2022年考博英语-云南大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第37期

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1、2022年考博英语-云南大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题The spontaneous movement of water across a membrane, （ ） gradient of water concentration is called osmosis.问题1选项A.drives aB.driven by aC.has drivenD.drove【答案】B【解析】语法（分词短语做后置定语）题。首先固定搭配a gradient of，所以排除C和D选项，其次，The spontaneous movement与空格后的gradient of water c

2、oncentration是被动关系，所以B选项的过去分词短语做主语的后置定语正确。整句话的句意是在水的浓度梯度驱使下，水分子通过半透膜的自主运动叫做渗透作用。2. 翻译题1.书籍引导我们进入优秀的社会群体，将我们带到伟大的思想家面前。2.这些不同文化背景的年轻人都具有共同的爱好，喜欢同样的服饰、音乐和娱乐。3.名声、财富和权利都是身外之物，人人可求而得之，但没有人能代替你感受人生。4.中国坚持以人为本的科学发展观，着力构建和谐社会。5.一个时代展现在我们面前；政治更加民主，社会全面进步，人们生活进一步提高。【答案】1.Books guide us into good social groups

3、 and bring us to great thinkers.2.These young people from different cultural backgrounds all have common hobbies and like the same clothes, music and entertainment.3.Fame, wealth and power are worldly possessions that can be acquired by all, but no one can feel life for you.4.China adheres to the pe

4、ople-oriented scientific concept of development and strives to build a harmonious society.5. An era is unfolding before us; politics is more democratic, society is progressing in an all-round way, and peoples lives are further improved.3. 单选题In the next century well be able to alter our DNA radicall

5、y, encoding our visions and vanities while concocting new life-forms. When Dr. Frankenstein made his monster, he wrestled with the moral issue of whether he should allow it to reproduce, “Had I the right, for my own benefit, to inflict the curse upon everlasting generations?” Will such questions req

6、uire us to develop new moral philosophies?Probably not. Instead, well reach again for a time tested in called the Golden Rule and which Kant, the millenniums most prudent moralist, conjured up into a categorical imperative: Do unto others as you would have them do unto you; treat each person as an i

7、ndividual rather than as a means to some end.Under this moral precept we should recoil at human cloning, because it inevitably entails using humans as means to other humans ends and valuing them as copies of others we loved or as collections of body parts, not as individuals in their own right. We s

8、hould also draw a line, however fuzzy, that would permit using genetic engineering to cure diseases and disabilities but not to change the personal attributes that make someone an individual (IQ, physical appearance, gender and sexuality).The biotech age will also give us more reason to guard our pe

9、rsonal privacy. Aldous Huxley in Brave New World, got it wrong: rather than centralizing power in the hands of the state, DNA technology has empowered individuals and families. But the state will have an important role, making sure that no one, including insurance companies, can look at our genetic

10、data without our permission or use it to discriminate against us.Then we can get ready for the breakthroughs that could come at the end of the next century and the technology is comparable to mapping our genes: plotting the 10 billion or more neurons of our brain. With that information we might some

11、day be able to create artificial intelligences that think and experience consciousness in ways that are indistinguishable from a human brain. Eventually we might be able to replicate our own minds in a “dry ware” machine, so that we could live on without the “wet ware” of a biological brain and body

12、. The 20th centurys revolution in infotechnology will thereby merge with the 21st centurys revolution in biotechnology. But this is science fiction. Lets turn the page now and get back to real science.1.Dr. Frankensteins remarks are mentioned in the text （ ）.2.It can be concluded from the text that

13、the technology of human cloning should be employed（ ）.3.From the text, we learn that Aldous Huxley is of the opinion that（ ）.4.Which of the following statements is true?5.What does the word it in Sentence 2, Paragraph 1 refer to （ ）.问题1选项A.to give an episode of the DNA technological breakthroughsB.t

14、o highlight the importance of a means to some everlasting endsC.to show how he created a new form of life a thousand years agoD.to introduce the topic of moral philosophies incurred in biotechnology问题2选项A.excessively and extravagantlyB.reasonably and cautiouslyC.aggressively and indiscriminatelyD.op

