2022年考博英语-山西大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第84期

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1、2022年考博英语-山西大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题We spent an hour（ ）with the crowds as we did our shopping.问题1选项A.purlingB.cobblingC.jostlingD.tapping【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项purling“用反针编织；用金银丝绣”；B选项cobbling“修，拙劣地修补；草率地拼凑，粗制滥造；铺鹅卵石，用圆石铺面”；C选项jostling“推搡，推挤；争夺”；D选项tapping“轻敲，打拍子，窃听”。句意：在购物时我们一个小时（ ）在人群中。jostling“推

2、搡”和the crowds搭配，符合购物时拥挤的生活场景。因此C选项正确。2. 单选题We all have offensive breath at one time or another. In most cases, offensive breath emanates from bacteria in the mouth, although there are other, more surprising causes.Until a few years ago, the most doctors could do was to counsel patients with bad brea

3、th about oral cleanliness. Now they are finding new ways to treat the usually curable condition.Bad breath can happen whenever the normal flow of saliva slows. Our mouths are full of bacteria feeding on protein in bits of food and shed tissue. The bacteria emit smelling gases, the worst of which is

4、hydrogen sulfide.Mouth bacteria thrive in airless conditions. Oxygen-rich saliva keeps their numbers down. When we sleep, for example, the saliva stream slows, and sulfide producing bacteria gains the upper hand, producing classic “morning breath”.Alcohol, hunger, too much talking, breathing through

5、 the mouth during exerciseanything that dries the mouth produces bad breath. So can stress, though its not understood why. Some peoples breath turns sour every time they go on a job interview.Saliva flow gradually slows with age, which explains why the elderly have more bad breath trouble than young

6、er people do. Babies, however, who make plenty of saliva and whose mouths contain relatively few bacteria have characteristically sweet breath.For most of us, file simple, dry-mouth variety of bad breath is easily cured. Eating or drinking starts saliva and sweeps away many of the bacteria. Breakfas

7、t often stops morning breath. Those with chronic dry mouth find that it helps to keep gum, hard candy, or a bottle of water or juice around. Brushing the teeth wipes out dry-mouth bad breath because it clears away many of the offending bacteria.Surprisingly, one thing that rarely works is mouthwash.

8、 The liquid can mask bad-breath odor with its own smell, but the effect lasts no more than an hour. Some mouthwashes claim to kill the bacteria responsible for bad breath. The trouble is they dont necessarily reach all offending germs. Most bacteria are well protected from mouthwash under thick laye

9、rs of mucus. If the mouthwash contains alcoholas most doit can intensify the problem by drying out the mouth.1.The underlined phrase “emanate from” in (Sent. 2, Para. 1) most probably means “（ ）”.2.Which of the following is mentioned as one of the causes of bad breath?3.According to the passage, alc

10、ohol has something to do with bad breath mainly because（ ）.4.Mouthwashes are not an effective cure for bad breath mainly because（ ）.5.We can infer from this passage that（ ）.问题1选项A.thrive onB.account forC.originate fromD.descend from问题2选项A.Tooth trouble.B.Sulfur-rich food.C.Too much exercise.D.Mental

11、 strain.问题3选项A.it keeps offending bacteria from reproducingB.its smell adds to bad breathC.it kills some helpfulD.it affects the normal flow of saliva问题4选项A.they cant mask the bad odor long enoughB.they cant get to all the offending bacteriaC.their strong smell mixes with bad breath and makes it wor

12、seD.they cant cover the thick layers of mucus问题5选项A.offensive breath cant easily be curedB.elderly people are less offended by bad breathC.heavy drinkers are less affected by bad breathD.offensive breath is less affected by alcohol【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.词义推测题。根据第一段第二句offensive breath ema

13、nates from bacteria in the mouth（口臭来自口腔中的细菌），可知C选项“源自”符合题意，故C选项正确。A选项“靠，以”，B选项“对负有责任；对做出解释；（比例）占有”，以及D选项“传下来”意思不符合。因此C选项正确。2.语义推测题。根据第五段第一、二句anything that dries the mouth produces bad breath. So can stress, though its not understood why（任何使口腔干燥的东西都会产生口臭。压力也是如此，尽管不知道为什么），可知精神紧张导致口臭，故D选项“精神紧张”正确。A选项“牙

