2022年考博英语-南京师范大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第7期

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1、2022年考博英语-南京师范大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 翻译题六十整岁望七十如攀高山。不料七十岁居然过了。七十岁开始可以诸事不做而拿退休金，不愁没有一碗饭吃，自由自在，自得其乐。要看书可以随便乱翻。金庸、梁羽生、 克里斯蒂、松本淸张，从前哪能拜读？现在可以了。随看随忘，便仍在一边。无忧无虑，无人打扰，不必出门而自有天地。真是无限风光在老年。偶尔有人来，不论男女老少认识不认识，天南地北，天上地下，天文地理，谈天说地，百无禁忌。我的话匣子一开，激光磁盘便响个不停，滔滔不绝。无奈我闲人忙，听众逐渐稀少，终于门庭冷落，只剩下一屋子广阔天地,任我独往独来，随意挥洒。【答案】At

2、the age of sixty I longed for a life span of seventy, a goal as difficult as a summit to be reached. Who would expect that I had reached? At the age of seventy I began my retirement, in which I can rely on my old-age pension for a living, free from my burden of the boring routines I used to bear, an

3、d lead a life carefree and contended. As for reading I can, now, choose at my own will to thumb through anything to while away the time. I can find time to read anything that I didnt used to, for instance, such time-killers as those created by Jin Yong, Liang Yusheng, Christie and Seicho Matsummoto.

4、 I dont have to keep them in mind and quit them as I see fit. There being no worry and disturbance, I need not travel far in my own world so vast. True it is that the most splendid view may be found in old age!Occasionally I had some visitors, male or female, old or young, acquainted and unacquainte

5、d. We could chat about everything in the north or in the south, in the space or at the core, related to taboos for us at all. Whenever I broke the ice I began to pour my words, in a flow of eloquence, as continuously as a laser disc. Unfortunately, I was jobless while they were so busy that they alm

6、ost melted away until few knocks came at the door and the world became vacant again. Now I alone can occupy it and go my own way.2. 单选题I got a little（ ） when I learned that the appointment with the general manger was changed to another time.问题1选项A.concernedB.distractedC.upsetD.vicious【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨

7、析。concerned“有关的，关心的”；distracted“注意力分散的，分心的”；upset“心烦的，混乱的”；vicious“恶毒的，恶意的”。句意：当我得知和总经理预约改期后，我有点（ ）。由句意内容推测预约改期后应该是心烦的，故C项正确。3. 单选题I havent got the（ ） idea of what you mean. Would you please make it clear to me?问题1选项A.lightestB.furthestC.smallestD.faintest【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。lightest最轻的，最亮的；furthest最远的

8、，最大程度的；smallest最小的；faintest一点也不的，极小的。由下文“你能说清楚一些吗？”可推知前面“我没有弄懂你说的意思”，故D项正确。4. 单选题Actually, recycling is one of the least important things we can do, if our real （ ） is to preserve natural resources.问题1选项A.subjectionB.objectiveC.excitementD.inclusion【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。subjection“隶属，服从，征服”；objective“目的，目

9、标”；excitement“兴奋，刺激”；inclusion“包含，内含物”。句意：事实上，回收利用是我们能做的最不重要的事情之一，如果我们的真正（ ）是保护自然资源的话。由不定式to preserve natural resources可知这是一种目的，故B项正确。5. 单选题It is also important to have something that can clean water and kill（ ）, so water from other sources can be made safe to drink.问题1选项A.plasmodiaB.bacteriaC.crite

10、riaD.malaria【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。plasmodia“疟原虫；bacteria“细菌”；criteria“标准，条件”；malaria“痢疾，瘴气”。句意：有可以清洁水并可以杀死细菌的东西很重要，这样的话来自其他来源的水也可以安全饮用。只有清洁的水，并且水里面的细菌被杀死了，才是可以安全饮用的水。故B项正确。6. 单选题In the Americans minds, there are boundaries that other people are simply not supposed to cross. When the boundaries are crossed

11、, Americans will（ ） stiffen and their manner will become cool.问题1选项A.visiblyB.tragicallyC.uneasilyD.tremendously【答案】A【解析】考查副词辨析。visibly“明显地，显然地”；tragically“悲剧地，悲惨地”；uneasily“不自在地，不稳定地”；tremendously“非常地，可怕地”。句意：在美国人的心目中,有些界限人们是不能跨越的。当这些界限被越过时,美国人会（ ）变得僵硬,他们的态度会变得很冷酷。and表示并列关系，其前后表示的内容的性质一致，由and后面的内容“

