist if he is always a

60、rrogant and aggressive.1. The author is most concerned about （ ）.2. The word “deplorable” (Para. 1) most probably means “（ ）”.3. The word “courtesy” (Paragraph 2) most probably means “（ ）”.4. What is the main idea of Paragraph 2?5. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that （ ）.6. An example of good ma

61、nners on the roads is （ ）.7. According to the author, a good driver should （ ）.问题1选项A.traffic jamB.road mannersC.fast pace of lifeD.high cost of petrol问题2选项A.more seriousB.more temptingC.disturbingD.noticeable问题3选项A.drivingB.wavingC.good mannersD.bad manners问题4选项A.Many drivers tend to fight back against rude behaviors.