2022年考博英语-黑龙江大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷28

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1、2022年考博英语-黑龙江大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题He was afraid he would have to（ ）her invitation to the party.问题1选项A.refuteB.rejectC.returnD.decline【答案】D【解析】考查近义词辨析。refute“驳倒，反驳，用证据证明是假的”；reject“拒绝，谢绝，指断然拒绝接受某人或某物或要求”；return“返回”；decline“婉拒”。句意：他担心他将不得不拒绝她的参加聚会的邀请。婉拒符合题意。故D项正确。2. 单选题During their first teache

2、r training year, the students often visited local schools for the _ of lessons.问题1选项A.observationB.investigationC.inspectionD.examination【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. observation 观察；监视 B. investigation 调查；调查研究C. inspection 视察；检查 D. examination 考试；检查【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】根据句意，教师实习的学生经常去学校参加培训，培训的内容是for the _ of lesson

3、s，由此可以推断出进行教师实习的学生是去本地的学校观察上课。observation指一段时间内仔细观察某人/某事物的行为，尤指为了学习某事物。因此A. observation“观察”符合题意。【干扰项排除】B选项investigation指对某一情况、犯罪等事实的官方审查，或者是对某一主题或问题的事实进行的科学或学术检查，而本句重点在于去观察当地学校的课程，不属于犯罪等事实，也不属于科学或学术检查；C选项inspection指对学校、工厂等的正式访问，以检查规章是否被遵守，标准是否可接受，教师实习的学生并不是正式访问，排除；D选项examination指仔细检查（某事物/某人），尤指检查是否有

4、问题或找出问题的原因，不符合句子语境。【句意】在他们的第一个教师培训年，学生们经常去当地学校观察课程。3. 单选题His family tried to_ into the white and Hispanic communities.问题1选项A.meltB.assimilateC.involveD.weaver【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. melt融化 B. assimilate 吸收；使同化C. involve包含；牵涉 D. weaver织布工；编织工【考查点】固定搭配。【解题思路】assimilate into表示（使）逐渐混合于（某一更大的群体）。句中white and Hi

5、spanic communities指的是白人和西班牙裔社区，是一个大群体。B选项符合句意。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系。【句意】他的家人试图融入白人和西班牙裔社区。4. 单选题Visitors to the park have often looked up into the leafy canopy and（ ）.问题1选项A.saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs hangB.saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and

6、legs were hangingC.saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hangingD.seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging【答案】D【解析】考查语法。由and表并列关系可知，and后面的谓语动词形式应与前面的保持一致，see的过去分词为seen。故D项正确。句意：公园的游客经常抬头看着绿树成荫的树冠，看到猴子睡在树枝上，手臂和腿都悬挂着。5. 单选题Archaeologists have discovered the（

7、 ）of a marble column of the ancient temple.问题1选项A.remnantB.fragmentsC.scrapD.shred【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。remnant“剩余，残余，遗迹”；fragment“碎片，片段或不完整的部分”；scrap“碎片，残余物，残羹剩饭，废金属，”；shred“碎片，细条”。句意：考古学家已经发现这座古庙大理石柱的残迹。故A项符合题意。6. 单选题The mood of the evening is_ just as it is every year when this topic is brought up.问题1选

8、项A.destroyedB.damagedC.ruinedD.spoiled【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. destroyed破坏；摧毁 B. damaged损害C. ruined毁灭 D. spoiled破坏；破坏的兴致【考察点】近义词辨析。【解题思路】A、B、C、D四个选项都有“破坏”的意思。空格处是一个被动语态。空格处的动词用来说明mood“心情”被怎么样了。Mood做主语，句意为每当这个话题被提起时，夜晚的心情就被破坏了。只有D选项spoil指破坏的兴致符合句子语境。因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项destroy的基本意思是用任何力量“破坏，毁坏”，用于物时，指破坏或毁坏有用的

9、事物; 用于人时，指用武力或暴力“杀死”“毁灭”“消灭”敌人等；B选项damage的基本意思是“损害，伤害”，主要指自然力或人为地在价值、完整性、效能等方面造成损害，一般是局部地、非彻底地、可修复地，可以用于有形物，也可以用于无形物，还可表示对经济信心等造成坏的结果或影响；C选项ruin的基本意思是“破坏，毁掉”，常指因暴力、自然灾害或疏忽等外部原因而造成毁坏，强调倒塌成碎片，也可指健康、声望、容貌、气节、价值等受到严重损坏。以上选项均不能和mood搭配。【句意】就像每年提起这个话题一样，整个晚上的气氛都被破坏了。7. 不定项选择题One of the simplest and best kn

