2022年考博英语-扬州大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第2期

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1、2022年考博英语-扬州大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 翻译题Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)At its most fundamental level, a theory is a set of statements about natural phenomena that explains why these phenomena occur the way they do. In the

2、 sciences, theories are used in what Kuhn calls the job of “puzzle solving”. By this Kuhn means that scientists look at observable phenomena as puzzles or questions to be solved. Why does the earth revolve around the sun and not fly off into space? Why are humans bipedal but the other primates are k

3、nuckle-walkers? These are all questions about things that confront us everyday, and it is the job of scientists to account for them.In short, then, the first duty of a theory is to account for or explain observed phenomena. But a theory ought to do more than that. A theory also ought to make predict

4、ions about what would occur under specific conditions. Lets look at one familiar example.In the early part of the 19th century, scientists were already aware of the presence of microorganisms in the air and water, and they had an idea about the connection between the organisms and disease. However,

5、they had no idea of how they came into existence; indeed, belief in the spontaneous generation of these organisms was widespread. “Bad air” was thought to cause disease. Careful experimentation by Louis Pasteur and other scientists demonstrated that microbes, though carried by air, are not created b

6、y air. Living organisms come from other living organisms. These discoveries led to the development of the germ theory of disease, which proposed that disease was caused by microorganisms. The acceptance of this theory had obvious important applications in public health, such as the development of va

7、ccines, hygienic practices in surgery, and the pasteurization of milk. It not only could explain the presence and spread of disease, it could also predict, for example, that doctors who delivered babies without washing their hands after performing autopsies (尸体解剖) on patients who had died from child

8、birth fever would transmit the disease to new patients. Even more important, the same theory could be used to connect phenomena that on the surface appeared unrelated, such as the transmittal of disease, fermentation processes in wine and beer production.【答案】从最基本的层面来说，理论是一套关于自然现象的陈述，用来解释为什么这些现象会以这种方

9、式发生。在科学领域，理论被用于库恩所谓的“解谜”工作。库恩的意思是，科学家把可观察到的现象看作是谜题或待解决的问题。为什么地球绕着太阳转而不飞向太空？为什么人类是两足行走，而其他灵长类动物是用关节行走?这些是我们每天都要面对的问题，而解释这些问题是科学家的工作。那么，简而言之，理论的首要职责就是说明或解释所观察到的现象。但理论所做的应该不止这些。理论还应该预测在特定条件下会发生什么。让我们看一个熟悉的例子。早在19世纪初，科学家们就已经意识到空气和水中存在微生物，他们对微生物和疾病之间的联系有了一个想法。然而，他们不知道它们是如何形成的；事实上，人们普遍相信这些生物是自发产生的。“糟糕的空气”

10、被认为会导致疾病。路易斯巴斯德和其他科学家经过仔细的实验得出证明，微生物虽然通过空气传播，但不是由空气产生的。生物体来自于其他生物。这些发现导致了疾病的微生物理论的发展，该理论提出疾病是由微生物引起的。接受这一理论在公共卫生方面有明显的重要应用，如疫苗的研制、外科手术的卫生规范以及牛奶的巴氏杀菌。它不仅可以解释疾病的存在和传播，它还可以预测，例如，接生完之后未洗手的医生在对死于分娩发烧的病人进行尸检之后，会将疾病传染给新病人。更重要的是，同样的理论可以用来联系表面上不相关的现象，如疾病的传播，葡萄酒和啤酒生产中的发酵过程。2. 单选题The part of the environmental

11、movement that draws my firms attention is the design of cities, buildings and products. When we designed Americas first so-called “green” office building in New York two decades ago, we felt very（1）. But today, thousands of people come to green building conferences, and the（2）that buildings can be g

12、ood for people and the environment will be increasingly influential in years to（3）.Back in 1984 we discovered that most manufactured products for decoration werent designed for（4）use. The “energy-efficient” sealed commercial buildings constructed after the 1970s energy crisis（5）indoor air quality pr

13、oblems caused by materials such as paint, wall covering and carpet. So far 20 years, weve been focusing on these materials（6）to the molecules, looking for ways to make them（7）for people and the planet.Home builders can now use materials such as paints that release significantly（8）amounts of organic