14、齿问题”：根据第二段第一句，医生最多能建议有口臭的病人保持口腔清洁，可知口臭与口腔清洁有关，没有提到和牙齿问题有关。B选项“高硫的食物”：根据第三段第二、三句，细菌以食物中的蛋白质为食，并排放硫化物这种口臭中最难闻的气体，可知并不是高硫食物导致口臭。C选项“运动过度”：根据第五段第一句，运动时用嘴呼吸产生口臭，可知不是运动过多导致口臭。因此D选项正确。3.语义推测题。根据第三段第一句Bad breath can happen whenever the normal flow of saliva slows（只要唾液的正常流速放缓，就会有口臭）和第五段第一句Alcoholanything tha

15、t dries the mouth produces bad breath（酒精任何使口腔干燥的东西都会产生口臭），酒精引发口臭，而口臭的原因就是唾液流速低于正常速度，可推断酒精影响唾液正常流动，故D选项“它影响唾液正常流动”正确。A选项“它能阻止致病细菌繁殖”：文章中没有提到任何方法阻止细菌繁殖，只有通过刷牙等清除细菌的方法。B选项“其气味加剧口臭”：根据第八段第二句，含有酒精的漱口水通过气味掩盖口臭，没有提到其气味加剧口臭。C选项“它能有效杀死细菌”：根据第八段第三、四句，漱口水可以杀死部分细菌，但不能杀死所有致病细菌，可知漱口水不能有效杀死细菌。因此D选项正确。4.语义推测题。根据第八段

16、第四句The trouble is they dont necessarily reach all offending germs（问题是它们不一定能接触到所有致病的细菌），the trouble交代这是漱口水不能有效治疗口臭的主要原因，故B选项“它们无法接触到所有致病细菌”正确。A选项“它们无法长时间掩盖难闻气味”：无法长时间掩盖气味是漱口水不能有效治疗口臭的表现。C选项“它们浓烈的气味和口臭味道混合后加剧口臭”：根据第八段最后一句如果漱口水中含有酒精大多数都含有会加剧问题，可知漱口水含有酒精并且加剧口臭。D选项“它们不能覆盖厚厚的黏液层”：根据第八段倒数第二句，大多数细菌在厚层黏液中，漱口

17、水不能杀死它们，没有说到为什么不能和漱口水能不能到达厚层黏液。因此B选项正确。5.细节判断题。根据第二段Until a few years ago, the most doctors could do was to counsel patients with bad breath about oral cleanliness. Now they are finding new ways to treat the usually curable condition.（直到几年前，医生能做的最多的就是建议有口臭的病人保持口腔清洁。现在他们正在寻找新的方法来治疗这种通常可以治愈的疾病），对于治愈口臭

18、，前几年医生能做的有限，而且现在还在寻找方法治愈口臭，可见口臭不容易治愈，故A选项“口臭不容易治愈”正确。B选项“老年人口臭较少”：根据第六段第一句老年人比年轻人更多有口臭问题，可知老年人口臭问题更多。C选项“酗酒者较少受到口臭的影响”和D选项“口臭受酒精影响较小”：根据第五段第一句酒精任何使口腔干燥的东西都会产生口臭，可知酒精加剧口臭问题并且影响不小。因此A选项正确。3. 单选题The second definition, though accurate, is equally as（ ）and useless as the first one, from a practical point

19、 of view.问题1选项A.penitentB.constitutedC.repellentD.pedantic【答案】D【解析】考查词义辨析。A选项penitent“后悔的，愧疚的”；B选项constituted“组成；建立”；C选项repellent“令人厌恶的；防的”；D选项pedantic“迂腐的，学究气的”。句意：第二个定义虽然准确，但从实用性看，也和第一个定义一样（ ），毫不实用。definition不至于repellent“令人厌恶的”，但是有可能pedantic“学究气的”，这里可以翻译成纸上谈兵的，符合生活实际。因此D选项正确。4. 单选题With a wide vari

20、ety of fresh fruit（ ）available, canned fruit is no longer so popular as before.问题1选项A.personallyB.readilyC.rarelyD.properly【答案】B【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项personally“亲自地；当面；个别”；B选项readily“容易地；乐意地”；C选项rarely“很少地”；D选项properly“恰当地”。句意：随着各种各样的新鲜水果可（ ）获得，罐头水果不再像以前那样受欢迎。根据语境，因为新鲜水果容易购买，于是水果罐头不那么受欢迎了，readily“容易地”符合题意。因

21、此B选项正确。5. 单选题A new era is upon us. Call it what you will: the service economy, the information age, the knowledge society. It has changed the way we work. Already were partly there. The percentage of people who earn their living by making things has fallen dramatically in the Western World. Today th

22、e majority of jobs in America, Europe and Japan (two thirds or more in many of these countries) are in the service industry, and the number is on the rise. More women are in the work force than ever before. There are more part-time jobs. More people are self-employed. But the breadth of the economic

23、 transformation cant be measured by numbers alone, because it also is giving rise to a basic new way of thinking about the nature of work itself. Long-held concepts about jobs and careers, the skills needed to succeed, even the relation between individuals and employers all these are being challenge

24、d.We have only to look behind us to get some sense of what may lie ahead. No one looking ahead 20 years possibly could have foreseen the ways in which a single invention, the chip, would transform our world thanks to its applications in personal computers, digital communications and factory robots.