15、enly and enthusiastically问题3选项A.DNA technology should be placed in the charge of individualsB.government should assume less control over individualsC.people need government to protect their DND informationD.old moral precepts should be abolished on human cloning问题4选项A.The biotech age will give out m

16、ore personal privacyB.DNA technology has reduced the power of individualC.In the 21stcentury, people can change their DNA slightlyD.We should not attempt human cloning问题5选项A.FrankensteinB.DNAC.the monsterD.The moral issue【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.推理判断题。题目所问的是 “文中提到科学怪人的目的是什么？”文章第一段第二句提到 “当科

17、学怪人制造出怪物，他就陷入是否该让这个怪物繁衍下一代的伦理问题的矛盾之中， 为了我自身的利益，让子子孙孙来承受这个诅咒？这样的问题需要我们建立新的伦理观吗？”(When Dr. Frankenstein made his monster, he wrestled with the moral issue of whether he should allow it to reproduce, “Had I the right, for my own benefit, to inflict the curse upon everlasting generations?” Will such que

18、stions require us to develop new moral philosophies?)，由以上可得出选项D “引出生物技术中的伦理问题这个话题”符合题意。2.推理判断题。题目所问的是 “从文中可知人类克隆技术应该使用的方法是什么？”文章第一段通过 “科学怪人”这个例子引出生物科学中的伦理问题；第二段提到哲学家康德的观点Do unto others as you would have them do unto you; treat each person as an individual rather than as a means to some end （将每个人当作个体

19、来对待，而不是作为一种手段）；第三段提到在上文提到的准则下，我们应该放弃克隆技术（Under this moral precept we should recoil at human cloning）；第四段提到生物科技的时代将给我们更多保护隐私的理由（The biotech age will also give us more reason to guard our personal privacy）。由此可知，克隆技术的使用应该是合理并且谨慎的。选项B符合题意。3.细节事实题。题目所问的是 “从文章中可知，Aldous Huxley的观点是什么？”文章第四段第二句提到 “在他的作品美丽新世

20、界中，赫胥黎犯了一个错误：DNA技术的主动权在个人和家庭手中，而不是在权力集中的国家手中”（Aldous Huxley in Brave New World, got it wrong: rather than centralizing power in the hands of the state, DNA technology has empowered individuals and families），因此，选项A “DNA技术应该掌握在个人手中”是赫胥黎的观点，符合题意。4.推理判断题。题目所问的是 “下列说法哪个正确？”文章第三段第一句提到 “在这个道德准则下，我们应该放弃克隆技术

21、，因为它会不可避免地让一些人成为另一些人达到目标的手段，而不是将每个人当作个体来对待”(Under this moral precept we should recoil at human cloning, because it inevitably entails using humans as means to other humans ends and valuing them as copies of others we loved or as collections of body parts, not as individuals in their own right)，选项D “

22、我们不应该进行人类克隆”符合题意。5.词义题。题目所问的是 “ it指的是什么？”文章第一段第二句话提到 “当科学怪人制造出怪物，他就陷入是否该让这个怪物繁衍下一代的伦理问题的矛盾之中” (When Dr. Frankenstein made his monster, he wrestled with the moral issue of whether he should allow it to reproduce)，因此可知，这里的it指的是创造出来的怪物。选项C符合题意。4. 单选题Patent medicine used in America dates back to the ear

23、ly days of the Republic, when drugs imported from Europe were sold by postmasters, goldsmiths, grocers, and tailors. Their use expanded during the Jackson an era as Americans rebelled against traditional doctors and enthusiastically endorsed: quackery. Increasing urbanization and industrialization a

24、lso fed the market for patent medicines, as new drugs were needed to combat epidemics. But these: sales, by mid-century, were due to two non- medical events.Patent legislation in 1793 made it possible for manufactures, to protect their product against counterfeiters. But most manufacturers did not s

25、eek patents on the formulas for their medicines, since these were often combinations of common products like alcohol and vegetable extracts which they preferred not to reveal. Instead, they sought patents on the shape of the bottle, promotional materials, and label information.The number of newspape

