2022年考博英语-大连工业大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第27期

《2022年考博英语-大连工业大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第27期》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年考博英语-大连工业大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第27期（20页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、2022年考博英语-大连工业大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题Many of the most flexible examples of tool use in animals come from primates (the order that includes humans, apes and monkeys). For example, many wild primates use objects to threaten outsiders. But there are many examples of tool use by other mammals, as

2、well as by birds and other types of animals.Tools are used by many species in the capture or preparation of food. Chimpanzees use sticks and poles to bring out ants and termites from their hiding places. Among the most complex tool use observed in the wild is the use of stones by Ivory Coast chimpan

3、zees to crack nuts open. They select a large flat stone as an anvil (a heavy block on which to place the nuts) and a small stone as a hammer. Stones suitable or use as anvils are not easy to find, and often a chimpanzee may carry haul of nuts more than 40 meters to find a suitable anvil. The use of

4、tools in chimpanzees is especially interesting because these animals sometimes modify tools to make them better suited for their intended purpose. To make a twig more effective for digging out termites, for example, a chimp may first strip it of its leaves.Surprisingly, there is also a species of bi

5、rd that uses sticks to probe holes in the search for insects. One of the species of Galapagos finch, the woodpecker finch, picks up or breaks off a twig, cactus spine, or leaf stem. This primitive tool is then held in the beak and used to probe for insects in holes in trees that the bird cannot prob

6、e directly with its beak. Birds have been seen to carry twigs from tree to tree searching for prey.Tools may also be used for defense. Hermit crabs grab sea anemones with their claws and use them as weapons to repel their enemies. Studies have demonstrated that these crabs significantly improve thei

7、r chances against predators such as octopus by means of this tactic. Also, many species of forest-dwelling primates defend themselves by throwing objects, including stones, at intruders.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.According to the passage, Ivory Coast chimpanzees are among the most rema

8、rkable of animal tool users because they （ ）.3.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the behavior of the woodpecker finch?4.According to the passage, studies have shown that hermit crabs manage to turn octopus away by（ ）.问题1选项A.Primates are superior to other animals in using

9、tools.B.The use of stones as tools is similar across different animal species.C.Birds and primates use tools that are different from those of sea animals.D.Many animals have developed effective ways of using tools.问题2选项A.use tools to gather foodB.use more than one tool to accomplish a taskC.transpor

10、t tools from one place to anotherD.hide their tools from other animals问题3选项A.It uses its break as a weapon against its enemies.B.It uses the same twig to look for food in different trees.C.It uses twigs and leaves to build its nest.D.It avoids areas where cactus grows.问题4选项A.attacking the octopus wi

11、th their clawsB.using stones as weaponsC.defending themselves with sea anemonesD.hiding under sea plants【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:B第4题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。题目问的是“文章讨论的主要问题是”。文章第一段提到动物使用工具，主要是灵长类，但也有其他一些哺乳动物、鸟类等；第二段提到很多种类的动物使用工具来捕捉食物；第三段提到有些动物使用工具来挖洞或者找昆虫；最后一段提到动物使用工具来攻击。由此可知选项D“许多动物开发了工具的有效使用方式”符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是“根

12、据文章，象牙海岸的黑猩猩是最引人注目的动物工具使用者，因为”。文章第二段提到“它们选择一块大而平的石头做砧板，另一块小一点的石头当锤子，有时候会推着坚果走到超过40米外的地方找合适的砧板”（They select a large flat stone as an anvil (a heavy block on which to place the nuts) and a smaller stone as a hammer, sometimes carry a haul of nuts more than 40 meters to find a suitable anvil），由此可知选项B“使

13、用不止一种工具来完成任务”符合题意。3.判断推理题。题目问的是“下面哪个选项可以从文章中推断出啄木鸟的行为”。文章第三段最后一句话提到“啄木鸟会带着它的细枝在树木之间飞来飞去”（Birds have been seen to carry twigs from tree to tree searching for prey），可以推断出啄木鸟这么做是为了找虫子，选项B符合题意。4.细节判断题。题目问的是“根据文章内容可知，研究发现寄居蟹能够把章鱼赶走是通过”。文章第四段提到“寄居蟹用钳子抓住海葵作武器赶跑敌人”（Hermit crabs grab sea anemones with their