25、Tomorrows achievements in biotechnology, artificial intelligence or even some still unimagined technology could produce a similar wave of dramatic changes. But one thing is certain: information and knowledge will become even more important, and the people who possess it, whether they work in manufac

26、turing or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth. Computer knowledge will become as basic a requirement as the ability to read and write. The ability to solve problems by applying information instead of performing routine tasks will be valued above all else. If you cast your mind a

27、head 10 years, information services will be predominant. It will be the way you do your job.1.A characteristic of the information age is that（ ）.2.One of the great changes brought about by the knowledge society is that（ ）.3.By referring to computers and other inventions, the author means that（ ）.4.T

28、he future will probably belong to those who（ ）.5.Which of the following would be the best title of the passage?问题1选项A.the service industry is relying more and more on the female work forceB.manufacturing industries are steadily increasingC.people find it harder and harder to earn a living by working

29、 in factoriesD.most of the job opportunities can now be found in the service industry问题2选项A.the difference between the employee and the employer has become insignificantB.peoples traditional concepts about work no longer hold trueC.most people have to take part-time jobsD.people have to change their

30、 jobs from time to time问题3选项A.people should be able to respond quickly to the advancement of technologyB.future achievements in technology will bring about unbelievable changesC.the importance of high technology has been overlookedD.computer science will play a leading role in the future information

31、 service问题4选项A.possess and know how to make use of informationB.give full play to their brain potential are involved in the service industriesC.involve themselves in the service industriesD.cast their mind ahead instead of looking back问题5选项A.Computers and the knowledge societyB.Service Industries in

32、 the Modern SocietyC.Features and meanings of the New EraD.Rapid Advancement of Information Technology【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.细节推断题。根据第一段第六句Today the majority of jobs in America, Europe and Japan (two thirds or more in many of these countries) are in the service industry, and the number i

33、s on the rise.（如今，美国、欧洲和日本的大部分工作（其中许多国家三分之二或更多）都在服务行业，而且这一数字还在上升。），可知服务行业提供大部分工作机会，故D选项“服务行业提供大部分工作机会”正确。A选项“服务业越来越依赖女性劳动力”：根据第一段倒数第二句，越来越多女性参加工作，但不等于服务业越来越依赖女性。B选项“制造业稳步增长”和C选项“人们发现在工厂工作越来越难以谋生”：根据第一段第五句，制造产品的人比例急剧下降，没有提到制造业薪水问题。因此D选项正确。2.语义推测题。根据第一段第十句it also is giving rise to a basic new way of t

34、hinking about the nature of work itself（它也形成一个基本的新的思考工作本身的性质的方式。）和最后一句Long-held concepts about jobs and careersall these are being challenged（长期以来人们对工作和职业的观念所有这些都受到了挑战），可见人们对工作和职业的思考方式完全转变成另一种新的，故B选项“人们关于工作的传统观念不再成立”正确。A选项“雇员和雇主之间的差异已经变得微不足道”：根据第一段最后一句，雇员和雇主之间的关系受到挑战，没有提到差异微不足道。C选项“大多数人不得不做兼职工作”：根据第

35、一段最后一句，兼职工作更多，不等于大多数人不得不做兼职工作。D选项“人们不得不时不时地换工作”：文章没有提到。因此B选项正确。3.综合归纳题。第二段第一句We have only to look behind us to get some sense of what may lie ahead（我们只要回顾过去，就能对未来有所了解）和最后一句It will be the way you do your job（这将是你工作的方式），可知作者通过举计算机和其他发明的例子让读者知道未来技术的发展方向和对工作的影响，旨在表达要对技术的进步做出相应的反应，故A选项“人们应该能够对技术的进步做出迅速反应

36、”正确。其余选项虽然作者有提到，但是不是核心意思。因此A选项正确。4.综合归纳题。在第二段中，作者提到We have only to look behind us to get some sense of what may lie aheadlooking ahead 20 yearscast your mind ahead 10 years（我们只要回顾过去，就能对未来有所了解展望未来20年以10年后的角度思考），可见作者反复强调现在就要把目光放在未来，故D选项“思考未来，而非看向过去”正确。A选项“掌握并懂得如何利用信息”：运用信息解决问题的能力是一方面，不是核心。B选项“充分发挥大脑潜能

