2022年考博英语-江西师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第199期

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1、2022年考博英语-江西师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题In the 1920s demand for American farm products fell, as European countries began to recover from World War I and instituted austerity (紧缩) programs to reduce their imports. The result was a sharp drop in farm prices. This period was more disastrous for farmers

2、than earlier times had been, because farmers were no longer self-sufficient. They were paying for machinery, seed, and fertilizer, and they were also buying consumer goods. The prices of the items farmers bought remained constant, while prices they received for their products fell. These development

3、s were made worse by the Great Depression, which began in 1929 and extended throughout the 1930s.In 1929, under President Herbert Hoover, he Federal Farm Board was organized. It established the principle of direct interference with supply and demand, and it represented the first national commitment

4、to provide greater economic stability for farmers.President Hoovers successor attached even more importance to this problem. One of the first measures proposed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt when he took office in 1933 was the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which was subsequently passed by Congres

5、s. This law gave the Secretary of Agriculture the power to reduce production through voluntary agreements with farmers who were paid to take their land out of use. A deliberate scarcity of farm products was planned in an effort to raise prices. This law was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme C

6、ourt on the grounds that general taxes were being collected to pay one special group of people. However, new laws were passed immediately that achieved the same result of resting soil and providing flood-control measures, but which were based on the principle of soil conservation. The Roosevelt Admi

7、nistration believed that rebuilding the nations soil was in the national interest and was not simply a plan to help farmers at the expense of other citizens. Later the government guaranteed loans to farmers so that they could buy farm machinery, hybrid (杂交) grain, and fertilizers.6. What brought abo

8、ut the decline in the demand for American farm products?7. The chief concern of the American government in the area of agriculture in the 1920s was_.8. The Agricultural Adjustment Act encouraged American farmers to _.9. The Supreme Court rejected the Agricultural Adjustment Act because it believed t

9、hat the Act _.10. It was claimed that the new laws passed during the Roosevelt Administration were aimed at _.问题1选项A.The impact of the Great Depression.B.The shrinking of overseas markets.C.The destruction caused by the First World War.D.The increased exports of European countries.问题2选项A.to increase

10、 farm productionB.to establish agricultural lawsC.to prevent farmers from going bankruptD.to promote the mechanization of agriculture问题3选项A.reduce their scale of productionB.make full use of their landC.adjust the prices of their farm productsD.be self-sufficient in agricultural production问题4选项A.mig

11、ht cause greater scarcity of farm productsB.didnt give the Secretary of Agriculture enough powerC.would benefit neither the government nor the farmersD.benefited one group of citizens at the expense of others问题5选项A.reducing the cost of farmingB.conserving soil in the long-term interest of the nation

12、C.lowering the burden of farmersD.helping farmers without shifting the burden onto other taxpayers【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】6.【选项释义】6. What brought about the decline in the demand for American farm products? 6. 是什么导致了对美国农产品需求的下降？A. The impact of the Great Depression.A. 大萧条的影响。B. The shrinking

13、 of overseas markets. B. 海外市场的萎缩。C. The destruction caused by the First World War. C. 第一次世界大战造成的破坏。D. The increased exports of European countries. D. 欧洲国家出口的增加。【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】第一步，精准定位，定位到第一段第一句“在20世纪20年代对美国农产品的需求下降，欧洲国家开始从第一次世界大战中恢复和制定紧缩项目以减少进口”，第二步综合理解，由此可知是欧洲从战后恢复过来了对美国的农产品需求减少了（reduce their impo

14、rts），所以B选项“海外市场的萎缩”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“大萧条的影响”，定位到第一段最后一句话“大萧条使这些发展变得更糟（made worse by the Great Depression）”，大萧条使情况变糟，这不是美国农产品对外出口减少的原因，这里属于出处错误；C选项“第一次世界大战造成的破坏”，见正确解析，是一战的影响导致欧洲需要进口美国的农产品从而美国农业发展起来了，而不是一战造成的破坏使美国农业出口量下降，这里属于反向干扰；D选项“欧洲国家出口的增加”，文章没有提及，这里属于无中生有。7.【选项释义】7. The chief concern of the American