10、own kinds of crystal is the ionic salt, of which a typical example is sodium chloride, or ordinary table salt. The fundamental components of an ionic salt are ions: atoms or molecules that have become electrically charged by gaining or losing one more electrons. In forming sodium chloride, for examp

11、le, sodium atoms give up an electron (thereby becoming, positively charged) and chlorine atoms gain an electron (thereby becoming negatively changed). The ions are attracted to one another by their opposite charges, and they stack together compactly, like tightly packed spheres.Recently, scientists

12、at Michigan State University created a new kind of crystal called an electride. In electrides, the anions (negative ions) are completely replaced by electrons, which are trapped in naturally formed cavities within a framework of regularly stacked cations (positive ions). Electrides are the first exa

13、mples of ionic salts in which all these anionic sites are occupied solely by electrons.Unlike other types of anions, anionic electrons do not behave as if they were simple charged spheres. In particular, because of their low mass and their tendency to interact with one another over great distances,

14、they cannot be “pinned down” to any one location. Instead, they wander close to and among the atoms lining the cavity and interact with electrons in nearby cavities, perhaps changing places with them.The properties of an electride depend largely on the distance between the cavities that hold trapped

15、 electrons. When the trapped electrons are far apart, they do not interact strongly, and so behave somewhat like an array of isolated negative charges. When they are closer together, they begin to display properties associated with large ensembles of identical particles. When they are still closer,

16、the ensemble properties dominate and the electrons “delocalize”: they are no longer tightly bound within individual cavities but are more or less free to pass through the spaces within the framework of positive ions.By synthesizing electrides from a variety of materials, one can vary the geometry of

17、 the anionic cavities and their relation to the surrounding cations. The resulting properties may make it possible for electrides to become a basis for economically useful new materials and devices. For instance, because the electrons in some electrides are very weakly bound, these crystals could be

18、 effective as photosensitive detectors, in which an impinging photon liberates an electron, resulting in a small electric current. The same weak binding could also make electrides useful in solar energy converters and as cathodes in batteries. One obstacle is the tendency of electrides to decompose

19、through reaction with air and water. Researchers are seeking ways to increase their stability.1. The passage is primarily concerned with discussing _.2. In the first paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with _.3. It can be inferred from the passage that the differences between the behavior o

20、f anionic electrons and normal anions result from which of the following features of electrons, as compared to normal anions?I. The much lower mass of electrons.II. The much greater tendency of electrons to interact with one another over large distances.III. The much greater likelihood of electrons

21、to remain trapped in naturally formed anionic cavities.4. According to the passage, the defining characteristic of an electride is which of the following?5. It can be inferred from the passage that anions behaving as “simple charged spheres” (3rd paragraph) could be expected to _.问题1选项A.a way to iso

22、late electronsB.the characteristics of a new kind of crystalC.the structure of an ionic saltD.commercial uses for electridesE.the properties of ions问题2选项A.introducing a variant on the standard atomic theoryB.describing how chlorine atoms can become negatively chargedC.describing some early research

23、at Michigan State UniversityD.presenting the identifying properties of an electrideE.providing background for the technical discussion to follow问题3选项A.I only.B.II only.C.I and II only.D.I and III only.E.II and III only.问题4选项A.Its positive ions are of particularly low mass.B.Its ions possess identica

24、l electrical charges.C.It contains a framework of regularly stacked ions.D.Its ions demonstrate strong mutual attraction.E.Its negative ions consist solely of electrons.问题5选项A.readily lose electrons and become positively chargedB.move freely in and out of their cavitiesC.respond to photons by libera

25、ting electronsD.stack with other anions to create a regular frameworkE.remain fixed relative to their cations【答案】第1题:B第2题:E第3题:C第4题:E第5题:E【解析】1.【选项释义】The passage is primarily concerned with discussing_. 本文主要讨论_。A. a way to isolate electrons A. 隔离电子的方法B. the characteristics of a new kind of crystal B

26、. 一种新型晶体的特性C. the structure of an ionic salt C. 离子盐的结构D. commercial uses for electrides D. 电子器件的商业用途E. the properties of ions E. 离子的性质【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】根据本文Para. 2可知，“最近，密歇根州立大学的科学家们发明了一种叫做电子晶体的新型晶体。”下文都是描述该晶体的特点。【干扰项排除】A选项“隔离电子的方法”，属于无中生有;C选项“离子盐的结构”，文中主要讲的是通过离子盐获得的新型晶体的特性结构等，而非离子盐，这里属于张冠李戴;D选项“电子器件