12、他们的态度也很冷酷”可推知空格处意为美国人明显变得很僵硬，故A项正确。7. 单选题In the 1950s, the pioneers of artificial intelligence （AI） predicted that, by the end of this century, computers would be conversing with us at work and robots would be performing our housework. But as useful as computers are, theyre nowhere close to achievin

13、g anything remotely resembling these early aspirations for humanlike behavior. 35. Never mind something as complex as conversations the most powerful computers strugule to reliably recognize the shape of an object the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid.A growing group of AI researchers

14、 think they know where the held went wrong. The problem, the scientists say, is that AI has been trying to separate the highest, most abstract levels of thought, like language and mathematics, and to duplicate them with logical, step-by-step programs. A new movement in AI, on the other hand, takes a

15、 closer look at the more roundabout way in which nature came up with intelligence. Many of these researchers study evolution and natural adaptation instead of formal logic and conventional computer programs. Rather than digital computers and transistors, some want to work with brain cells and protei

16、ns. The results of these early efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field.Imitating the brains neural, network is a huge step in the right direction, says computer scientist and biophysicist Michael Co

17、nrad, but it still misses an important aspect of natural intelligence. “People tend to treat the brain as if it were made up of color-coded transistors”, he explains, “but its not simply a clever network of switches. There are lots of important things going on inside the brain cells themselves.” Spe

18、cifically, Conrad believes that many of the brains capabilities stem from the pattern-recognition proficiency of the individual molecules that make up each brain cell. The best way to build and artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular skills.

19、Right now, the notion that conventional computers and software are fundamentally incapable of matching the processes that take place in the brain remains controversial. But if it proves true, then the efforts of Conrad and his fellow AI rebels could turn out to be the only game in town.1. The author

20、 says that the powerful computers of today（ ）.2. The new trend in artificial intelligence research stems from（ ）.3. Conrad and his group of AI researchers have been making enormous efforts to（ ）.4. Whats the authors opinion about the new AI movement?5. Which of the following is closet in meaning to

21、the underlined phrase “the only game in town” （para.4）?问题1选项A.are capable of reliably recognizing the Shape of an objectB.are close to exhibiting humanlike behaviorC.are not very different in their performance from those of the 50sD.still cannot communicate with people in a human language问题2选项A.the

22、shift of the focus of study on to the recognition of the shapes of objectsB.the belief that human intelligence cannot be duplicated with logical, step-by-step programs.C.the aspirations of scientists to duplicate the intelligence of a ten-month-old child.D.the efforts made by scientist in the study

23、of the similarities between transistors and brain cells问题3选项A.find a roundabout way to design powerful computersB.build a computer using a clever network of switchesC.find out how intelligence developed in natureD.separate the highest and most abstract levels of thought问题4选项A.It has created a sensat

24、ion among artificial intelligence researchers but will soon die out.B.Its a breakthrough in duplicating human thought processes.C.Its more like a peculiar game rather than a real scientific effort.D.It may prove to be in the right direction though nobody is sure of its future prospects.问题5选项A.The on

25、ly approach to building an artificially intelligent computer.B.The only way for them to win a prize in artificial intelligence research.C.The only area worth studying in computer science.D.The only game they would like to play in town.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。由第一段Never mind something

26、 as complex as conversations,the most powerful computers strugule to reliably recognize the shape of an object the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid. 更不用说像会话这样复杂的事情，最强大的计算机现在正竭力地识别物体的形状，这对于10个月大的孩子来说是最基本的任务。可知D项“最强大的计算机仍然不能用人类的语言与人类交流。”正确。A项“计算机能够识别物体的形状”与原文不符，原文提到计算机正竭力地去做这件事。B项文中未提及

27、，C项“现在的计算机与50年代的计算机表现不一样”，文中提到50年代人们预测到20世纪末计算机能做家务，能与人交流，但如今计算机仍然离与人类交流还有很长的路要走。故C项不正确。2.推理判断题。由第二段“A growing group of AI researchers think they know where the held went wrong. The problem, the scientists say, is that AI has been trying to separate the highest, most abstract levels of thought, like

