2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第71期

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1、2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 翻译题Virtual high schools, which allow students to take classes via PC, have emerged as an increasingly popular education alternative, particularly for on-the-go athletes. University of Miami Online High School (UMOHS) has more than 400 students enrolled, 56% o

2、f whom are athletes. Accredited by the 100-year-old Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, UMOHS offers honors and advanced-placement classes. All course material is online along with assignments and due dates. For help, says principal Howard Liebman, “A student may e-mail, instant message or

3、 call the teacher.”Dallas mom Lori Bannon turned to another online school. Laurel Springs in Ojai, Calif, Bannon, Who has a medical degree from Harvard, didnt want to compromise the education of her daughter Lindsay, 13, an elite gymnast who spends eight hours a day in the gym. “Regular school was n

4、ot an option, ” says Bannon, “but I wanted to make sure she could go back at grade level if she quit gymnastics.” Laurel Springs enrollment has increased 35% a year for the past four years to 1,800 students. At least 25% are either athletes or child entertainers.Educators are split on the merits of

5、such schools. Paul Orehovec, an enrollment officer for the University of Miami, admits, “I was somewhat of a skeptic, but when I looked into their programs and accreditation, I was excited. UMOHS is the first online school to be granted membership in the National Honor Society.” Kevin Roy, Elites di

6、rector of education, sees pitfalls and potential in virtual schools. “You will never have that wonderful teacher who inspires you for life,” says Roy. “But the virtual school offers endless possibilities. I dont know where educations imagination will take this.”【答案】虚拟高中允许学生通过电脑上学，现在已经成为了一个日渐流行的教育方式，

7、那些忙碌的运动员们尤其钟爱这种选择。迈阿密网络学校已招收400多名学生，其中56%是运动员。该校已获得拥有100年历史的南部大学和中学联合会的批准，提供荣誉和预修课程，授课过程与作业练习都在线上进行，并标注截止时间。校长霍华德利伯曼说，如果需要帮助，学生可以通过电子邮件，即时短信或电话联系老师。 达拉斯的母亲洛丽班农选择了另一所网络学校加州奥凯市的劳雷尔斯普林斯。班农拥有哈佛大学的医学学位，她不想让自己13岁的女儿林赛的教育受到影响。林赛是一名优秀的体操运动员，她每天在体育馆要待上8个小时。班农说:“我并非想让她接受常规学校教育，我只是想确保她在结束体操生涯后能跟上正常的学习。”在过去四年，劳

8、雷尔斯普林斯的入学率年增长为35%，学生人数达到了1800。其中至少25% 的学生是运动员或演员。 教育工作者对这些学校的优缺点看法不一。迈阿密网络学校的招生官保罗奥赫维克承认，“对此我曾经有点怀疑。但当我查看他们的项目和资格认证时，我很兴奋。迈阿密网络学校是第一所被授予国家荣誉协会会员资格的网络学校。”精英教育总监教育主管凯文罗伊看到了虚拟学校的缺陷和潜力。罗伊说:“你永远也不会有一个能激励你一生的好老师。但虚拟学校提供了无限的可能性。我不知道教育的想象力会把这种可能性发挥到哪种地步。” 2. 翻译题Modem science has opened up the path for the p

9、rogress of production techniques and determined the direction of their development. Many new instruments of production and technological processes first see the light of day in the scientific laboratories. A series of newborn industries have been founded on the basis of newly-emerged disciplines of

10、science and technology. Of course there are and there will be many theoretical research topics with no practical application in plain sight for the time being. However a host of historical facts have proved that once a major breakthrough is scored in theoretical research, it means tremendous progres

11、s for production and technology sooner or later.Contemporary natural sciences are being applied to production on an unprecedented scale and at a higher speed than ever before. This has given all fields of material production an entirely new look. In particular the development of electronic computers

12、 and automation technology is raising the degree of automation in production. With the same amount of manpower and in the same number of work-hours, people can turn out scores or hundreds of times more products than before. How is it that the social productive forces have made such tremendous advanc

13、es and how is it that labor productivity has increased by such a big margin? Mainly through the power of science, the power of technology. Therefore, we maintain that the development of modem science and technology has linked science and production even closer together. As part of the productive for

14、ces, science and technology are coming to play an even greater role than ever before.【答案】现化科学为生产技术的进步开辟了道路，并且确定了生产技术的发展方向。许多新的生产工具、和新的工艺流程，首先在科学实验室里问世。一系列新兴的产业，都是建立在新兴的各类科学技术学科基础上的。当然，目前和将来也会有许多理论的研究主题很显然暂时没有实际价值。但是，大量的历史事实已经说明：理论研究一旦获得重大突破，迟早会 给生产和技术带来极其巨大的进步。当代自然科学正以空前的规模和速度应用于生产，使社会物质生产的各个领域面貌一新。

15、特别是电子计算机和自动化技术的发展正在迅速提高生产自动化的程度。 在相同数量的人力和工作时间的情况下，人们可以生产出比以前多几十倍或几百倍的产品。社会生产力是如何取得这样巨大的进展呢？劳动生产率怎么会提高这么大呢？这主要是科技的力量。因此，我们认为现化科技的发展己经将科学和生产更为紧密的联系 在一起了。作为生产力发展的一部分，科技正发挥着比以往任何时候都更大的作用。3. 单选题Much of the research on hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD has focused on the neurotransmitter serotonin, a chem