15、 government in the area of agriculture in the 1920s was _.7. 20世纪20年代，美国政府在农业领域最关心的是_。A. to increase farm production A. 增加农业生产B. to establish agricultural laws B. 制定农业法律C. to prevent farmers from going bankrupt C. 防止农民破产D. to promote the mechanization of agriculture D. 推进农业机械化【考查点】推理判断题【解题思路】第一步，寻找句

16、内线索，定位到第二段第二句话“它确立了直接干预供求关系的原则，并代表了第一个为农民提供更大经济稳定性（greater economic stability for farmers）的国家承诺。”第二步，寻找上下文线索，经济稳定性就暗含着国家兜底保护农民免于破产之灾，所以C选项“防止农民破产”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“增加农业生产”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；B选项“制定农业法律”，见文章正确选项分析，从这里可知美国政府的主要考虑是为了保障农民的经济的稳定性而不是为了立法，立法只是实现经济稳定的手段，所以B选项错误，这里属于偷换概念；D选项“推进农业机械化”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。8.

17、【选项释义】8. The Agricultural Adjustment Act encouraged American farmers to _. 8.农业调整法案鼓励美国农民_。A. reduce their scale of production A. 减少他们的生产规模B. make full use of their land B. 充分利用他们的土地C. adjust the prices of their farm products C. 调整农产品价格D. be self-sufficient in agricultural production D. 农业生产实现自给自足【考

18、查点】事实细节题【解题思路】第一步，精准定位，定位到第三段第三四句“这项法律赋予农业部长通过与农民自愿达成协议来减少产量的权力，这些农民收取费用让他们停止使用自己的土地（take their land out of use）。故意造成农产品短缺（deliberate scarcity）是为了提高价格。”第二步，综合理解，从这里可知农业调整法案鼓励美国农民减产，所以答案选A选项“减少他们的生产规模”。【干扰项排除】B选项“充分利用他们的土地”，见正确选项，这里属于反向干扰；C选项“调整农产品价格”，见正确选项，让农民减产的目的是造成粮食紧缺的现象，从而通过供求关系用市场这只看不见的手达到调整农产

19、品价格的目的，不是鼓励农民自己调整农产品价格，这里属于张冠李戴；D选项“农业生产实现自给自足”，定位到第一段第三行“这一时期对农民来说比以前更糟糕，因为农民不再自给自足（self-sufficient）”，这里虽然有提到self-sufficient但是这里指的是农民不能通过买卖自己的农产品获得足够的收入养活自己，不是农产品歉收的意思，这里属于偷换概念。9.【选项释义】9. The Supreme Court rejected the Agricultural Adjustment Act because it believed that the Act _. 9. 最高法院否决了农业调整法案

20、因为它认为该法案 _。A. might cause greater scarcity of farm products A. 可能会导致更严重的农产品短缺B. didnt give the Secretary of Agriculture enough power B. 没有给农业部长足够的权力C. would benefit neither the government nor the farmers C. 对政府和农民都没有好处D. benefited one group of citizens at the expense of others D. 以牺牲他人为代价使一部分公民受益【考查

21、点】事实细节题【解题思路】第一步，精准定位，定位到文章第三段第五、七句话“最高法院宣布这项法律违宪，理由是征收一般税是为了补贴给一个特殊群体（pay one special group of people）罗斯福政府认为，重建国家土地符合国家利益，而不仅仅是牺牲其他公民的利益（at the expense of other citizens）来帮助农民的计划”。第二步，综合理解，从这里可知，最高法院驳回法案的理由是这个法案是为了一个特殊的群体而立的是不符合宪法精神的，而罗斯福政府却认为农业很重要，立法的目的并不仅仅是牺牲其他人的利益来支持农民，所以答案选D选项“以牺牲他人为代价使一部分公民受益

