2022年考博英语-中国科学院考前模拟强化练习题31（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-中国科学院考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题Weve all heard about endangered animals. Creatures like the critically endangered black rhinoceros are famous. But what are the most endangered plants? They might not be as exciting or loveable as animals, but they are just as important to the ecosystem一and human

2、ity relies on that ecosystem.Here are three of the most threatened plants today.（1） These plants occupy some of the most inaccessible, remote parts of our planet. They are threatened by habitat destruction, illegal collection, poaching, and competition with invading species.Attenboroughs pitcher pla

3、nt is known only from the relatively inaccessible summit of Mount Victoria in Palawan in the Philippines. There are thought to be only a few hundred of them.（2）Attenboroughs pitcher plant is one of the biggest, with pitchers up to 30cm in height that can trap insects and rats. It was only discovered

4、 in 2007 when a team of botanists, tipped off by two Christian missionaries, scaled Mount Victoria.（3）The suicide palm is a gigantic palm found only in remote parts of north-west Madagascar. It lives for about 50 years, then flowers only once, and dies soon after. Suicide palms were discovered in 20

5、05 by a cashew plantation manager during a family outing, and formally described in 2008. With trunks reaching 18m in height, and huge fan-leaves up to 5m across, the palms can be seen on Google Earth.（4）The coral tree, with its bright red flowers and spiny trunk, occurs only in the remote forests o

6、f south-east Tanzania.（5）However, the forest patch was cleared to grow biofuels, and the species was feared to have gone extinct again until it was re-rediscovered to 2011. There are now fewer than 50 mature individuals in the wild, in a single unprotected location.问题1选项A.Pitcher plants are carnivor

7、ous plants that trap animals in liquid-filled bowls called pitchers.B.They are almost all classed as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).C.It was declared extinct in 1998，but rediscovered in 2001 in a small patch of forest.D.As a result, the population

8、has dropped more than 95% over the last 20 years.E.There are only about 90 in the wild.F.It is named after British natural history broadcaster David Attenborough.问题2选项A.Pitcher plants are carnivorous plants that trap animals in liquid-filled bowls called pitchers.B.They are almost all classed as cri

9、tically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).C.It was declared extinct in 1998，but rediscovered in 2001 in a small patch of forest.D.As a result, the population has dropped more than 95% over the last 20 years.E.There are only about 90 in the wild.F.It is named aft

10、er British natural history broadcaster David Attenborough.问题3选项A.Pitcher plants are carnivorous plants that trap animals in liquid-filled bowls called pitchers.B.They are almost all classed as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).C.It was declared extinc

11、t in 1998，but rediscovered in 2001 in a small patch of forest.D.As a result, the population has dropped more than 95% over the last 20 years.E.There are only about 90 in the wild.F.It is named after British natural history broadcaster David Attenborough.问题4选项A.Pitcher plants are carnivorous plants t

12、hat trap animals in liquid-filled bowls called pitchers.B.They are almost all classed as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).C.It was declared extinct in 1998，but rediscovered in 2001 in a small patch of forest.D.As a result, the population has dropped

13、more than 95% over the last 20 years.E.There are only about 90 in the wild.F.It is named after British natural history broadcaster David Attenborough.问题5选项A.Pitcher plants are carnivorous plants that trap animals in liquid-filled bowls called pitchers.B.They are almost all classed as critically enda

14、ngered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).C.It was declared extinct in 1998，but rediscovered in 2001 in a small patch of forest.D.As a result, the population has dropped more than 95% over the last 20 years.E.There are only about 90 in the wild.F.It is named after British n

15、atural history broadcaster David Attenborough.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:F第4题:E第5题:C【解析】1.联系上下文。前文中提及如今有三种极度濒危的植物，由此可判断，下面的内容将进一步说明这三种濒危植物，选项B提及它们被国际自然保护联盟认定为极度濒危的等级。句中they与上文的 three plants 对应，critically endangered 与上文的 most threatened 呼应。2.联系上下文。空格句的前后文中都提及了 Attenboroughs pitcher plant,由此可知，空格句子也是有关该植物的，选项中

16、只有A提及pitcher plant,与之呼应。3.联系上下文。空格所在句的主要内容为Attenboroughs pitcher plant，选项F提到了 Attenborough,指出猪笼草(pitcher plant)是以一个英国自然历史播音员的名字命名的，与前句中提到的discovered.when a team of botanists呼应。4.联系上下文。原文第四段介绍濒临灭绝的植物自杀棕榈，对其各项基本信息进行了详细说明，空格处句子也应该是有关这种濒危植物的介绍，选项E最符合5.联系上下文。空格句的下文中提及the forest patch,空格句子应与之对应，选项C中提及patc