14、compounds that dont（9）the quality of the air, water, or soil. Ultimately,（10）, our basic design strategy is focused not simply on being “less bad” but on creating（11）healthful materials that can be either safely returned to the soil（12）reused by industry again and again. As a matter of（13）, the worl

15、ds largest carpet manufacturer has already developed a carpet that is fully and safely（14）.Look at it this way: No one（15）out to create a building that destroys the planet. But our current industrial systems are（16）causing these conditions, whether we like it or not. So（17）of simply trying to reduce

16、 the damage, we are（18）a positive approach. Were giving people high-quality, healthful products and an opportunity to make choices that have a（19）effect on the world. Its not just the building industry, either.（20）cities are taking these environmentally positive approaches to design, planning and bu

17、ilding. Portland, Seattle and Boston have said they want to be green cities. Chicago wants to be the greenest city in the world.问题1选项A.aloneB.lonelyC.abandonedD.isolated问题2选项A.practiceB.ideaC.outlookD.scheme问题3选项A.goB.arriveC.comeD.continue问题4选项A.indoorB.indoorsC.inwardD.inwards问题5选项A.displayedB.exh

18、ibitedC.discoveredD.revealed问题6选项A.backB.nextC.downD.near问题7选项A.comfortableB.safeC.cautiousD.stable问题8选项A.reducedB.descendedC.revisedD.delayed问题9选项A.denyB.dissolveC.depressD.destroy问题10选项A.besidesB.anyhowC.howeverD.anyway问题11选项A.partiallyB.completelyC.exactlyD.superficially问题12选项A.orB.butC.andD.nor问

19、题13选项A.interestB.principleC.factD.course问题14选项A.reprocessedB.researchedC.reusedD.recyclable问题15选项A.startsB.looksC.pullsD.makes问题16选项A.basicallyB.traditionallyC.originallyD.inevitably问题17选项A.becauseB.insteadC.outD.regardless问题18选项A.adjustingB.adoptingC.admittingD.adapting问题19选项A.functionalB.preciousC

20、.beneficialD.sensible问题20选项A.EntireB.FullC.TotalD.Complete【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D第6题:C第7题:B第8题:A第9题:D第10题:C第11题:B第12题:A第13题:C第14题:D第15题:A第16题:D第17题:B第18题:B第19题:C第20题:A【解析】1.考查近义词辨析。A选项alone“孤独的，单干的”；B选项lonely“寂寞的，偏僻的”；C选项abandoned“被抛弃的”；D选项isolated“偏远的，”。根据上下文：20年前，我们在纽约设计了美国第一个所谓的“绿色”办公大楼，我们感

21、觉 。但是现在，成千上万的人加入到绿色建筑会议.。选项A符合语境。2.考查名词辨析。A选项practice“实践，练习”；B选项idea“想法，思想”；C选项outlook“展望，前景”；D选项scheme“计划，诡计”。分析句子结构可知，that在这里引导的是同位语从句做填空处所填词的同位语，由此可知，填空处填入的应该是抽象名词，选项B符合要求。3.考查固定搭配。years to come意为“在接下来的几年时间里”。选项C正确。4.考查固定搭配。indoor意为“室内的”；inward意为“向内的，内部的”。indoor use是固定用法，意为“室内使用”，所以选项A正确。5.考查近义词辨

22、析。A选项display“显示，陈列”；B选项exhibit“展览，显示”；C选项discover“发现”；D选项reveal“揭露，暴露”。根据句意：20世纪70年代能源危机后建造的“节能”密封商业建筑，由于油漆、墙面涂料和地毯等材料造成的室内空气质量问题。选项D揭露问题更恰当。6.考查动词辨析。A选项back to“回到”；B选项next to“紧挨着，旁边”；C选项down to“直到，下至”；D选项near to“靠近，接近”。根据句意可知，这里指我们所关注的上至材料下至分子，所以选项C正确。7.考查形容词辨析。A选项comfortable“舒适的”；B选项safe“安全的”；C选项c