22、”。【干扰项排除】A选项“可能会导致更严重的农产品短缺”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选；B选项“没有给农业部长足够的权力”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选；C选项“对政府和农民都没有好处”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选。10.【选项释义】10. It was claimed that the new laws passed during the Roosevelt Administration were aimed at _.10. 有人声称，罗斯福政府时期通过的新法律旨在_。A. reducing the cost of farming A. 降低农业成本B. cons

23、erving soil in the long-term interest of the nation B. 从国家长远利益出发，保护土壤C. lowering the burden of farmers C. 减轻农民负担D. helping farmers without shifting the burden onto other taxpayers D. 帮助农民而不将负担转嫁给其他纳税人【考查点】推理判断题【解题思路】第一步，寻找句内信息，定位到第三段第六句话“然而，新的法律立即通过，达到了同样的休养土壤和提供防洪措施的结果，但这些是基于土壤保持的原则（the principle o

24、f soil conservation）”，第二步，寻找上下文线索，从这里可知新法的目的是为了保护土地，所以B选项“从国家长远利益出发，保护土壤”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“降低农业成本”，文章没有提及，所以不选，这里属于无中生有；C选项“减轻农民负担”，文章没有提及，所以不选，这里属于无中生有；D选项“帮助农民而不将负担转嫁给其他纳税人”，定位到第三段倒数第二句“罗斯福政府认为，重建国家的土地符合国家利益，而不仅仅（not simply）是牺牲其他公民的利益来帮助农民的计划。”这里有个“不仅仅是”说明其实帮助农民这个负担已经转移到其他公民头上了，所有D选项错误，这里属于反向干扰。2. 单选题

25、The news, though not wholly bad, was so _ that I could no longer concentrate on my work.问题1选项A.disturbingB.disastrousC.anxiousD.regretful【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. disturbing 令人不安的，烦扰的 B. disastrous 灾难性的，损失惨重的C. anxious 焦虑的，担忧的 D. regretful 后悔的，遗憾的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】根据so that引导的结果状语从句的意思“无法再专心工作”可知，这个news是令人烦扰

26、的，故A项符合句意。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合句子意思。【句意】这消息虽然不全是坏消息，但却使我心烦意乱，无法再专心工作。3. 单选题The manager thought _ the problem for three days before he finally made the decision.问题1选项A.onB.inC.overD.down【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. on 在上 B. in 在里C. over 关于，翻转 D. down 向下【考查点】固定搭配。【解题思路】由for three days（三天）可知，这个经理是“仔细考虑”，think over为固定

27、搭配，表示“仔细考虑”。因此，该题选择C项正确。【干扰项排除】B、D选项和think不构成搭配；A选项think on（考虑，思量）程度不够深，排除。【句意】在最后做出决定之前，经理对这个问题仔细考虑了三天。4. 单选题For reasons yet to be fully understood, one out of ten human beings in the world is left-handed, and from one generation to the next, this ratio is roughly preserved. As we know, left-handed

28、ness cuts across socioeconomic, ethnic, and gender lines. Yet throughout history prominent figures in scienceto say nothing of religionhave identified in left-handedness signs of viciousness or worse. In 1903, Italian physician Cesare Lombroso identified left-handedness as one of the degeneracy sign

29、s of the born criminals. Three years later, Dr. Wilhelm Fliess suggested that left-handedness was a reliable identification of homosexuality. And in 1937 British psychologist Cyril Burt declared left-handedness to be a mark of an ill-organized nervous system.As demonstrated by all the “therapeutic”

30、coercion that left-handed children were subjected to during the first half of the 20th century, these biases had more than just a theoretical impact. Yet even when this gauche predilection was being discouraged, handism was certainly never taken as seriously as racism or sexism now is. Perhaps its t