17、h of forest。2. 单选题The old belief that the universe never changes is quite wrong. Even before the invention of the telescope, astronomers noticed that bright stars suddenly appear in the sky，and then later disappear. （1）In fact we now know that they are really old stars which are slowly dying. A rece

18、nt case of a nova occurred in 1918，and one of the few people who saw this was the American astronomer Edward Barnard. He was driving along in a car, occasionally looking up into the sky. Suddenly he noticed a star that he had never seen before, and exclaimed, “That star should not be there!” He was

19、in fact watching the explosion of a nova.（2）As they do so, they let out huge clouds of material. Sometimes as large as the earth, and these explode into space at a speed of about 8，000, 000 kilometers per hour. When this happens, the hotter parts of the star become visible, and this is why novae are

20、 so bright. Although the explosions are huge on a human scale, they only consume a small part of the dying stars energy. （3）Indeed, there are even some stars which explode once a fortnight.There are other old stars which do not die slowly, but are completely destroyed by one great explosion. （4）The

21、explosion of a supernova is equivalent to about a million, million, million, million hydrogen bombs going off at the same time. Just before the explosion the stars density become very great and it spins at a very high speed. A matchbox of material taken from the star at that time would weigh about 1

22、,000 tons, and the star would be turning at about 16,000, 000 kilometers per hour.（5）One supernova which Chinese astronomers observed in 1054 can still be seen by us today. It has been shining for at least nine hundred years.问题1选项A.Novae are old stars which are slowly dying.B.They are known as “supe

23、rnovae.”C.The death is a slow one, and the star may continue to explode for thousands of years.D.The explosion of a supernova is like a cosmic bomb.E.The explosion itself occurs suddenly, in the space of a minute, but the supernova continues to shine long after the event.F.These stars were called “n

24、ovae” because they were thought to be new.问题2选项A.Novae are old stars which are slowly dying.B.They are known as “supernovae.”C.The death is a slow one, and the star may continue to explode for thousands of years.D.The explosion of a supernova is like a cosmic bomb.E.The explosion itself occurs sudde

25、nly, in the space of a minute, but the supernova continues to shine long after the event.F.These stars were called “novae” because they were thought to be new.问题3选项A.Novae are old stars which are slowly dying.B.They are known as “supernovae.”C.The death is a slow one, and the star may continue to ex

26、plode for thousands of years.D.The explosion of a supernova is like a cosmic bomb.E.The explosion itself occurs suddenly, in the space of a minute, but the supernova continues to shine long after the event.F.These stars were called “novae” because they were thought to be new.问题4选项A.Novae are old sta

27、rs which are slowly dying.B.They are known as “supernovae.”C.The death is a slow one, and the star may continue to explode for thousands of years.D.The explosion of a supernova is like a cosmic bomb.E.The explosion itself occurs suddenly, in the space of a minute, but the supernova continues to shin

28、e long after the event.F.These stars were called “novae” because they were thought to be new.问题5选项A.Novae are old stars which are slowly dying.B.They are known as “supernovae.”C.The death is a slow one, and the star may continue to explode for thousands of years.D.The explosion of a supernova is lik

29、e a cosmic bomb.E.The explosion itself occurs suddenly, in the space of a minute, but the supernova continues to shine long after the event.F.These stars were called “novae” because they were thought to be new.【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:E【解析】（1）空格处后面一句话有两个关键点，一是in fact,”实际上”的意思，表示与前文（空格处所填入的句子）是转折关

30、系；另一个关键点是old的这个词，既然前后是转折关系，那么空格处会有一个与old相反的表述。综上，These stars were called “novae” because they were thought to be new.符合题意。（2）空格处位于句首，因此可以考虑是一个主题句，即后面的内容都是围绕这个句子展开。因此需要把握整段文字的主要内容：讲述了一颗新星慢慢衰落的过程，因此Novae are old stars which are slowly dying符合题意。（3）空格处前面讲述了恒星爆炸，空格处后一句讲述的是”甚至有些恒星会每两周爆炸一次”，言下之意是有些恒星的爆炸并不

31、是只有一次，可能会延续很长时间，因此The death is a slow one, and the star may continue to explode for thousands of years.符合题意。（4）空格后的句子提到了一个关键词supernova，因此，空格处需要将这个概念引出来。再联系空格前一句中的other old stars可知They are known as “supernovae.”符合题意。（5）空格后的句子提到”中国天文学家在1054年观测到的一颗超新星至今仍可看见”，这个例子说明超新星爆炸后仍然可以长时间发光，因此The explosion itself