27、的商业用途”，文中没有涉及，属于无中生有；E选项“离子的性质”，文中有提到离子，但是并不是主要讲述离子，而是讲晶体，这里属于以偏概全。2.【选项释义】In the first paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with_. 在第一段中，作者主要关注_。A. introducing a variant on the standard atomic theory A. 介绍标准原子理论的一个变体B. describing how chlorine atoms can become negatively charged B. 描述氯原子如何带负

28、电荷C. describing some early research at Michigan State University C. 描述密歇根州立大学的一些早期研究D. presenting the identifying properties of an electride D. 给出电子化合物的识别特性E. providing background for the technical discussion to follow E. 为接下来的技术讨论提供背景【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】根据出处提示词Paragraph 1与题干信息词可定位到Para. 1，该处主要讲离子盐这种晶体

29、的电子变化。从离子盐这种最基本的晶体来引出下文中的新型晶体。因此选E。【干扰项排除】A选项“介绍标准原子理论的一个变体”属于无中生有;B选项“描述氯原子如何带负电荷”，并不是作者主要关注的点，属于本末倒置;C选项“描述密歇根州立大学的一些早期研究”，第一段并没有讲该大学，属于无中生有；D选项“给出电子化合物的识别特性”，并没有给出电子化合物的特性，只是拿离子盐做例子，属于无中生有。3.【选项释义】It can be inferred from the passage that the differences between the behavior of anionic electrons a

30、nd normal anions result from which of the following features of electrons, as compared to normal anions?I. The much lower mass of electrons.II. The much greater tendency of electrons to interact with one another over large distances.III. The much greater likelihood of electrons to remain trapped in

31、naturally formed anionic cavities. 从文章中可以推断出，与正常阴离子相比，阴离子电子和正常阴离子之间的行为差异源于电子的下列哪个特征?1.电子的质量更低。2. 在很远的距离内电子之间相互作用的更大趋势。3. 电子被困在自然形成的阴离子空腔中的可能性要大得多。A. I only. A. 只有1。B. II only. B. 只有2。C. I and II only. C. 只有1和2。D. I and III only. D. 只有1和3。E. II and III only. E. 只有2和3。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到Para.

32、3该处讲到“与其他类型的阴离子不同，阴离子电子的行为不像简单的带电球体。特别是，由于它们的质量很低（low mass）”，还讲“它们倾向于在很远的距离内相互作用”。因此1和2 正确。比对选项，C选项恰好是此信息的同义转换，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】选项3中“电子被困在自然形成的阴离子空腔中的可能性要大得多”，文中提到“电子体的特性很大程度上取决于容纳被捕获电子的空腔之间的距离当它们更接近时，整体性质占主导地位，电子离域：它们不再被紧紧束缚在单独的空腔内，而是或多或少地在正离子框架内自由通过空间。”换言之，电子没有被困在阴离子空腔中。3选项错误，和原文相悖。A、B、D、E错误。4. 【选项释

33、义】According to the passage, the defining characteristic of an electride is which of the following? 根据文章，电子化合物的定义特征是下列哪一个?A. Its positive ions are of particularly low mass. A. 它的正离子质量特别低。B. Its ions possess identical electrical charges. B. 它的离子具有相同的电荷。C. It contains a framework of regularly stacked i

34、ons. C. 它包含了一个由有序堆叠的离子组成的框架。D. Its ions demonstrate strong mutual attraction. D. 它的离子表现出强烈的相互吸引力。E. Its negative ions consist solely of electrons. E. 它的负离子完全由电子组成。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到Para. 2第二句，该处讲到“在电子化合物中，负离子被电子完全取代”，即它的负离子由电子组成。因此E选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“它的正离子质量特别低”，文中没有提到，属于无中生有;B选项“它的离子具有相同的电荷”文

35、中没有提及，属于无中生有;C选项“它包含了一个由有序堆叠的离子组成的框架”，文中Para. 2提到“这些电子被困在自然形成的空腔中，而这个空腔是由有序堆叠的阳离子组成的”，意思是这个空腔是由有序堆叠的离子组成的，而非电子化合物，该选项张冠李戴；D选项“它的离子表现出强烈的相互吸引力”，Para. 4中提到“电子化合物的特性很大程度上取决于容纳被捕获电子的空腔之间的距离。当被捕获的电子相距较远时，它们的相互作用就不强烈”，所以它的离子并没有表现出强烈的相互吸引力，该选项属于反向干扰。5. 【选项释义】It can be inferred from the passage that anions