31、he arbitrary nature of the trait that has militated against meaningful discrimination. After all, even when both parents are right-handed, there is still a 10 percent chance that they will bring a left-handed baby into the world. Moreover, a white baby born in Scaresdale is just as likely to be left

32、-handed as a black baby in Hardem. Hence when the left-handed George Bush became President of the United States, it was hardly interpreted as a blow against prejudice. Nor was much attention paid to the fact that Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford were also southpaws.36. Left-handedness is _.37. Accordin

33、g to the passage, left-handedness _.38. The word “handism” in Paragraph 2 most probably means _.39. The word “southpaws” at the end of the passage means _.40. Judging from the context, Scaresdale is a place inhabited by _.问题1选项A.a thing that is cultivatedB.a thing that occurs by pure chanceC.a thing

34、 of genetic inheritanceD.a thing that occurs more in prominent figures问题2选项A.is discouraged but not discriminated againstB.has caused discrimination as serious as sexism and racismC.is a subject that has drawn more and more attentionD.is an advantage in running for public office问题3选项A.being skillful

35、 with ones handsB.quality of being convenientC.discrimination against left-handed peopleD.encouragement to use both hands instead of one问题4选项A.a boxer from the southB.a politician from a southern stateC.a person with extraordinarily large handsD.a left-handed person问题5选项A.white peopleB.black peopleC

36、.mixed racesD.rich people【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A【解析】36.【选项释义】36. Left-handedness is _. 36. 左撇子是_。A. a thing that is cultivated A. 需要后天培养的B. a thing that occurs by pure chance B. 一种纯属偶然的现象C. a thing of genetic inheritance C. 一种遗传现象D. a thing that occurs more in prominent figures D. 多出现在杰出人物身上【考

37、查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据第二段第三和第四句“也许是这种特征的随意性（arbitrary nature）阻碍了有意义的歧视。毕竟，即使父母都是右撇子，他们生下左撇子婴儿的几率仍有10%。”，理解可知，左撇子并不受遗传影响，从arbitrary nature（随意性）可以看出，左撇子是偶然发生的。故该题选择B项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“需要后天培养的”从原文可知，左撇子是天生的，该项反向干扰；C选项“一种遗传现象”也与原文相反，反向干扰；D选项“多出现在杰出人物身上”从第一段第二句“我们知道，左撇子跨越了社会经济、种族和性别的界限”可以看出，左撇子在所有的社会、人种和性别中都有，并不是

38、在杰出人物中更多，所以该项曲解原文。37.【选项释义】37. According to the passage, left-handedness _. 37. 根据文章，左撇子_。A. is discouraged but not discriminated against A. 是不被鼓励的，但不是被歧视的B. has caused discrimination as serious as sexism and racism B. 已经造成了像性别歧视和种族歧视一样严重的歧视C. is a subject that has drawn more and more attention C. 是

39、一个越来越受到关注的话题D. is an advantage in running for public office D. 是竞选公职的一个优势【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】从第二段中的第二和第三句“然而，即使这种笨拙的偏好被劝阻时，它从来没有像现在的种族主义或性别歧视那样被严肃对待。也许是这种特征的随意性阻碍了有意义的歧视。”，从中可知，左撇子并没有受到歧视，只是生活中有些气馁。所以A选项“是不被鼓励的，但不是被歧视的”符合题干。【干扰项排除】B选项“已经造成了像性别歧视和种族歧视一样严重的歧视”和C选项“是一个越来越受到关注的话题”与原文表述并不符合，曲解原文；D选项“是竞选公职的一

40、个优势”文中未提及，无中生有。38.【选项释义】38. The word “handism” in Paragraph 2 most probably means _. 38. 第二段中的“handism”一词很可能是_的意思。A. being skillful with ones hands A. 双手灵巧B. quality of being convenient B. 方便的特点C. discrimination against left-handed people C. 对左撇子的歧视D. encouragement to use both hands instead of one D