26、rs-published in the country grew from 200 during Jeffersons administration to over 4000 at the time of Lincolns presidency. The penny press, begun by Benjamin Day in 1833 was marketed at a mass audience and cost just one cent per issue. To recover revenue lost from subscription prices, Day and other

27、s sought profits through advertising. Patent medicine was perfect product to advertise in penny papers since its sensational claims buttressed the sensational bent of the news and stories in them.“Lydia Pinkhams Vegetable Compound” was the most, successful patent medicine of the century, and Mrs. Pi

28、nkhams face was known across the country. Like most Americans, she was convinced that Divine Providence had stocked the promised land with vegetables and herbs unknown elsewhere, which could cure disease. Mrs. Pinkham received the basic formula for her nostrum as payment for a debt owed by her husba

29、nd. As a result of severe economic hardships for her family, she began heavy promotion of the medicine in Boston newspapers in 1876, and her son attached his mothers picture to the product. Thus was born modem advertising. Mrs. Pinkham was popular with her female followers for her feminist bent, and

30、 for the fact that she encouraged them to write her for advice. An analysis of the compound by the AMA in 1914 revealed that it was 20 percent alcohol, with the rest made of vegetable extracts.1.What aspect of patent medicine does the passage mainly discuss?2.The author implies that which of the fol

31、lowing was the reason why most manufacturers preferred not to seek patents on their medicines?3.According to paragraph 3, the result of marketing the penny press at a mass audience was（ ）.4.Which of the following did patent medicine and the penny press have in common, according to the passage?5.Why

32、does the author mention Mrs. Pinkharns photo?问题1选项A.The dangersB.Why is was so popularC.As an example of quackeryD.The most successful products问题2选项A.They made mare money from the bottle than the contentsB.They considered it wasnt necessary because of the high demand for these productsC.The patent l

33、egislation was not an effective protection against copiesD.They usually blended common products into medicines问题3选项A.a decrease in revenueB.decreased subscriptionsC.increased advertisingD.increased sales of patent medicines问题4选项A.An approach to gaining attention of the publicB.A belief in advertisin

34、gC.The need to recover moneyD.Amass audience问题5选项A.Because of her sonB.As an example of the promotional approachC.To help explain why she was so popular with womenD.Because of her husband【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.试题解析：主旨大意题。文章第一段主要介绍了专利药品在美国的起源以及当时销售的渠道；第二段主要介绍了专利权立法的作用以及制造商用它保护药品的产品包装，而不是药

35、物本身的配方；第三段主要讲述了专利药广告在报纸上的刊登，能带来销量；第四段以具体的例子，介绍专利药受欢迎的原因。因此B选项“为什么这么受欢迎”最符合题意。2.推理判断题。由文章第二段中的But most manufacturers did not seek patents on the formulas for their medicines, since these were often combinations of common products like alcohol and vegetable extracts which they preferred not to reveal.

36、（但是大多数制造商并没有为他们的药物的配方申请专利，因为这些药品通常是他们不愿意透露的普通产品的组合，如酒精和蔬菜提取物）可知D选项“他们通常将普通产品混合成药品”符合题意。3.推理判断题。由文章第三段中的The penny press, begun by Benjamin Day in 1833 was marketed at a mass audience and cost just one cent per issue. To recover revenue lost from subscription prices, Day and others sought profits thro

37、ugh advertising.（由Benjamin Day于1833年创办的廉价在大众受众中销售，每期仅售一分钱。为了弥补订阅价格损失的收入，Day和其他人通过广告寻求利润）可知向大众推销廉价报纸的结果是收入的减少，因此选A。4.推理判断题。由文章第三段中的To recover revenue lost from subscription prices, Day and others sought profits through advertising. Patent medicine was perfect product to advertise in penny papers sinc