36、behaving as “simple charged spheres” (3rd paragraph) could be expected to _. 从这篇文章可以推断，阴离子的行为是“简单的带电球体”（第三段），可预知_。A. readily lose electrons and become positively charged A. 容易失去电子而带正电B. move freely in and out of their cavities B. 它们可以自由进出空腔C. respond to photons by liberating electrons C. 通过释放电子对光子作出

37、反应D. stack with other anions to create a regular framework D. 与其他阴离子堆叠，创建一个规则的框架E. remain fixed relative to their cations E相对于它们的阳离子保持不变【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】题目的重点在于anions behaving as “simple charged spheres”（表现为“简单的带电球体”的阴离子），可以定位到原文Para. 3第一句“与其他类型的阴离子不同，阴离子电子的行为不像是简单的带电球体”，这是一道反向推理题，第一句中的 “do not beha

38、ve as if.”表明第三段的阴离子电子特点与表现为“简单的带电球体”的阴离子的特点相反，所以要进行反向推理。第二句中该处讲到“它们不能被固定在任何一个位置（ “pinned down” to any one location）”可知阴离子电子特点是不能被固定在任何一个位置，则“简单的带电球体”的阴离子可以被固定住。该题选E。【干扰项排除】A选项“容易失去电子而带正电”，文中没有涉及，属于无中生有；B选项“它们可以自由进出空腔”，阴离子电子可以进出空腔，但是阴离子不可以，属于张冠李戴;C选项“通过释放电子对光子做出反应”，阴离子电子与附近空腔内的电子相互作用，而不是阴离子，属于张冠李戴。D选

39、项“与其他阴离子堆叠，创建一个规则的框架”，文中提到“空腔是由有序堆叠的阳离子（正离子）组成的”而不是阴离子电子与阴离子堆叠创建框架，属于无中生有。8. 单选题In the world of entertainment, TV talk shows have undoubtedly flooded every inch of space on daytime television. And anyone who watches them regularly knows that each one varies in style and format. But no two shows are

40、more profoundly opposite in content, while at the same time standing out above the rest, than the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey show.Jerry Springer could easily be considered the king of “trash talk”. The topics on his show are shocking as shocking can be. For example, the show takes the ever

41、-common talk show themes of love, sex, cheating, guilt, hate, conflict and morality to a different level. Clearly, the Jerry Springer show is a display and exploitation of societys moral catastrophes, yet people are willing to eat up the intriguing predicaments of other peoples lives.Like Jerry Spri

42、nger, Oprah Winfrey takes TV talk show to its extreme, but Oprah goes in the opposite direction. The show focuses on the improvement of society and an individuals quality of life. Topics range from teaching your children responsibility, managing your work week, to getting to know your neighbors.Comp

43、ared to Oprah, the Jerry Springer show looks like poisonous waste being dumped on society. Jerry ends every show with a “final word”. He makes a small speech that sums up the entire moral of the show. Hopefully, this is the part where most people will learn something very valuable.Clean as it is, th

44、e Oprah show is not for everyone. The shows main target audiences are middle-class Americans. Most of these people have the time, money, and stability to deal with lifes tougher problems. Jerry Springer, on the other hand, has more of an association with the young adults of society. These are 18 to

45、21 -year-olds whose main troubles in life involve love, relationship, sex, money and peers. They are the ones who see some value and lessons to be learned underneath the shows exploitation.While the two shows are as different as night and day, both have ruled the talk show circuit for many years now

46、. Each one caters to a different audience while both have a strong following from large groups of fans. Ironically, both could also be considered pioneers in the talk show world.1.Compared with other TV talk shows, both the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey are（ ）.2.Though the social problems Jer

47、ry Springer talks about appear distasteful, the audience（ ）.3.Which of the following is likely to be a topic of the Oprah Winfrey show?4.Despite their different approaches, the two talk shows are both（ ）.5.We can learn from the passage that the two talk shows（ ）.问题1选项A.more family-orientedB.unusuall

48、y popularC.more profoundD.relatively formal问题2选项A.remain fascinated by themB.are ready to face up to themC.remain indifferent to themD.are willing to get involved in them问题3选项A.A new type of robotB.Racist hatredC.Family budget planningD.Street violence问题4选项A.ironicalB.sensitiveC.instructiveD.cynical

49、问题5选项A.have monopolized the talk show circuitB.exploit the weaknesses in human natureC.appear at different times of the dayD.are targeted at different audiences【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。由第一段“But no two shows are more profoundly opposite in content, while at the same time standing out