37、的人都从事服务业”和C选项“投身服务业”：服务业在近年来发展迅速，但文章没有重点讲在未来如何。因此D选项正确。5.主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句A new era is upon us （一个新的时代正向我们走来）和后文强调随着时代发展人们社会生活的变化，可知本文主要讲新时代的特征和意义，故C选项“新时代的特征和意义”正确。A选项“计算机与知识社会”，B选项“现代社会的服务业”和D选项“信息技术的快速发展”都不能完整概括文章主旨。因此C选项正确。6. 单选题The ability to focus attention on important things is a（ ）characterist

38、ic of intelligence.问题1选项A.decliningB.definingC.deceivingD.defending【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项declining“下滑的；衰退的；倾斜的”；B选项defining“最典型的；起决定性作用的”；C选项deceiving“欺骗性的”；D选项defending“防守型的”。句意：把注意力集中在重要事情上的能力是智慧的一个（ ）特征。根据语境，defining“最典型的”和intelligence“智慧”搭配比较合理。因此B选项正确。7. 单选题Do you find yourself checking Facebook

39、as soon as you wake up in the morning? Even as you read this article, is your right index finger twitching on the mouse, just itching to click on something new? If so, welcome to the 21st century. Without even realizing it, weve signed up for a life in which were all connected, all the time. Whether

40、 or not this is a good thing is the subject of Hamlets Blackberry, a new book by William Powers.Early in the book, Powers describes a scene that should strike many as familiar: He is standing at a crosswalk in the middle of Manhattan, alongside five or eight other peopleall of whom are staring inten

41、tly at some digital device. “Here I was in New York, the most fantastic city in the worldso much to look at, to see and hear, and everybody around me essentially wasnt present,” he says.Powers may question the way we use our gadgets, but he certainly doesnt condemn it. He does, however, recognize th

42、e downside of constantly being flooded with new information or what he calls the “conundrum of connectedness.”Among the things that suffer from our over connectedness, Powers says, are relationships. “If were constantly toggling between people on Facebook and texts and all these new ways of connecti

43、ng all day long, and we never have a sustained connection,” Powers says. “Its sort of the opposite of connectedness.”But how are we of the 21st century supposed to cope with that problem? Powers has one suggestion thats both utterly simple and almost impossible to imagine following: just disconnect.

44、 His family, for example, takes an “Internet Sabbath” every weekend. “We turn off the household modem, and we dont have smart phones the whole weekend. We cant do Web surfing.” he explains.According to Powers, the positive effects of these technology breaks are felt long after the weekends are over.

45、 “Even when were connected, we can feel the benefits of having been disconnected a couple days ago,” he says. “Its just about that simple word, balance”.Not that he thinks up plugging your modem is necessarily easy. “Its really hard to pull away. You have to know why youre doing it, and really belie

46、ve” he says. “What Im about here is trying to convince people that its worth doing.”1.What William Powers describes in Paragraph 2（ ）.2.The word “downside” (Para. 3) is closest in meaning to “（ ）”.3.“Internet Sabbath” means that on this day the authors family（ ）.4.The author thinks that the “Interne

47、t Sabbath”（ ）.5.The passage is most likely a（ ）.问题1选项A.makes little difference to our lifeB.is a common phenomenonC.rarely happens in other placesD.is what he has been looking for问题2选项A.confusionB.disadvantageC.challengeD.secret问题3选项A.uses the Internet to call and textB.uses the Internet only for pl

48、easureC.completely stops using the InternetD.cannot work without the Internet问题4选项A.is really worth takingB.is suitable for most familyC.is too hard for others to followD.is relatively easy to carry out问题5选项A.social surveyB.news reportC.technology updateD.book review【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】

49、1.推理判断题。文章第二段主要描述了William Powers在纽约所见到的一个场景。由语段第一句“Powers describes a scene that should strike many as familiar（鲍尔斯描述了一个很多人都很熟悉的场景）”可知该现象在日常生活中很常见，A选项在该语段中没有提到，C选项“在其他地方很少发生”与第一句“strike many as familiar（很多人都很熟悉的场景）”不相符，D选项“是他一直在寻找的”与该语段的意思不相符，因此B选项“是一种常见现象”正确。2.词意猜测题。Downside“负面，缺点”，如果不认识该单词，也可从第三段最

50、后一句话中的“conundrum of connectedness.（连结性难题）”推断出鲍尔斯意识到了不断被新信息淹没的负面影响。A选项confusion“混淆，困惑”；C选项challenge“挑战，考验”；D选项secret“秘密，机密”，因此B选项“缺点，不利条件”正确。3.事实细节题。根据第五段中的“We turn off the household modem, and we dont have smart phones the whole weekend. We cant do Web surfing.” he explains.（“我们关掉家用调制解调器，整个周末都没有智能手机