14、claws and use them as weapons to repel their enemies），选项C符合题意。2. 翻译题In this section , there is a passage in English. Translate the passage into Chinese and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the

15、 next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Dont dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U. S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gar

16、dening or day care dont appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations -trucking, financial advice, software engineering-have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.This isnt to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefit

17、ed workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didnt go so well for Luddites(反对技术进步者）whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms , but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by dr

18、iving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.Technology will improve society in ways big or small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by

19、 automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.【答案】在中产阶级面临的诸多恼人挑战中，有一个很可能在下届总统竞选中会被忽视：当机器人来抢饭碗时会发生什么?不要完全排除这种可能性。牛津大学的一项研究显示，美国约有一半的工作面临着被自动化取代的高风险，中产阶级受到了不成比例的挤压。像园艺或日托这样的低收入工作对机器人没有吸引力。但许多中产阶级的职业-卡车运输、金融咨询、软

20、件工程-已经引起了他们的兴趣，或者很快就会引起他们的兴趣。富人拥有机器人，所以他们会没事的。这不是危言耸听。乐观主义者指出，技术变革在过去曾使工人受益。工业革命对反对技术进步者来说并不那么顺利，他们的工作被机械化的织布机取代了，但工业革命最终提高了生活水平，创造的就业岗位比被摧毁的要多。同样，自动化最终应该会提高生产率，通过压低价格来刺激需求，让工人从繁重、乏味的工作中解脱出来。但从中期来看，中产阶级工人可能需要大量帮助来进行调整。未来几年，技术将大大小小的改善社会，但对于那些发现自己的生活和事业被自动化颠覆的人来说，这并不是什么安慰。摧毁那些为我们工作而来的机器将是疯狂的。但帮助工人适应的政

21、策将是不可或缺的。3. 单选题（ ）is forbidden in some states in the United States for religious reasons, while it is permitted in some other states.问题1选项A.ConceptionB.AbortionC.DeliveryD.Perception【答案】B【解析】名词辨析题。A选项Conception“怀孕”；B选项Abortion“堕胎，流产”；C选项Delivery“分娩”；D选项Perception“感知”。句意：由于宗教原因，美国有些州禁止堕胎，而有些州允许堕胎。选项B

22、更符合语境。4. 单选题Many private institutions of higher education around the country are in danger. Not all will be saved, and perhaps not all deserve to be saved. There are low-quality schools just as there are low-quality businesses. We have no obligation to same them simply because they exist.But many th

23、riving institutions that deserve to continue are threatened. They are doing a fine job educationally, but they are caught in a financial squeeze, with now way to reduce rising cost or increase revenues significantly. Raising tuition doesnt bring in more revenue, for each time tuition goes up, the en

24、rollment goes down, or the amount that must be given away in student aid goes up. Schools are bad businesses, whether public or private, not usually because of mismanagement but because of the nature of the enterprise. They lose money on every customer, and they can go bankrupt either from too few s

25、tudents or too many students. Even a very good college is a very bad business.It is such colleges, thriving but threatened, I worry about low enrollment is not their chief problem. Even with full enrollments, they may go under. Effects to save them and preferably to keep them private, are national n

26、ecessities. There is no basis for arguing that private schools are inherently better than public schools. Examples to the contrary abound. Anyone can name state universities and colleges that rank as the finest in the nation and the world. It is now inevitable that public institutions will be domina

27、nt, and therefore diversity is a national necessity. Diversity in the way we support schools tends to give us a healthy diversity in the forms of education. In an imperfect society such as ours, uniformity of education throughout the nation could be dangerous. In an imperfect society, diversity is a

28、 positive good . Ardent supporters of public higher education know the importance of sustaining private higher education.1.In the authors opinion, schools are bad business because of （ ）.2.The author used the phrase “go under” in the third paragraph to mean （ ）.3.We have reasonably conclude from the