23、autious“谨慎的”；D选项stable“稳定的”。根据原文可知，涉及到室内空气质量问题，当然是确保材料是安全可靠的，所以选项B正确。8.考查形容词辨析。A选项reduced“减少的”；B选项descended“下降的”；C选项revised“改进的”；D选项delayed“延时的”。根据句意可知，这里是指涂漆所释放的有机化合物的数量明显减少了，选项A正确。9.考查副词辨析。A选项deny“否定，拒绝”；B选项dissolve“溶解”；C选项depress“压抑，使沮丧”；D选项destroy“破坏，毁坏”。根据原文可知，现在的房屋建筑商所用的材料比如释放有机化合物数量明显减少的涂漆这些材

24、料不会 空气、水或土壤的质量。选项D符合语境。10.考查逻辑连接词。A选项besides“除了，此外”；B选项anyhow“总之，无论如何”；C选项however“不管怎样，然而”；D选项anyway“无论如何”。上文提及新的材料不会破坏空气等的质量，下一句说到我们的基本设计策略不仅仅是关注于“不那么糟糕”，前后形成了转折关系，所以选项C符合原文语境。11.考查副词辨析。A选项partially“部分地”；B选项completely “完全地”；C选项exactly“恰好，正是”；D选项superficially“表面地”。句意：然而最终我们的基本设计策略不仅仅是关注于“不那么糟糕”，而是创造

25、出完全安全的材料。选项B符合句意。12.考查固定搭配。根据前面的either可知，这里应该填入连词or，意为“要么要么”。原文句意：要么安全地返回到土壤，要么被工业重复利用。选项A正确。13.考查固定搭配。As a matter of fact意为“事实上”。所以选项C正确。14.考查形容词辨析。A选项reprocessed“再加工的”；B选项researched“研究调查过的”；C选项reused“再生的”；D选项recyclable“可再循环的”。上文提到完全健康的材料要么安全地返回到土壤，要么被工业重复利用，也就是说这种材料是可以回收再循环利用的，所以选项D符合原文。15.考查固定搭配。

26、start out to意为“开始，计划”。所以选项A正确。16.考查副词辨析。A选项basically“主要地，基本上”；B选项traditionally“传统上，习惯上”；C选项originally“最初，起初”；D选项inevitably“必可避免地，必然地”。根据but可知前后构成转折，这里应该是说现在的工业体系不可避免地导致了这些情况。选项D符合语境。17.考查上下文语义。根据句意：因此，我们 简单地试图减少损失，而是采取积极的方式。所以应该用instead of“不是而是.”符合语境，选项B正确。18.考查动词辨析。A选项adjust“调整”；B选项adopt“采取”；C选项adm

27、it“承认”；D选项adapt“适应”。根据句意可知，这里是采取积极的措施，选项B正确。19.考查形容词辨析。A选项functional“功能的”；B选项precious“珍贵的”；C选项beneficial“有益的”；D选项sensible“明智的”。根据前面的句意可知，我们提供给人们的是高质量、健康的产品，那这里所做出的选择当然是对社会产生有益的影响，所以选项C正确。20.考查语法结构。A选项Entire“全部的，整个的”，强调没有失去、减少或损坏的事物；B选项Full“完整的”，强调内容充实；C选项Total“总的，彻底的”，强调总量；D选项Complete“完整的，完全的”，强调完整性

28、。这里是指整个城市，选项A最为恰当。3. 单选题He is totally（ ）to other peoples attitudes.问题1选项A.concernedB.carelessC.indifferentD.cold【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项concerned“有关的；关心的”；B选项careless“粗心的；无忧无虑的”；C选项indifferent“冷淡的；不关心的” D选项cold“冷淡的，不热情的”。句意：他对别人的态度漠不关心。be indifferent to是固定搭配，表示 “对漠不关心”，因此C项正确。4. 单选题When department store

29、s have an oversupply of goods, they frequently（ ）prices to encourage sales.问题1选项A.concealB.reviewC.damageD.reduce【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项conceal“隐藏；隐瞒”；B选项review“回顾；检查；复审”；C选项damage“损害，毁坏” D选项reduce“ 减少；降低”。句意：当百货公司的商品供过于求时，他们经常降价以促进销量。空格处动词的宾语是“价格”，根据后面的“以促进销量”可知D项符合句意。5. 单选题One of the major pleasures（1