28、 language and mathematics, and to duplicate them with logical, step-by-step programs. A new movement in AI Many of these researchers study evolution and natural adaptation instead of formal logic and conventional computer programs.”越来越多的人工智能研究人员认为，他们知道错误在哪里。科学家们说，问题在于，人工智能一直在试图分离最高、最抽象的思维层次，比如语言和数学，

29、然后用逻辑的、循序渐进的程序来复制它们。另一方面，人工智能领域的新动向则更近距离地审视了自然产生智能的更为迂回的方式。这些研究人员中的许多人研究进化和自然适应，而不是形式逻辑和传统的计算机程序。可知人工智能的新动向源于发现了以前的错误，即人工智能不能用逻辑程序来复制抽象的思维。于是人工智能有了新动向。故B项正确。3.推理判断题。由第二段“Rather than digital computers and transistors, some want to work with brain cells and proteins. The results of these early efforts

30、 are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field. 有些人想研究脑细胞和蛋白质，而不是数字计算机和晶体管。这些早期努力的结果是有希望的，因为他们是独特的，和新的自然为基础的人工智能运动是缓慢的，但肯定会走向该领域的前沿。”以及第三段“Specifically, Conrad believes that many of the brains capabilities stem f

31、rom the pattern-recognition proficiency of the individual molecules that make up each brain cell. The best way to build and artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular skills. 具体地说，康拉德认为，大脑的许多能力源于组成每个脑细胞的单个分子的模式识别能力。他声称，制造人工智能设备的最佳方法，是围绕同样的分子技术来

32、制造。可知康拉德及其AI研究团队将把大脑的分子技术运用于人工智能设备上，发起了以自然为基础的人工智能运动。故C项“该团队对了解智力是如何在自然界中发展的作出了巨大努力。”正确。4.推理判断题。由第二段“The results of these early efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field. 这些早期努力的结果是有希望的，因为他们是独特的，虽然新的以

33、自然为基础的人工智能运动是缓慢的，但肯定会走向该领域的前沿。可知作者认为人工智能运动将走向该领域前沿，也就意味着人工智研究的方向是正确的。故D项“尽管没有人能确定它的未来前景，但它被证明是在正确的方向上。”正确。5.由倒数第二段The best way to build and artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular skills. 他声称，制造人工智能设备的最佳方法，是围绕同样的分子技术来制造。和最后一段“Right now, the

34、notion that conventional computers and software are fundamentally incapable of matching the processes that take place in the brain remains controversial. But if it proves true, then the efforts of Conrad and his fellow AI rebels could turn out to be the only game in town. 目前，对于传统的计算机和软件根本无法匹配大脑中发生的过

35、程仍然存在争议。但如果这是真的，那么康拉德和他的同伴们的努力可能是唯一的游戏。联系上下文可知，如果传统的计算机和软件根本无法匹配大脑过程这个观点是正确的，那么康拉德和其团队的观点，即将大脑同样的分子技术运用于人工智能设备的制造上是唯一可行的制造新的人工智能计算机的方法。故A项“这是制造人工智能计算机的唯一方法”正确。8. 单选题The boss named the company（ ） himself.问题1选项A.asB.afterC.toD.for【答案】B【解析】考查固定搭配。name after以命名。句意：老板以他自己的名字给公司命名。9. 单选题You arent going to

36、 the library, are you? （ ）, Im not going to the library.问题1选项A.YesB.NoC.OKD.All right【答案】B【解析】考查反义疑问句。反义疑问句的回答根据实际情况作答，空格后为否定的情况，故用No.B项正确。10. 单选题Rapid energy consumption will not only（ ）the environment, but also trigger serious social problems.问题1选项A.extractB.spoilC.disposeD.deteriorate【答案】D【解析】考查动

37、词辨析。extract“提取；提炼”; spoil“糟蹋；溺爱；dispose“处理；处置；安排”；deteriorate“恶化”。 句意：能源迅速消耗不仅会使环境恶化，还会引发严重的社会问题。只有D项符合句意，故答案D。11. 单选题There is a（ ）difference in meaning between the words surroundings and environment.问题1选项A.gentleB.subtleC.feebleD.humble【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。gentle温和的，文雅的；subtle微妙的，精细的；feeble微弱的，无力的；humb