29、 passage that the author made an appeal to the public in order to support（ ）.4.Which of the following is not mentioned?问题1选项A.mismanagementB.too few studentsC.too many studentsD.the nature of schools问题2选项A.get into difficultiesB.have low enrollmentC.have low tuitionD.bring in more money问题3选项A.public

30、 institutionsB.private schoolsC.uniformity of educationD.equality of education问题4选项A.High-quality private schools deserve to be saved.B.If the tuition is raised, the enrollment goes down.C.There are many cases that public schools are better than private schools.D.Private schools have more money than

31、 public schools.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:D第4题:D【解析】1.判断推理题。从文章第二段倒数第三句Schools are bad businesses, whether public or private, not usually because of mismanagement but because of the nature of the enterprise. 可知，不论是公立还是私立，经营学校都是一件失败的生意，这不总是因为管理不善，而是因为办企业的本质。再根据文章下一句“They lose money on every customer, and the

32、y can go bankrupt either from too few students or too many students. 学校在每一位消费者身上都会赔钱，太少或者太多的生源都会迫使学校走向破产。所以说学校是一桩赔本的买卖是由学校的本质所决定的。D选项正确。2.判断推理题。根据文章第三段前两句 “It is such colleges, thriving but threatened, I worry about low enrollment is not their chief problem. Even with full enrollments, they may go u

33、nder. 正是这样的大学，欣欣向荣却岌岌可危，我担心入学率低并不是他们的首要问题。即使是全额注册，他们也可能会倒闭。”确定第三段讲述的是学校是如何入不敷出、经营不善的。A选项符合题意。3.判断推理题。根据文章最后一段倒数第五句和倒数第二句“In an imperfect society, diversity is a positive good. It is now inevitable that public institutions will be dominant, and therefore diversity is a national necessity. 在一个不完美的社会里，

34、多样化是一件积极的好事。公共机构将占主导地位，这是不可避免的，因此多样化是国家的需要。”确定作者并不倾向于哪一种性质的学校，他提倡的是教育的多样性，即教育的平等性。D选项符合题意。4.判断推理题。从第一段第二、三句 “Not all will be saved, and perhaps not all deserve to be saved. There are low-quality schools just as there are low-quality businesses. 不是每一所学校都能被拯救，也不是每一所学校都值得呗拯救。质量低劣的学校就像经营不善的生意一样存在着。” 推断A

35、选项只有那些办学质量高的学校才值得被拯救正确；根据文章第二段第三句“for each time tuition goes up, the enrollment goes down因为每一次伴随着学费的升高，入学率 就会下降”推断B选项如果学费上涨，入学率就会下降。正确。再根据文章第三段第四、五、六句“There is no basis for arguing that private schools are inherently better than public schools. Examples to the contrary abound. Anyone can name state

36、universities and colleges that rank as the finest in the nation and the world. 没有理由说私立学校天生就比公立学校好，相反的例子比比皆是。任何人都能说出美国和世界上最好的州立大学和学院的名字。”推断C选项有的公立学校的办学质量好于私立学校正确；D选项说私立学校比公立学校更有钱的说法文章中没有提到。所以本题选D。5. 单选题There are several possible explanation for the greater job（ ）in Japan in contrast to the great job

37、mobility in the United State.问题1选项A.sensitivityB.creativityC.stabilityD.security【答案】C【解析】形近词辨析题。A选项sensitivity“敏感性”；B选项creativity“创造性”；C选项stability“稳定性”；D选项security“安全性”。句意：日本工作的稳定性和美国工作的流动性形成对比，对此有几种可能的解释。根据下文的关键词“mobility”可知，选项C正确。6. 单选题Excellent films are those which（ ）national and cultural barri