30、）life is appetite, and one of our major duties should be to（2）it. Appetite is the（3）of living: it is one of the（4）that tells you that you are still curious to exist, that you still have an edge on your longings and want to bite into the world and taste its multitudinous（5）and juices.（6）appetite, of

31、course, I dont mean just the desire for food, but any condition of（7）desire, any burning in the blood that proves you want more than youve got, and that you havent yet（8）your life. Wilde said he felt sorry for those who never got their hearts desire, but sorrier（9）for those who did. I got mine once

32、only, and it nearly killed me, and Ive always preferred wanting（10）since.For appetite, for me, is this state of wanting, which keeps ones（11）alive. I remember learning this lesson long ago as a child, when treats and orgies were（12）, and when I discovered that the（13）pitch of happiness was not in ac

33、tually eating a toffee, but in（14）it beforehand. True, the first bite was delicious, （15）once the toffee was gone one was left with nothing, neither toffee nor lust.So, for me, one of the keenest（16）of appetite remains in the wanting, not the satisfaction. In this condition, of course, I know that t

34、he object of desire is always at its most flawlessly（17）, which is why I would carry the preservation of appetite（18）of deliberate fasting, simply because I think that appetite is（19）to lose, too precious to be bludgeoned（20）insensibility by satiation and over-doing it.问题1选项A.forB.toC.inD.with问题2选项A

35、.preserveB.deserveC.reserveD.serve问题3选项A.wantingB.interestC.keennessD.wishes问题4选项A.touchesB.hopesC.sensesD.expectations问题5选项A.dishesB.mealsC.smellsD.flavors问题6选项A.ByB.WithC.ThroughD.Of问题7选项A.dissatisfiedB.unsatisfiedC.dissatisfyingD.unsatisfying问题8选项A.used upB.used allC.used overD.finished问题9选项A.mor

36、eB.the sameC.evenD.still问题10选项A.to havingB.than havingC.instead of havingD.but not having问题11选项A.wantingB.desiringC.curiosityD.expectation问题12选项A.popularB.manyC.fewD.a few问题13选项A.biggestB.greatestC.mostD.largest问题14选项A.tastingB.imaginingC.bitingD.gazing at问题15选项A.butB.howeverC.andD.for问题16选项A.happin

37、essB.delightsC.pleasuresD.well-being问题17选项A.goodB.bestC.perfectD.most问题18选项A.at a degreeB.to an extentC.to some extentD.to the extent问题19选项A.too goodB.so goodC.too hardD.too easy问题20选项A.forB.intoC.inD.to【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:D第6题:A第7题:B第8题:A第9题:D第10题:A第11题:D第12题:C第13题:B第14题:D第15题:A第16题:C第17题:C

38、第18题:D第19题:A第20题:B【解析】第1题:1.考查介词辨析。这里表示“渴望乃生活之一大乐事”，因此选介词in。2.考查动词辨析。A选项preserve“保存；保护；维持”；B选项deserve“应受，应得”；C选项reserve“ 预订” D选项serve“招待，供应”。句意：而心怀渴望则成为一项重要的任务。这里表示 “我们的主要职责之一就是保护好它”，因此A项符合句意。3.考查名词辨析。A选项wanting“缺少的；缺乏的”；B选项interest“兴趣，爱好”；C选项keenness“ 敏锐；锐利” D选项wishes“希望；祝福”。B选项放在空格处比较合适，表示 “渴望意味着对

39、生活充满热情”。因此B项正确。4.考查名词辨析。A选项touches“绝技”；B选项hopes“希望”；C选项senses“感觉；意义” D选项expectations“期望；预期”。句意：这种表明你依然希冀生活。根据句意可知C项正确。5.考查名词辨析。A选项dishes“菜肴”；B选项meals“膳食”；C选项smells“气味” D选项flavors“滋味”。D项放在这里比较合适，taste its multitudinous flavors and juices表示 “历尽世间百味百态”。句意：这种感觉表明你依然希冀生活，热衷梦想，向往探索世界，历尽世间百味百态。因此D项正确。6.考查介