38、e its sensational claims buttressed the sensational bent of the news and stories in them.（为了弥补订阅价格损失的收入，Day和其他人通过广告寻求利润。专利药是在廉价报纸上做广告的完美产品，由于其耸人听闻的说法支持了新闻和故事的耸人听闻的倾向）可知专利药在报纸上做广告的目的是为了吸引观众，销售其产品来获利，廉价报纸的发行也是为了获利，因此选C。5.推理判断题。由文章最后一段中的的As a result of severe economic hardships for her family, she bega

39、n heavy promotion of the medicine in Boston newspapers in 1876, and her son attached his mothers picture to the product. Thus was born modem advertising.（由于家庭经济困难，她于1876年开始在波士顿报纸上大力推广这种药物，她的儿子把她的照片贴在产品上。因此，现代广告诞生了）可知作者提及Mrs. Pinkharns photo的照片是把其当作推销手段中的一个例子，因此选B。5. 单选题Prior to 1905, space and time

40、were comfortable absolutes. Over 250 years of practical experience and experimentation had firmly established the supremacy of the physics of Sir Isaac Newton. The picture of the universe painted by Newton was one of amazing clarity and practical value. The motions of projectiles, Pendulums, steam e

41、ngines, and even distant planets could be readily explained using the brilliant 17th century physicists theories. However, certain phenomena, including how light was able to travel in a vacuum and the exact nature of gravity continued to elude satisfactory scientific explanation.While searching for

42、a solution to the failure of the now famous Michelson-Morely experiment, Albert Einstein (who left Germany when, the Nazis took power, and became an American citizen in 1940) discovered his Special, Theory of Relativity. A few years later, he explained his theory into an all-encompassing grand view

43、of the universe. His General Theory of Relativity was the first to describe the nature of gravity. The General Theory of Relativity describes four dimensional universe in which the three spatial dimensions are coupled with a fourth, time. Any object in the universe with mass is described as causing

44、a warp, or curve into the very structure of space-time itself. Gravity is shown to be a result not of some unforeseen, mysterious force, but as a function of the curvature of space itself. All matter, from the tiniest sub-atomic particle, to the most massive of galaxies, will induce this curvature.T

45、his idea is frequently explained by describing space as a rubber sheet, and a body such as the sun as a bowling ball. If, the ball is placed on the rubber sheet, the sheet will bend under the weight of the ball, forming a gravity well. Thus, the orbits of the planets can be seen to result from them

46、rolling around the mouth of the suns gravity well. Of course, this analogy is but a shadow of the true nature of space. In reality, this gravity well is a four dimensional structure. Shortly after publication of the General Theory, physicists began to explore this strange new world.1.What does the p

47、assage mainly discuss?2.According to the passage, which of the following phenomena did Einstein describe in his General Theory of Relativity, which was not explained by Newtons theory?3.It can be inferred from the simplicity of the example of bowling ball and rubber sheet to describe Einsteins theor

48、y that（ ）.4.The word “analogy in line 21 is closest in meaning to（ ）.5.The author gives a synonym for which of the following words?问题1选项A.Albert Einsteins life and achievementsB.The Special Theory of RelativityC.Landmarks in understanding the universeD.How Einstein changed the way we look at the uni

49、verse问题2选项A.The nature of gravityB.A solution to the Michelson-Morley experimentC.The motions of distant planetsD.How light could travel in a vacuum问题3选项A.this was how Einstein reached his conclusionsB.Einstein used this example to explain his theory to studentsC.any theory is just a way of trying t

50、o explain something for which, there is no certainty: so a simple example is sufficientD.the theory is so complex that a more detailed example would not allow most people to quickly understand the general idea问题4选项A.storyB.exampleC.explanationD.similarity问题5选项A.Phenomena(line 6)B.Warp(line 16)C.Grav

51、ity (line 17)D.Space(line 21)【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.试题解析：主旨大意题。文章第一段提出一些现象可以用牛顿的理论进行解释，然而还是有一些现象没有得到满意的科学解释；第二段引出了爱因斯坦的相对论；第三段举例进行解释。因此B选项“狭义相对论”符合题意。2.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的However, certain phenomena, including how light was able to travel in a vacuum and the exact nature of gravity continued t