41、. 鼓励人们用两只手而不是一只手【考查点】词义推测题。【解题思路】根据题干定位到第二段第二句“handism从来没有像现在的种族主义或性别歧视那样被严肃对待（handism was certainly never taken as seriously as racism or sexism）”，从中可知handism是与racism和sexism类似的构词法，而racism和sexism都是表示歧视的意思，所以推测handism也表示“对使用左手的歧视”。C项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“双手灵巧”、B选项“方便的特点”和D选项“鼓励人们用两只手而不是一只手”都与原文不符，无中生有。39.【选项

42、释义】39. The word “southpaws” at the end of the passage means _. 39. 文章最后的单词“southpaws”的意思是_。A. a boxer from the south A. 来自南方的拳击手B. a politician from a southern state B. 一位来自南部州的政治家C. a person with extraordinarily large hands C. 手特别大的人D. a left-handed person D. 一个左撇子的人【考查点】词义推测题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至文章最后一句“罗

43、纳德里根和杰拉尔德福特也是（were also）southpaws，这一点也没有引起太多关注”，从were also可以看出，这一句是上一句的承接句，表示和上一句相同的意思；根据上一句内容“因此，当左撇子（left-handed）乔治布什成为美国总统时，很难被理解为是对偏见的打击”，综合理解可知，southpaws是left-handed的意思。因此，该题选择D项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“来自南方的拳击手”和C选项“手特别大的人”文中没有提及，无中生有；B选项“一位来自南部州的政治家”对原文表述不符，曲解原文。40.【选项释义】40. Judging from the context, Sc

44、aresdale is a place inhabited by _. 40. 从文章来看，斯卡斯代尔是_居住的地方。A. white people A. 白人B. black people B. 黑人C. mixed races C. 混合种族D. rich people D. 富人【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据关键词Scaresdale定位到第二段倒数第三句“此外，出生在斯卡斯代尔的白人婴儿和出生在哈德姆的黑人婴儿一样，都有可能是左撇子”，从中可知，斯卡斯代尔是白人居住的地方，而哈德姆是黑人居住的地方。因此，该题选择A项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“黑人”是居住在哈德姆，而不是斯卡斯

45、代尔，张冠李戴；C选项“混合种族”和D选项“富人”没提及，无中生有。5. 单选题His license has been _ owing to his drunken driving.问题1选项A.demandedB.chargedC.suspendedD.recognized【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. demanded 要求；需要 B. charged 要价；收费；指控；冲C. suspended 暂停；使暂停使用 D. recognized 承认；意识到【考查点】语义衔接【解题思路】空格部分的语义为“他的驾照被_”，后文提到“因为他酒驾”，根据句意可推断，他因为酒后驾驶，被吊销了驾

46、照。因此，C选项suspended“暂停；使暂停使用”符合原句语义衔接。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合原句语义衔接。【句意】因为酒后驾驶，他的驾照被吊销了。6. 翻译题Directing the union are technological advances that have made it easier to store and rapidly transmit information into homes and offices. Fiber-optic cable, for examplemade up of hair-thin glass fibersis a tremendo

47、usly efficient carrier of information. Lasers shooting light through glass fiber can transmit 250,000 times as much data as a standard telephone wire, or tens of thousands of paragraphs such as this one every second.The greatly increased volume and speed of data transmission that these technologies

48、permit can be compared to the way in which a highway with many lanes allows more cars to move at faster speeds than a two-lane highwayhence, the information superhighway.【答案】【参考译文】引导联合的是技术进步，技术的进步使信息更容易存储和迅速传输到家庭和办公室。例如，由细如发丝的玻璃纤维制成的光纤是一种非常高效的信息载体。通过玻璃纤维发的激光可以传输标准电话线25万倍的数据，或者每秒传输数万段这样的段落。这些技术极大地增加了