38、le谦逊的，简陋的。语境与话语环境之间有细微的区别。能与difference搭配的只有B项。故B项正确。12. 单选题Someone who is（ ） usually says the opposite of what they really mean in order to insult someone.问题1选项A.artisticB.fantasticC.sarcasticD.romantic【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。artistic“艺术的，风雅的”;fantastic“奇异的；不可思议的；极好的”; sarcastic“挖苦的；尖刻的”；romantic“浪漫的；多情的；空

39、想的”。句意：那些尖酸刻薄的人经常说反话来侮辱别人。由后半句says the opposite of what they really mean in order to insult someone可知此空填贬义词，并且只有C项符合所描述的对象的特征，故C项正确。13. 单选题Central cities always have been hospitable to entrepreneurs, because they provide easy （ ） to buyers and producers.问题1选项A.ambitB.accessC.appealD.approval【答案】B【解析

40、】考查名词辨析。ambit“范围，周围”；access“通道，机会”；appeal“呼吁，恳求，上诉”；approval“批准，认可”。句意：市中心是企业家的安乐窝，因为在那里可以很容易地有机会接触买家和生产者。provide access to提供通往的便捷途径。故B项正确。14. 单选题To write a summary effectively, you will need to （ ）words for phrases, phrases for sentences, and general entrances for lists of details.问题1选项A.convertB.c

41、omplementC.substituteD.constitute【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。convert转换,使转变；complement补足，补助；substitute代替；constitute组成，构成。substitute for 代替。句意：为了写好一篇摘要，你需要用单词替代短语，用短语替代句子，用主旨替代细节。故C项正确。15. 单选题（ ）she was living in London that she met her husband Terry.问题1选项A.Just whenB.During the time whenC.Soon afterD.It was whil

42、e【答案】D【解析】考查强调句型。强调句的结构为it is+被强调部分+that. 故D项正确。句意：她住在伦敦的时候遇见了她的丈夫Terry.16. 单选题Egyptian authorities are trying to prevent their historical monuments from succumbing to the ravages of time.问题1选项A.standing byB.counting onC.yielding toD.holding up【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。“historical monuments 历史遗迹”与the ravages

43、of time时间的摧残之间的关系是时间能摧残历史遗迹。句意：埃及政府正努力阻止历史遗迹（ ）时间的摧残。可推断出succumbing to是屈服的意思。stand by支持，袖手旁观；count on依赖，依靠；yield to屈服，让步；hold up举起，阻挡。故C项正确。17. 单选题The （ ） of gifted children into accelerated classes will start next week according to their academic performance.问题1选项A.segregationB.specificationC.spect

44、rumD.subscription【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。segregation “隔绝、分离 speficiation “规格、说明书”;spectrum “光谱、波段 ”；subscription “捐献、订 阅、定金、签署”。只有A项符合题意。句意：把那些有天赋的孩子们分离到加速班的举措将会在下周根据他们的学习成绩进行。18. 翻译题Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy, to clean water and economic growth, and as a result

45、it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use. This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives.

46、 To start with, it is important to remember that the nature of agriculture has changed markedly throughout history, and will continue to do so. Medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed, clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today. It h

47、ad minimal effect on biodiversity, and any pollution it caused was localized. In terms of energy use and the nutrients captured in the product, it was inefficient. Contrast this with fanning since the start of the industrial revolution. Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increas

48、e yields. Throughout this period food became cheaper, safe and more reliable. However, these changes have also led to habitat loss and to diminishing biodiversity. Whats more, demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so fast that meeting it will require an extra 300 million tons

49、 of grain a year by 2050. Yet the growth of cities and industry is reducing the amount of water available for agriculture in many regions. All this means that agriculture in the 213r century will have to be very different from how it was in the 20th.【答案】可持续发展几乎适用于从能源到清洁水和经济增长的所有领域，因此很难对其背后的基本假设或概念的使