40、词辨析。这里用介词by比较合适，By appetite表示 “说到欲望/渴望”。句意：欲者，并非专指食欲，而乃渴望而不及之状态。7.考查形容词辨析。A选项dissatisfied “不满意的；不高兴的”；B选项unsatisfied“未得到满足的”；C选项dissatisfying“使不满，使失望（dissatisfy 的现在分词）”； D选项unsatisfying“无法令人满足的”。句意：当然，我所说的“渴望”不单指对食物的欲望，而指所有欲求未满的状态。因此B项正确。8.考查短语辨析。A选项use up“用完，耗尽”；B选项use all 无此搭配；C选项use over 无此搭配； D选

41、项finish“完成；结束”。句意：这炽热的激情证明你希望收获更多，你的生命力并未耗尽。因此A项符合句意。9.语义题。Still修饰形容词比较级，表示 “更加；.得多”。句意：王尔德曾说过，对未能梦想成真者，他深表惋惜；而对心愿已遂者，他则倍感遗憾。因此D项正确。10.考查固定搭配。prefer doing to doing表示 “更喜欢，不喜欢”。句意：我梦想成真过一次，这几乎要了我的命，从那以后，比起拥有，我更喜欢向往的状态。因此A项正确。11.考查名词辨析。A选项wanting（want 的现在分词）“想要；需要”；B选项desiring“渴望（desire 的现在分词）”；C选项cur

42、iosity“ 好奇” D选项expectation“期待；预期；指望”。句意：对我来说，渴望就是这种想往的状态，它使希望永存。因此D项正确。12.语义题。句意：我记得懂得这一点是在很久以前，还是个孩子的时候，那时有人款待和纵酒享乐的机会几乎没有。按上下文逻辑理解，这里表示 “有人款待和纵酒享乐的机会”在孩提时应是“几乎没有”的，因此C项正确。13.考查形容词最高级。句意：而我发觉最大的幸福不在于吃太妃糖，而在于吃前凝视它的那一段时间。这里表示 “最大程度的幸福”，因此用great的最高级greatest。因此B项正确。14.考查动词辨析。选项均为对应动词的动名词形式。A选项taste“品尝”

43、；B选imagine“想象；猜想”；C选项bite“咬；刺痛”； D选项gaze at“盯住；凝视”。句意：而在于吃前凝视它的那一段时间。因此D项正确。15.考查连词辨析。句意：诚然，咬第一口时味道不错，但一旦太妃糖吃完了，一切皆化为乌有，无论是太妃糖还是欲望全都没了。空格前后是转折关系，故选A。16.考查名词辨析。A选项happiness“幸福”；B选项delights“高兴”；C选项pleasures“愉快；乐事”； D选项well-being“幸福；康乐”。句意：所以对我而言，欲望的最大乐趣之一在于对之渴求，而非满足感。因此C项正确。17.考查形容词辨析。A选项good“好的；优良的”；

44、B选项best“最好的”；C选项perfect“ 完美的；最好的”； D选项most“多数的；最多的”。句意：在这些情况下，我当然知道渴望的目的通常在于其无瑕疵的完美。因此C项正确。18.考查短语辨析。A选项at a degree“在一定程度上”；B选项to an extent“在一定程度上”；C选项to some extent“ 在某种程度上”； D选项to the extent“到程度”。句意：这就是为什么我会刻意禁食来保持食欲。因此D项正确。19.考查固定搭配。句意：仅仅是因为我认为胃口太好了，不能失去，太珍贵了，不能因为饱足和过度进食而变得麻木。Tooto表示 “太而不能”，A项符合句

45、意。20.考查固定搭配。be bludgeoned into在这里表示 “变得，成为状态”。句意：太珍贵了，不能因为饱足和过度进食而变得麻木。因此B项正确。第2题:第3题:第4题:第5题:第6题:第7题:第8题:第9题:第10题:第11题:第12题:第13题:第14题:第15题:第16题:第17题:第18题:第19题:第20题:6. 单选题We offer a wide variety of services to fit your request,（ ）web design, graphic design, web development, or anything else.问题1选项A.w