32、 occurs suddenly, in the space of a minute, but the supernova continues to shine long after the event.符合题意。3. 单选题Under the umbrella of the independent spirit, millions of immigrants came to this country seeking shelter from intolerance, prejudice, and （ ）.问题1选项A.persistenceB.permanenceC.perspectiveD

33、.persecution【答案】D【解析】考察名词辨析。persistence 坚持；permanence持久；perspective远景，观点； persecution迫害；句意：在独立精神的庇护下，成千上万的移民来到这个国家。他们在这里寻求庇护，远离褊狭、偏见和迫害。选项D符合句意。4. 单选题Its well known that the brain is a food-guzzling greedy guts, consuming 20% of the bodys energy though it only _ 2% of its weight.问题1选项A.accounts forB

34、.contributes toC.figures outD.makes up for【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. accounts for 占比例 B. contributes to 有助于，促成C. figures out 想出，弄明白 D. makes up for 补偿，弥补【考查点】动词词组辨析。【解题思路】though引导了一个让步状语从句，根据从句内容所得出的某种预期应与上文“consuming 20% of the bodys energy（消耗着身体百分之二十的能量）”之间存在相反的逻辑关系，说明该预期应为“消耗的身体能量很少”。通常来说只有占了很多的身体重量，才会消耗更

35、多的身体能量，由此可知从句部分所表达的应该是“只占很少的身体重量”。account for指组成或形成某物的一部分，因此A选项account for“占比例”最符合题意。【干扰项排除】B选项contributes to“有助于，促成”指作为促进某件事的因素，不能和“weight（体重）”进行搭配；C选项figures out“想出，弄明白”指通过思考理解某事物或找到解决办法，不符合题干的语义逻辑；D选项makes up for“补偿，弥补”指做出行动来纠正或改进某事物，不符合题干的语义逻辑。【句意】众所周知，大脑是一个狼吞虎咽的贪吃鬼，尽管它只占身体重量的百分之二，却消耗着身体百分之二十的能量

36、。5. 不定项选择题You may be reading this while on a conference call, pushing your child on a swingor both. But is multitasking really a good idea, or does it make us do everything more slowly and less well than if we were concentrating on one task at a time?Psychologists cite robust research that paying mo

37、re attention to a task improves performance. Humans, they argue, are good at doing rapidly sequential tasks, rather than simultaneous ones. My teenagers insist it is fine to revise while texting and watching YouTubebut they are wrong. In 2009, a research team from Stanford, led by Clifford Nass, com

38、pared heavy versus light media multitaskers in a series of tests. Nass thought the heavier multitaskers would be better at organising and storing information and have superior memories, but it turned out that the opposite was true. When the groups were shown configurations of coloured shapes and ask

39、ed to remember their positions and ignore others, the multitaskers couldnt do it. They were constantly distracted and their ability to switch between tasks, filter irrelevant information and remember what they had seen was worse than the lighter multitaskers.A team led by David Strayer at the Univer

40、sity of Utah looked at people who drive while using the phone and found that they were more than twice as likely to miss stop signs. In a later study, Strayer found that people who are most likely to multitask are those who think they are great at it. Seventy percent of the 310 students in his study

41、 thought they were above average at multitasking. People who multitasked the most had high levels of impulsive behaviour and were generally the most ill-suited to attempt more than one job at a time.Nasss research led him to suggest that we should spend 20 minutes on one task and then switch to anot

42、her, rather than flitting any faster between the two. Tests that measure the ability to remember shapes are less compelling than real-life multitasking research, but the evidence suggests that we delude ourselves if we think we can do more than one thing well at the same time. Limited research sugge

43、sts that women may be a teeny bit better at it, but few of us are naturals. Strayers research suggests that around 3% of the population are “supertaskers” who do better the more they do. The rest of us, however, should stick to one thing at a time.36. The author may be suggesting in Paragraph 1 that

44、 _.37. According to Paragraph 2, research suggests that humans perform well when _.38. Which of the following is true about heavy multitaskers?39. Strayers studies show that _.40. What is the authors attitude towards womens multitasking ability?41. A possible suggestion from the author is to _.问题1选项

45、A.babysitting slows down ones workB.multitasking is commonC.multitasking is more effectiveD.concentration is a good idea问题2选项A.doing several tasks at a timeB.doing things slowlyC.doing tasks one by oneD.doing things energetically问题3选项A.They tend to ignore others.B.They are less likely to stay focuse