50、用方式提出质疑。在农业方面尤其如此，在农业方面，可持续发展往往被视为进步的唯一衡量标准，而没有适当地从历史和文化角度加以评价。首先，重要的是要记住，农业的性质在历史上已经发生了显著的变化，并将继续发生变化。北欧的中世纪农业为主要的农村社会提供了食物、衣服和庇护，人口密度比今天低得多。它对生物多样性的影响微乎其微，而且它造成的任何污染都是局部的。就能量使用和产品中获取的营养而言，它是低效的。这与工业革命开始以来的扇风形成了鲜明对比。来自海外的竞争促使农民专业化并提高产量。在此期间，食物变得更便宜、更安全、更可靠。然而，这些变化也导致了栖息地的丧失和生物多样性的减少。此外，发展中国家对动物产品的需

51、求增长如此之快，以至于到2050年每年需要额外增加3亿吨谷物才能满足需求。然而，城市和工业的发展正在减少许多地区可供农业使用的水资源。所有这一切意味着，21世纪的农业将与20世纪大不相同。19. 单选题Between about 1910 and 1930, new artistic movements in European art were making themselves felt in the United States. American artists became acquainted with the new alt on their trips to Paris and a

52、t the exhibitions in the famous New York gallery b291t （named after its address on Fifth Avenue） of the photographer Mired Stieglitz. But most important in the spread of the modern movements in the United States was the sensational Armory Show of 1913 held in New York, in which the works of many of

53、the leading European artists were seen along with the works of a number of progressive American painters.Several of the American modernists who were influenced by the Armory Show found the urban Landscape, especially New York, an appealing subject. Compared with the works of the realist painters, th

54、e works of American modernists were much further removed from the actual appearance of the city; they were more interested in the “feel” of the city，more concerned with the meaning behind appearance. However, both the painters of the “Ash Can School”and the later realists were still tied to nineteen

55、th-century or earlier styles, while the early modernists shared in the international breakthroughs of the art of the twentieth century.The greatest of these breakthroughs was Cubism, developed most fully in France between 1907 and 1914, which brought about a major revolution in Western painting. It

56、overturned the rational tradition that had been built upon since the Renaissance, In Cubism, natural forms were broken down analytically into geometric shapes. No longer was a clear differentiation made between the figure and the background of a painting; the objects represented and the surface on w

57、hich they were painted became one. The Cubists abandoned the conventional single vantage point of the viewer, and objects depicted from multiple viewpoints were shown at the same time.1. With what topic is the passage primarily concerned?2. It can be inferred from the passage that European art trend

58、s probably affected United States art most during which of the following years?3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a means through which American artists learned about new movements?4. Why does the author mention Alfred Stieglitz?5. According to the author, which of the following was a fav

59、orite subject for American modernists?问题1选项A.The development of Cubism.B.Modern art movements in the United Sates.C.Contemporary artists in the United States.D.The influence of photography on landscape painters.问题2选项A.1901B.1908C.1913D.1936问题3选项A.Lessons from successful artists.B.The exhibitions at

60、the gallery “291”.C.Trips to Europe.D.The Armory Show of 1913.问题4选项A.To demonstrate that photography was the major influence in modern art.B.To compare him to other artists of the time.C.To point out that many artist learned their craft by studying with him.D.To give an example of someone who had an

61、 influence on modern art.问题5选项A.Portraits of famous people.B.Country scenes.C.Pictures of buildings interiors.D.City landscapes.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.本文第一句话就点明了“从1910年到1930年，欧洲艺术的新运动开始在美国产生影响。”本文主要讲述了现代艺术运动在美国的兴起到高潮，从纽约画廊的启发到立体派的重大突破，都是围绕美国的现代艺术运动而展开的，故本文的主题就是美国的现代艺术运动。故B项正确。.2主旨大意题。由第一

62、段“But most important in the spread of the modern movements in the United States was the sensational Armory Show of 1913 held in New York, in which the works of many of the leading European artists were seen along with the works of a number of progressive American painters. 但是，对美国现代运动的传播最重要的是1913年在纽约

63、举行的轰动一时的军械库展览，在这次展览中，许多欧洲著名艺术家的作品和一些进步的美国画家的作品一起展出。可知影响最大的是发生在1913年的军械库展览。故C项正确。3.推理判断题。由第一段American artists became acquainted with the new alt on their trips to Paris and at the exhibitions in the famous New York gallery b291t (named after its address on Fifth Avenue) of the photographer Mired Stieglitz. 美国艺术家在去巴黎的旅行中，在纽约著名的b291