46、hether they beB.whether it beC.would they beD.would it be【答案】B【解析】考查语法结构。句意：我们提供各种各样的服务，以满足您的要求，无论是网页设计，图形设计，网页开发，或任何其他。根据句意可知，这里表示的是“无论.”，可首先排除选项C和选项D；其次，原句中并列的几个选择性词组都是单数形式，所以这里的代词也应该使用单数，选项B为正确答案。7. 写作题Directions: Write a composition of about 250 words to express your own opinions on the followin

47、g topic:How to Protect Intellectual Property Rights in Doing Academic ResearchNotes: In the first part of your writing, you should state clearly the thesis statement (i.e. your main argument), and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you shou

48、ld bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.【答案】略8. 单选题Practicing mindfulness and meditation is becoming increasingly popular

49、among lawyers in order to（ ） so much of the stress that goes along with a career as an attorney.问题1选项A.aggravateB.alleviateC.deteriorateD.diminish【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项aggravate“加重，激怒”；B选项alleviate“减轻，缓和”；C选项deteriorate“恶化，变坏”；D选项diminish“减少，缩小”。句意：练习专注和冥想受到了越来越多的律师欢迎，他们以此来减轻伴随律师这个职业的诸多压力。选项B符合句意。9. 单选

50、题The past ages of man have all been carefully labeled by anthropologists. Descriptions like Paleolithic Man, Neolithic Man, etc., neatly sum up whole periods. When the time comes for anthropologists to turn their attention to the twentieth century, they will surely choose the label Legless Man. Hist

51、ories of the time will go something like this: in the twentieth century, people forgot how to use their legs. Men and women moved about in cars, buses and trains from a very early age. There were lifts and escalators in all large buildings to prevent people from walking. This situation was forced up

52、on earth dwellers of that time because of miles each day. But the surprising thing is that they didnt use their legs even when they went on holiday. They built cable railways, ski-lifts and roads to the top of every huge mountain. All the beauty spots on earth were marred by the presence of large ca

53、r parks.The future history books might also record that we were deprived of the use of our eyes. In our hurry to get from one place to another, we failed to see anything on the way. Air travel gives you a birds-eye view of the world or even less if the wing of the aircraft happens to get in your way

54、. When you travel by car or train a blurred image of the countryside constantly smears the windows. Car drivers, in particular, are forever obsessed with the urge to go on and on: they never want to stop. Is it the lure of the great motorways, or what? And as for sea travel, it hardly deserves menti

55、on. H is perfectly summed up in the words of the old song: I joined the navy to see the world, and what did I see? 1 saw the sea. The typical twentieth-century traveler is the man who always says Ive been there. You mention the remotest, most evocative place-names in the world like El Dorado, Kabul,

56、 Irkutsk and someone is bound to say Ive been there meaning, I drove through it at 100 miles an hour on the way to somewhere else.When you travel at high speeds, the present means nothing: you live mainly in the future because you spend most of your time looking forward to arriving at some other pla

57、ce. But actual arrival, when it is achieved, is meaningless. You want to move on again. By traveling like this, you suspend all experience; the present ceases to be a reality: you might just as well be dead. The traveler on foot, on the other hand, lives constantly in the present. For him traveling

58、and arriving are one and the same thing: he arrives somewhere with every step he makes. He experiences the present moment with his eyes, his ears and the whole of his body. At the end of his journey he feels a delicious physical weariness. He knows that sound. Satisfying sleep will be his: the just

59、reward of all true travelers.1. Anthropologists label nowadays men Legless because（ ）.2.Traveling at high speed means（ ）.3. Why does the author say we are deprived of the use of our eyes?4.What is the purpose of the author in writing this passage?5.What does a birds-eye view mean?问题1选项A.people forge

60、t how to use his legs.B.people prefer cars, buses and trains.C.lifts and escalators prevent people from walking.D.there are a lot of transportation devices.问题2选项A.peoples focus on the future.B.a pleasure.C.satisfying drivers great thrill.D.a necessity of life.问题3选项A.People wont use their eyes.B.In t

61、raveling at high speed, eyes become useless.C.People cant see anything on his way of travel.D.People want to sleep during traveling.问题4选项A.Legs become weaker.B.Modern means of transportation make the world a small place.C.There is no need to use eyes.D.The best way to travel is on foot.问题5选项A.See view with birds eyes.B.A bird looks at a beautiful view.C.It is a genera