52、o elude satisfactory scientific explanation.（然而，某些现象，包括光如何能够在真空中传播以及重力的确切本质，仍然没有得到令人满意的科学解释）和第二段中的His General Theory of Relativity was the first to describe the nature of gravity.（他的广义相对论首先描述了重力的本质）可知牛顿的理论没有解释重力的本质，因此选A。3.推理判断题。由文章第二段中的 Gravity is shown to be a result not of some unforeseen, mysteri

53、ous force, but as a function of the curvature of space itself. All matter, from the tiniest sub-atomic particle, to the most massive of galaxies, will induce this curvature.（重力被证明不是某种不可预见的神秘力量结果，而是作为空间本身曲度的结果。所有物质，从最小的亚原子粒子，到质量最大的星系，都会产生这种曲度）和第三段中的This idea is frequently explained by describing spac

54、e as a rubber sheet, and a body such as the sun as a bowling ball. If, the ball is placed on the rubber sheet, the sheet will bend under the weight of the ball, forming a gravity well.（这个想法经常通过把空间描述成橡皮片来解释，像太阳这样的物体就好比一个保龄球。如果把球放在橡胶片上，胶片就会在球的重量下弯曲，从而形成一个重力）可知是用一个简单的来解释这个符合的理论，因此选D。4.词义题。根据题干信息“analog

55、y”定位至文章最后一段中，由Thus, the orbits of the planets can be seen to result from them rolling around the mouth of the suns gravity well. Of course, this analogy is but a shadow of the true nature of space. In reality, this gravity well is a four dimensional structure.（因此，行星的轨道可以被看成是由于它们绕着太阳重力井“滚动”而产生的。当然，这种

56、只是空间真正本质的影子。实际上，该重力井是四维结构）可知行星因重力而围绕太阳旋转，说明“analogy（类比，比喻）”具有相似性，因此选D。5.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的Any object in the universe with mass is described as causing a warp, or curve into the very structure of space-time itself.（宇宙中任何有质量的物体都被描述为引起了扭曲，或弯曲到时空本身的结构中）可知warp的近义词为curve，因此选B。6. 单选题Isadora Duncan has been one

57、 of the most enduring influences on 20th century culture. Virtually, alone, she restored dance to a high place among the art. Braking with convention, she developed free and natural movements inspired by the classical Greek arts, folk dances, social dances, nature and natural forces. As well as appr

58、oach to the new American athleticism, which included skipping, running, jumping, leaping and tossing. With free flowing costumes, bare feet and loose hair, Duncan restored dance to a new vitality using the solar plexus and the torso as the generating fore for all movements to follow. She is credited

59、 with inventing what late came to be known as Modern Dance.Born in 1878 in San Francisco, Duncan grew up in a childhood filled with imagination and art. Her mother introduced her 4 children to classical music, Shakespeare, poetry, literature, and art. Isadora, the youngest, spent many hours playing

60、and dancing on the beach, and even taught dance classes to younger children as a way to earn money to help her struggling family. In her teenage years she travelled to Chicago and New York with some of her family members, working and performing in various productions or vaudeville shows, with limite

61、d success. It was not until she reached London that Duncan began to find acceptance for her dancing. She performed in private salons for ladies of social Standing and their guests, in both London and Paris. Gradually her popularity grew, and she began performing on great stages throughout Europe.Thr

62、oughout her career, Duncan had a driving vision for the education of young children. She began her first school in Germany in 1904 selecting children from the poorer classes and providing completely for all their physical and material needs from her own pocket. The financial drain of her schools (al

63、so established in Russia and Paris, at various times) forced Duncan to tour and performs considerably, leaving her Sister Elizabeth in charge of the schools. Although believing in what she saw as the chains of marriage. Duncan had two children, who were tragically drowned in 1913. The following year

64、s were difficult, and she stopped dancing for a time, but then returned to dance and particularly to developing her pupils. She even adopted six of these children, the Isafortables as they were billed by the press later when they began to perform with her. Tragically, Duncans own life was cut short in 1921 in a car accident in France.1.According to the passage, Duncans great contribution to modem dance was through（ ）.2.The author