38、ers.问题1选项A.transcendB.traverseC.abolishD.suppress【答案】A【解析】动词辨析题。A选项transcend“胜过，超越”；B选项traverse“穿过；C选项 abolish“废除，取消”；D选项suppress“抑制”。句意：优秀的电影是那些超越国家和文化障碍的电影。选项A符合句意。7. 单选题After his recovery from illness, he is determined to（ ）hat he had been doing to attain the goal.问题1选项A.assumeB.consumeC.presumeD

39、.resume【答案】D【解析】形近词辨析题。A选项assume“承担”；B选项consume“消耗，挥霍”；C选项presume“假定，推测”；D选项resume“（中断后）重新开始，继续”。句意：他病好后，决心继续为实现目标而努力。选项D符合语境。8. 单选题Reporters and photographers alike took great（ ）at the rude way the actor behaved during the interview.问题1选项A.annoyanceB.offenceC.resentmentD.irritation【答案】D【解析】名词辨析题。A选

40、项annoyance“烦恼”；B选项offence“冒犯”；C选项resentment“愤恨，怨恨”；D选项irritation“恼怒，生气”。句意：记者和摄影师都对演员在采访中的粗鲁行为感到非常恼火。选项D更符合语境。9. 单选题Despite warnings from his parents and teacher, Stevenson is （ ）to computer games.问题1选项A.activatedB.adheredC.addictedD.appealed【答案】C【解析】动词辨析题。A选项activate to“激活”；B选项adhere to“坚持，依附”；C选项a

41、ddict to“沉迷于”；D选项appeal to“呼吁，吸引”。句意：尽管父母和老师已经警告过他，但史蒂文森仍然沉迷于电脑游戏。选项C符合语境。10. 单选题She didnt openly attack the plan, but her opposition was （ ）in her failure to say anything in support of it.问题1选项A.explicitB.implicitC.internalD.immoral【答案】B【解析】形容词辨析题。A选项explicit“明确的，清楚的”；B选项implicit“含蓄的，暗示的”；C选项intern

42、al“内部的”；D选项immoral“不道德的”。句意：她没有公开抨击这个计划，但她没有说任何支持这个计划的话，这就暗示了她的反对。选项B符合句意。11. 单选题When you prepare for your speech, be sure to cite（ ） qualified sources of information and examples.问题1选项A.unbiasedB.manipulatedC.distortedD.conveyed【答案】A【解析】词义辨析题。A选项unbiased“公正的，无偏见的”；B选项manipulated“操作”；C选项distorted“扭曲

43、的”；D选项conveyed“传达”。句意：当你准备你的演讲时，一定要引用公正的、合格的信息来源和例子。选项A符合句意。12. 单选题A product is to be regarded as being （ ）when introduced into another country at less than its normal value.问题1选项A.dischargedB.discardedC.disposedD.dumped【答案】D【解析】动词辨析题。A选项discharged“排出，卸货”；B选项discarded“丢弃，废弃”；C选项disposed“处理，配置”；D选项du

44、mped“倾销，抛售”。句意：当一种产品以低于正常价值的价格引进另一个国家时，就被视为倾销。选项D更符合语境。13. 单选题The（ ）of electrical energy into thermal energy is a process that is easily carried out at 100% efficiency.问题1选项A.conversionB.conventionC.conversationD.version【答案】A【解析】形近词辨析题。A选项conversion“转化，变换”；B选项convention“约定，习俗”；C选项conversation“交谈，会话”

45、；D选项version“版本”。句意：把电能转换成热能是一个很容易以100%的效率进行的过程。选项A符合句意。14. 单选题The train came to a/an （ ） stop, making many passengers fall off their seats.问题1选项A.hastyB.incidentalC.swiftD.abrupt【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析题。A选项hasty“草率的，匆忙的”；B选项incidental“偶然的”；C选项swift“迅速的，敏捷的”；D选项abrupt“突然的”。句意：火车突然停了下来，许多乘客从座位上摔了下来。选项D更符合语境。15