50、above the rest, than the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey show. 但是，与Jerry和Oprah的脱口秀相比，没有哪两个节目在内容上有如此截然相反的地方，同时又在其他节目中脱颖而出。”可知B项“特别的流行”正确。2.细节事实题。由第二段“Clearly, the Jerry Springer show is a display and exploitation of societys moral catastrophes, yet people are willing to eat up the intriguing pre

51、dicaments of other peoples lives.很清楚，Jerry的脱口秀展示并揭露了社会的道德灾难，但人们却乐意关注他人生活中遇到的苦难。”可知观众很喜欢这节目。故A项正确。3.推理判断题。由第三段“The show focuses on the improvement of society and an individuals quality of life. Topics range from teaching your children responsibility, managing your work week, to getting to know your n

52、eighbors. 这个节目关注社会和个人生活质量的提高。话题范围从教育你的孩子责任，管理你的一周工作，到了解你的邻居。”可知C项“家庭预算方案”正确。4.推理判断题。由第三段“The show focuses on the improvement of society and an individuals quality of life. 这个节目关注社会和个人生活质量的提高。”以及“He makes a small speech that sums up the entire moral of the show. Hopefully, this is the part where most

53、 people will learn something very valuable. 他做了一个简短的讲话，总结这次演出的全部寓意。希望大多数人能从中学到一些非常有价值的东西。”可知这两个人的脱口秀节目的内容对观众都是有指导意义的。故C项正确。5.推理判断题。由最后一段“Each one caters to a different audience while both have a strong following from large groups of fans. Ironically, both could also be considered pioneers in the tal

54、k show world. 每一种都迎合不同的观众，同时都有大量的粉丝。具有讽刺意味的是，两人也可以被认为是脱口秀界的先驱。”可知这两类脱口秀节目有不同的观众群体。故D项正确。9. 单选题Many people who formerly backed him now have _ about his ability to do the job.问题1选项A.presentationsB.issuesC.reservationsD.likelihoods【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. presentations 演讲 B. issues 问题C. reservations 保留意见；疑惑 D

55、. likelihoods 可能性【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】当back做动词时，表示支持的意思。空格前who引导一个定语从句修饰many people，表示许多以前支持他的人。空格后表示对他做这项工作的能力。此处用了formerly“以前地”，根据逻辑关系，应该与现在做对比。根据两者间逻辑关系，应该是许多以前支持他的人现在对他做这项工作的能力产生了怀疑。C选项reservations保留意见；疑惑，表示对他的工作能力有所保留，可引申为此句所需的逻辑“产生怀疑”以满足上述条件。【干扰项排除】A选项presentations “演讲”，不符合逻辑；B选项issues“问题”，指议题，通常比较

56、正式，与政治方面有些关系，很官方；D选项likelihoods“可能性”，不符合逻辑。【句意】许多以前支持他的人现在对他的工作能力持保留态度。10. 单选题The news about the nuclear power station that was damaged by the earthquake was_.问题1选项A.negativeB.encouragingC.seriousD.positive【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. negative 消极的 B. encouraging令人鼓舞的C. serious严肃的；严重的 D. positive积极的【考查点】形容词辨析。【

57、解题思路】根据句意可知，核电站被损是一件很严肃的事情。因为会导致核泄漏等不良影响。C选项serious“严肃的，严重的”满足句意。【干扰项排除】B、D选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系。核电站被损这件事情并不是好的事情；A选项negative通常指消极的负面的，形容态度或者某件事的影响。【句意】关于核电站被地震破坏的消息是很严重的。11. 不定项选择题Science is a dominant theme in our culture. Since it touches almost every facet of our life, educated people need at least

58、 some acquaintance with its structure and operation. They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which scientists live and the kinds of people they are. An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to attain if one knows som

59、ething about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist.This book is written for the intelligent student or lay person whose acquaintance with science is superficial; for the person who has been presented with science as a musty storehouse of dried facts; for the person who sees the chief ob

60、jective of science as the production of gadgets; and for the person who views the scientists as some sort of magician. The book can be used to supplement a course in any science, to accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world, orindependently of any coursesimply t

61、o provide a better understanding of science. We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitudes and a more realistic understanding of the relationship between science and our culture and an appreciation of the roles science may play in our culture. In addition, read

62、ers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views and some of the values and philosophies that are pervasive in our culture.We have tried to present in this book an accurate and up-to-date picture of the scientific community and the people who populate it. That population has in

63、recent years come to comprise incident but, rather, part of the trend evident in all segments of society as more women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and make significant contributions. In discussing these changes and contribution, however, we are faced with a language that is implicitly sexist, one that uses male nouns or pronouns in referring to unspecified indiv