51、。我们不能上网。”他解释道。）可知“Internet Sabbath”表示作者全家这天都不能上网，A选项“使用互联网打电话和发短信”不正确；B选项“上网娱乐”不符合原文；D选项“没有互联网而不能工作”原文也没有提到，因此C选项“完全停止使用互联网”正确。4.推理判断题。文章最后一段有提到“Not that he thinks up plugging your modem is necessarily easy（并不是说他认为关闭调制解调器一定很容易）”，可知 “Internet Sabbath”并不容易；最后一段作者还说到“What Im about here is trying to con

52、vince people that its worth doing.（我在这里的目的是试图说服人们，这是值得做的）”。B选项“适合大多数家庭”原文没有提到；C选项“对其他人来说很难跟着做”不符合原文意思；D选项“相对容易执行”与原文意思相悖；因此A选项“真的值得一试”正确。5.主旨大意题。文章围绕威廉鲍尔斯（William Powers）的新书哈姆雷特的黑莓（Hamlets Blackberry）展开。作者从第二段“Early in the book” 开始就是描述的该书的内容。因此这篇文章是一篇书评。A选项“社会调查”；B选项“新闻报道”；C选项“技术更新”，都不符合文章大意，因此D选项正确

53、。8. 单选题Gratitude is defined as the art of showing（ ）for every kindness, great and small.问题1选项A.motivationB.appreciationC.affectionD.opposition【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项motivation的意思是“动机”；B选项appreciation的意思是“感激，欣赏”；C选项affection的意思是“喜爱，爱慕”；D选项opposition的意思是“反对，敌对”。题干的意思是“感恩就是一种对大大小小的善意表达（ ）的艺术。”根据首单词Gratitud

54、e（感谢；感激）我们可知空格处应填与该单词联系度最高的单词，因此B选项正确。9. 单选题As a motivational speaker, Caroline Miller knows a few things about using mental exercises to achieve goals. But last year, one exercise she was asked to try took her by surprise. Every night, she was to think of three good things that happened that day an

55、d analyze why they occurred. That was supposed to increase her overall happiness. “I thought it was too simple to be effective”, said Miller. “I went to Harvard. Im used to things being complicated.” But, the quality of her dreams did change and she did feel happier.That exercise is one of several t

56、hat have shown preliminary promise in recent research into how people can make themselves happiernot just for a day or two, but long-term. Its part of a larger body of work that challenges a long-standing skepticism about whether thats even possible.For decades, a widely accepted view has been that

57、people are suck with a basic setting on their happiness thermostat. It says the effects of good or bad life events like marriage, a raise, divorce, or disability will simply fade with time. We adapt to them just like we stop noticing bad odor from behind the living room couch after a while.But recen

58、t long-term studies have revealed that the happiness thermostat is more malleable than the popular theory maintained. “Set-point is not destiny,” says psychologist Ed Diener of the University of Illinois.The think-of-three-good-things exercise that Miller found so simplistic at first is among those

59、being tested by Martin Seligman at the University of Pennsylvania. People keep doing it on their own because its immediately rewarding. It makes people focus more on good things, which might otherwise be forgotten, because of daily disappointments.Sonja Lyubomirsky, a psychologist at the University

60、of California, meanwhile, is testing some other simple strategies. “This is not rocket science,” she said. For example, participants were asked to regularly practice random acts of kindness, things like holding a door open for a stranger, for 10 weeks. Participants who performed a variety of acts, r

61、ather than repeating the same ones, showed an increase in happiness even a month after the experiment was concluded. Those who kept on doing the acts on their own did better than those who didnt.But she also said any long-term effect will probably depend on people continuing to work at it. “Happines

62、s is the process not the place. So many of us think that when we get everything just right, we will be happy But once we get everything in place, we still need new goals and activities. The Princess could not just stop when she got the Prince.”1.For Miller, the think-of-three-good-things exercise（ ）

63、.2.According to the widely accepted view about happiness,（ ）.3.Results from separate tests by Martin Seligman and Sonja Lyubomirsky both show that（ ）.4.“The Princess could not just stop when she got the Prince.” suggests that（ ）.5.The passage is mainly written to（ ）.问题1选项A.turned out to be a disasterB.was unexpectedly effectiveC.produced a mixed outcomeD.was too simple to be useful问题2选项A.good events make it easier for people to enjoy a happier lifeB.little may come out of peoples efforts to a happier lifeC.it is nothing wrong fo