49、数据传输的量和速度，可以与多车道高速公路比双车道高速公路允许更多的汽车以更快的速度移动的方式相比较因此，信息高速公路由此得名。7. 单选题Every profession or trade, every art, and every science had its technical vocabulary, the function of which is partly to designate things or processes which have no names in ordinary English, and partly to secure greater exactness

50、in system of naming. Such special dialects, or jargons, are necessary in technical discussion of any kind. Being universally understood by the devotees of the particular science or art, they have the precision of a mathematical formula. Besides, they save time, for it is much more economical to name

51、 a process than to describe it. Thousands of these technical terms are very properly included in every large dictionary, yet, as a whole, they are rather on the outskirts of the English language than actually within its borders.Different occupations, however, differ widely in the character of their

52、special vocabularies. In trades and handicrafts and other vocations, such as farming and fishing, that have occupied great numbers of men from remote times, the technical vocabulary is very old. It consists largely of native words, or of borrowed words that have worked themselves into the very fiber

53、 of our language. Hence, though highly technical in many particulars, these vocabularies are more familiar in sound, and more generally understood, than most other technicalities. The special dialects of law, medicine, divinity (神性) and philosophy have also, in their older strata (阶层), become pretty

54、 familiar to cultivated persons, and have contributed much to the popular vocabulary. Yet, every vocation still possesses a large body of technical terms that remain essentially foreign, even to educated speech. And the proportion has been much increased in the last fifty years, particularly in the

55、various departments of natural and political science and in the mechanic arts. Here new terms are coined with the greatest freedom, and abandoned with indifference when they have served their turn. Most of the new coinages are confined to special discussions and seldom get into general literature or

56、 conversation. Yet, no profession is nowadays, as all professions once were, a closed guild (行会). The lawyer, the physician, the man of science, and the cleric associates freely with his fellow creatures, and does not meet them in a merely professional way. Furthermore, what is called popular scienc

57、e makes everybody acquainted with modern views and recent discoveries. Any important experiment, though made in a remote or provincial laboratory, is at once reported in the newspapers, and everybody is soon talking about it as in the case of the Roentgen rays and wireless telegraphy. Thus, our comm

58、on speech is always taking up new technical terms and making them commonplace.16. The authors main purpose in the passage is to_.17. When the author refers to professions as no longer being “closed guilds”, he means that_.18. If the author of the passage wished to study a new field, he would probabl

59、y_.19. The writer of this article was probably a_.20. It seems that the passage implies that_.问题1选项A.describe a phenomenonB.argue a beliefC.propose a solutionD.stimulate action问题2选项A.it is much easier to become a professional today than it was in the pastB.there is more social intercourse between pr

60、ofessionals and othersC.popular science has told their secrets to the worldD.anyone can now understand anything in a profession问题3选项A.call in a dictionary expertB.look to the histories of the words in the new fieldC.pay careful attention to the new fields technical vocabularyD.learn how to coin new

61、jargon in the field问题4选项A.linguistB.scientistC.politicianD.physician问题5选项A.the English language is always becoming larger and largerB.the words of the English language are always changingC.one can never be sure of what a word means without consulting an expertD.technical terms in most non-scientific

62、 fields have little chance of becoming part of the main body of the language in these scientific days【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:A【解析】16.【试题答案】A【试题解析】主旨大意题。第一步定位到首尾两段中心句，第一段第一句话Every profession or trade, every art, and every science had its technical vocabulary.（每一种职业或行业，每一种艺术，每一门科学都有自己的技术词汇）第二段的第一句话Different occupations, however, differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies.（然而，不同的职业，其特殊词汇的特点有很大的不同）从这两句可知文章是在描述一种现象，所以答案选A选项“描述一个现象”。B选项“讨论一种信仰”，文章没有提到信仰，这里属于无中生有。C选项“提出建议”，文章没有抛出问题更没有提出解决方案，这里属于无中生有。D选项“刺激作用”，文章没有说要采取行动，这里属于无中生有。17.【试题答案】B【试题解析】判断推