46、. 单选题When Steven finally emerged from the cave after thirty days, everyone present was（ ）.问题1选项A.smuggledB.startledC.appealedD.stabilized【答案】B【解析】动词辨析题。A选项smuggle“走私，偷运”；B选项startle“使惊奇，使吓一跳”；C选项appeal“呼吁”；D选项stabilize“使稳固，使安定”。句意：当史蒂文30天后终于从山洞里出来时，在场的人都吓了一跳。选项B符合句意。16. 单选题Remember to ask for a （ ）of

47、 quality for these goods; otherwise they will not offer any maintenance.问题1选项A.warrantyB.promiseC.certificateD.receipt【答案】A【解析】名词辨析题。A选项warranty“保证，担保”；B选项promise“许诺，允诺”；C选项certificate“证书”；D选项receipt“收据”。句意：记住要对这些货物要求质量保证；否则他们将不提供任何维修。选项A符合语境。17. 单选题Though it was less attractive, Ralph knew the meta

48、l box would be more（ ）than the wooden box.问题1选项A.terminalB.durableC.persistentD.bearable【答案】B【解析】名词辨析题。A选项terminal“晚期的，末端的”；B选项durable“耐用的，持久的”；C选项persistent“执着的，持续的”；D选项bearable“可忍受的”。句意：拉尔夫知道尽管金属盒子不那么吸引人，但会比木箱更耐用。选项B符合句意。18. 单选题It is often difficult to（ ）between a mere exaggeration and a deliberat

49、ely lying.问题1选项A.disguiseB.cultivateC.originateD.discriminate【答案】D【解析】动词辨析题。A选项disguise“掩饰，隐瞒”；B选项cultivate“培养”；C选项originate“引起，创作”；D选项discriminate“区别，辨别”。句意：人们常常很难区分纯粹夸张和故意撒谎。选项D符合语境。19. 单选题In general , the（ ）amount that a student spends for housing should be held to one-fifth of the total for livi

50、ng expenses.问题1选项A.acceptableB.advisableC.availableD.applicable【答案】C【解析】形容词辨析题。A选项acceptable“可接受的”；B选项advisable“明智的”；C选项available“可获得的”；D选项applicable“可应用的”。句意：一般来说，学生在住房上的花费应控制在可支配的生活费的五分之一以内。available其后常接介词for或to构成形容词短语，作后置定语。所以选项C正确。20. 单选题A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thi

51、rds of young Americans disapprove of President Trumps use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, not a presidents social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has ris

52、en toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content started by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University o

53、f Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young

54、people between ages 14 and 24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectivesespecially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibilities for educating themselves and acti

55、vely seeking out opposing view-points,” the survey concluded.Such activity research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the university of Wisconsin-Madison found that young peoples reliance on social media led to greater political engageme

56、nt.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found

57、the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,”, more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. In other words, the choice to shar

58、e news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief as Barna Group.So, when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinki

59、ng skillsand in their choices on when to share on social media.1.According to the Paragraph 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on（ ）.2.According to the Knight Foundation survey, young people（ ）.3.The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is （ ）.4.Which of the followin

60、g would be the best title for the text?问题1选项A.the justification of the new-filtering practiceB.peoples preference for social media platformsC.the administrations ability to handle informationD.social media as a reliable source of news问题2选项A.tend to voice their opinions in cyberspaceB.verify news by

61、referring to diverse resourcesC.have a strong sense of responsibilityD.like to exchange views on “distributed trust”问题3选项A.readers outdated valuesB.journalists biased reportingC.readers misinterpretationD.journalist made-up stories问题4选项A.A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online.B.A Countera

62、ction Against the Over-tweeting Trend.C.The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.D.The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A【解析】1.判断推理题。根据首段最后一句可知，千禧一代更希望白宫的新闻通过其他来源而不是总统的社交媒体平台透漏出来。紧接着在第二段给出了原因，人们逐渐对所有的媒体丧失了信任。根据牛津大学的统计，在2016年美国总统竞选期间，推特用户分享的近四分之一的网络内容是虚假新闻。由此可知，社交媒体不是可靠的新闻来源。选项D符合原文。2.细节事实题。根据关键词“Knight Foundation”定位到第三段二、三句“A Knight Foundation focus-group