46、d.C.They have superior memories.D.They manage time well.问题4选项A.people overestimate their multitasking abilityB.teenagers are better at multitaskingC.students are more likely to multitaskD.impulsive people are not suited to multitask问题5选项A.Optimistic.B.Confident.C.Critical.D.Prudent.问题6选项A.work less

47、than 20 minutes on one taskB.think twice before taking actionC.spend less time on social mediaD.do things sequentially【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D第6题:D【解析】36. 【选项释义】The author may be suggesting in Paragraph 1 that _. 作者在第1段中可能暗示了_。A. babysitting slows down ones work A. 照看孩子会使人的工作变慢B. multitasking i

48、s common B. 多任务处理很普遍C. multitasking is more effective C. 多任务处理更有效D. concentration is a good idea D. 集中注意力是个好主意【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词Paragraph 1可以定位到文章第1段，本段第1句举了若干例子“你可能正在电话会议上读这篇文章（reading this while on a conference call），或者推着你的孩子荡秋千（pushing your child on a swing）或者两者都有（or both）。”，这些都是属于同时做多项事情的“

49、多任务处理（multitasking）”，说明在日常生活中边工作边处理家务事这种多任务处理是很常见的。因此B选项“多任务处理很普遍”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“照看孩子会使人的工作变慢”，根据关键词babysitting可以定位到文章第1段第1句“或者推着你的孩子荡秋千（pushing your child on a swing）”，此处只是作为多任务处理的一个例子，文中并没有提到照看孩子会使人的工作变慢，属于无中生有；C选项“多任务处理更有效”，根据关键词multitasking可以定位到文章第1段第2句“但是，多任务处理（multitasking）真的是一个好主意吗（a good idea

50、）”，只是作者提出的一个疑问，说明在第1段中不能体现多任务处理是否更有效，属于无中生有；D选项“集中注意力是个好主意”，根据关键词concentration可以定位到文章第1段第2句“还是说它会让我们做每件事都比一次只专注于（concentrating on）一项任务完成得更慢、更差（more slowly and less well）？”，同样只是作者提出的一个疑问，说明在第1段中也不能体现集中注意力是否有效，属于无中生有。37. 【选项释义】According to Paragraph 2, research suggests that humans perform well when _

51、. 根据第2段，研究表明人们在_的时候表现良好。A. doing several tasks at a time A. 一次做几项任务B. doing things slowly B. 慢慢地做事情C. doing tasks one by one C. 一个接一个地完成任务D. doing things energetically D. 精力充沛地做事情【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词research可以定位到文章第2段第1句“心理学家引用了有力的研究（robust research），认为对一项任务（a task）投入更多的注意力可以提高表现（improves perfor

52、mance）。”，说明研究表明人们在一次只做一项任务，完成一项之后再去做下一项的时候表现会更好。因此C选项“一个接一个地完成任务”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“一次做几项任务”，文章说的是对一项任务投入更多的注意力可以提高表现，而不是同时做多项任务，属于反向干扰；B选项“慢慢地做事情”，文章第2段第2句提到“他们认为，人类擅长快速（rapidly）做连续的任务”，说明慢慢做事并不能使表现更好，属于反向干扰；D选项“精力充沛地做事情”在文章中没有提及，属于无中生有。38. 【选项释义】Which of the following is true about heavy multitaskers?

53、关于重度多任务处理者，以下哪项是正确的？A. They tend to ignore others. A. 他们倾向于忽略其他形状。B. They are less likely to stay focused. B. 他们不太可能保持专注。C. They have superior memories. C. 他们有优越的记忆力。D. They manage time well. D. 他们能很好地管理时间。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词heavy multitaskers可以定位到文章第2段倒数第1、2句“当两组人看到彩色形状的组合，并被要求记住它们的位置并忽略其他形状时，

54、重度多任务处理者无法做到这一点。他们经常分心（constantly distracted），在任务之间切换、过滤无关信息和记住所见内容的能力比轻量级多任务处理者更差（worse than the lighter multitaskers）。”，说明研究结果显示重度多任务处理者在处理多重任务中不断地分心，不能长时间保持专注。因此B选项“他们不太可能保持专注。”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“他们倾向于忽略其他形状。”，根据关键词ignore可以定位到文章第2段第6句“当两组人看到彩色形状的组合，并被要求记住它们的位置并忽略（ignore）其他形状时，重度多任务处理者无法做到这一点。”，说明重度多任务

55、处理者并不能忽略其他形状，属于反向干扰；C选项“他们有优越的记忆力。”，根据关键词memories可以定位到文章第2段第5句“纳斯认为，重度多任务处理者更擅长组织和存储信息，记忆力也更好（superior memories），但事实证明，情况恰恰相反（the opposite was true）。”，说明重度多任务处理者并没有优越的记忆力，属于反向干扰；D选项“他们能很好地管理时间。”，文章中没有提到研究的内容包括时间管理能力，属于无中生有。39. 【选项释义】Strayers studies show that _. 斯特雷耶的研究表明_。A. people overestimate the

56、ir multitasking ability A. 人们高估了自己的多任务处理能力B. teenagers are better at multitasking B. 青少年更擅长多任务处理C. students are more likely to multitask C. 学生更有可能进行多任务处理D. impulsive people are not suited to multitask D. 冲动的人不适合多任务处理【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词Strayer可以定位到文章第3段第2句“在后来的一项研究中，斯特雷耶（Strayer）发现，最有可能多任务处理的人是那

57、些自认为很擅长的人（those who think they are great at it）。”，说明人们高估了自己的多任务处理能力，自认为很擅长多任务处理，就会更倾向于同时完成多项任务。因此A选项“人们高估了自己的多任务处理能力”正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“青少年更擅长多任务处理”，文章中没有提到对青少年的研究，属于无中生有；C选项“学生更有可能进行多任务处理”，根据students可以定位到文章第3段第3句“在他的研究中，310名学生（students）中有70%的人认为他们的多任务处理能力高于平均水平（above average）。”，此处只是说有很多学生自认为很擅长多任务处理，而最有

58、可能多任务处理的人是那些自认为很擅长的人，并不是所有学生都自认为很擅长，属于推理过度；D选项“冲动的人不适合多任务处理”，根据impulsive可以定位到文章第3段第4句“同时处理多项任务最多的人（multitasked the most）往往表现出较高的冲动行为（impulsive behaviour），通常也最不适合（the most ill-suited）同时尝试多项工作。”，此处说的是同时处理多项任务最多的人容易做出冲动行为，最不适合多任务处理，并不代表所有冲动的人都不适合，属于推理过度。40. 【选项释义】What is the authors attitude towards wo

59、mens multitasking ability? 作者对女性的多任务处理能力的态度是什么？A. Optimistic. A. 乐观的。B. Confident. B. 自信的。C. Critical. C. 批判的。D. Prudent. D. 谨慎的。【考查点】观点态度题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词women可以定位到文章第4段第3句“有限的研究（Limited research）表明，女性（women）在这方面可能有少许优势（may be a teeny bit better）”，“有限的”和“可能”都体现了作者对女性多任务处理能力的谨慎态度，女性的多任务处理能力可能稍微好一点，但没有

60、绝对地表达女性在这方面就一定更优秀。因此D选项“谨慎的。”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“乐观的。”和B选项“自信的。”表述都过于绝对，属于推理过度；C选项“批判的。”，作者没有批判女性的多任务处理能力不好，而是说可能有少许优势，属于反向干扰。41. 【选项释义】A possible suggestion from the author is to _. 作者的一个可能的建议是_。A. work less than 20 minutes on one task A. 在一项任务上的工作时间不超过20分钟B. think twice before taking action B. 三思而后行C. s

61、pend less time on social media C. 减少花在社交媒体上的时间D. do things sequentially D. 按顺序做事情【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据关键词suggestion可以定位到文章第4段第5句“然而，我们其余的人应该一次只做一件事（stick to one thing at a time）。”，说明大部分人其实不擅长多任务处理，所以作者建议人们最好一次只做一件事情，也就是按顺序、按部就班地做事情。因此D选项“按顺序做事情”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“在一项任务上的工作时间不超过20分钟”，根据20 minutes可以定位到文章第4段第

62、1句“纳斯的研究建议我们应该在一个任务上花20分钟（spend 20 minutes），然后切换到另一个任务，而不是在两个任务之间快速切换。”，说明在一项任务上的工作时间应该满20分钟，而不是少于20分钟，属于反向干扰；B选项“三思而后行”和C选项“减少花在社交媒体上的时间”在文章中均没有提及，属于无中生有。6. 单选题When Chelsea caught a （ ） disease, none of his friends were allowed to visit him.问题1选项A.conspicuousB.contagiousC.consequentD.captivating【答案

63、】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。conspicuous “显著的；显而易见的”；contagious “感染性的”；consequent “随之发生的”；captivating “迷人的；有魅力的”。句意：Chelsea得了_病，他的朋友们都不允许来看望他。根据后半句可知Chelsea得的是传染病。因此选项B符合题意。7. 填空题Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick I in the thirteenth cent