16、ical that when released from a prescription serotonin-secreting neuron causes the transmission of a nerve impulse across a synapse to an adjacent post-synaptic, or target neuron. There are two major reasons for this emphasis. First, it was discovered early on that many of the major hallucinogens hav

17、e a molecular structure similar to that of serotonin. In addition, animal studies of brain neurochemistry following administration of hallucinogens invariably reported changes in serotonin levels.Early investigators correctly reasoned that the structural similarity to the serotonin molecule might im

18、ply that LSDs effects are brought about by an action on the neurotransmission of serotonin in the brain. Unfortunately, the level of technical expertise in the field of brain research was such that this hypothesis had to be tested on peripheral tissue (tissue outside the brain). Two different groups

19、 of scientists reported that LSD powerfully blockaded serotonins action. Their conclusions were quickly challenged, however. We now know that the action of a drug at one side in the body does not necessarily correspond to the drug action at another side, especially when one site is in the brain and

20、the other is not.By the 1960s, technical advances permitted the direct testing of the hypothesis that LSD and related hallucinogens act by directly suppressing the activity of serotonin-secreting neurons themselves-the so-called prescription hypothesis. Researchers reasoned that if the hallucinogeni

21、c drugs act by suppressing the activity of serotonin-secreting neurons, then drugs administered after these neurons had been destroyed should have no effect on behavior, because the system would already be maximally suppressed.Contrary to their expectations, neuron destruction enhanced the effect of

22、 LSD and related hallucinogens on behavior. Thus, hallucinogenic drugs apparently do not act directly on serotonin-secreting neurons.However, these and other available date do support an alternative hypothesis, that LSD and related drugs act directly at receptor sites on serotonin target neurons (th

23、e post-synaptic hypothesis). The fact that LSD elicits serotonin syndrome-that is causes the same kinds of behaviors as does the admission of serotonin-in animals whose brains are depleted of serotonin indicates that LSD acts directly on serotonin receptors, rather than indirectly through the releas

24、e of stores of serotonin. The enhanced effect of LSD reported after serotonin depletion could be due to a proliferation of serotonin receptor sites on serotonin target neurons. This phenomenon often follows neuron destruction or neurotransmitter depletion; the increase in the number of receptor site

25、s appears to be a compensatory response to decreased input. Significantly, this hypothesis is supported by date from a numbers of different laboratories.1.According to the passage, which of the following is one of the primary factors that led researchers studying hallucinogenic drugs to focus on ser

26、otonin?2.It can be inferred that researchers abandoned the prescription hypothesis because（ ）.3.Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?4.The research described in the passage is primarily concerned with answering which of the following questions?5.Which of the following b

27、est defines serotonin syndrome （underlined, as the term is used in the passage?6.Which of the following best describes the organization of the argument that the author of the passage presents in the last two paragraphs?7.The authors attitude toward early researchers reasoning concerning the implicat

28、ion of similarities in the structures of serotonin and LSD molecules can best be described as one of（ ）问题1选项A.The suppression of the activit3r of serotonin secreting neurons by the administration of hallucinogensB.The observed similarities in the chemical structures of serotonin and hallucinogensC.T

29、he effects the administration of hallucinogens has on serotonin production in the human brainD.Serotonin-induced changes in the effects of hallucinogens on behavior问题2选项A.a new and more attractive hypothesis was suggestedB.no research was reported that supported the hypothesisC.research results prov

30、ided evidence to counter the hypothesisD.the hypothesis was supported only by studies of animals and not by studies of human beings问题3选项A.Research has suggested that the neurotransmitter serotonin is responsible for the effects of hallucinogenic drugs on the brain and on behavior.B.Researchers have

31、spent an inadequate amount of time developing theories concerning the way in which the effects of hallucinogenic drugs occur.C.Research results strongly suggest that hallucinogenic drugs create their effects by acting on the serotonin receptor sites located on target neurons in the brain.D.Researche

32、rs have recently made valuable discoveries concerning the effects of depleting the amount of serotonin in the brain.问题4选项A.How can researchers control the effects that LSD has on behavior?B.How are animals reactions to LSD different from those of human being?C.What triggers the effects that LSD has

33、on human behavior?D.What technical advances would permit researchers to predict more accurately the effects of LSD on behavior?问题5选项A.The series of behaviors, usually associated with the administration of serotonin, that also occurs when LSD is administered to animals whose brains are depleted of se

34、rotoninB.The series of behaviors, usually associated with the administration of LSD, that also occurs when the amount of serotonin in the brain is reduced.C.The maximal suppression of neuron activity that results from the destruction of serotonin-secreting neuronsD.The release of stores of serotonin

35、 from serotonin-secreting neurons in the brain问题6选项A.Two approaches to testing a hypothesis are described, and the greater merits of one approach are indicated.B.The assumptions underlying two hypotheses are outlined, and evidence for and against each hypothesis is discussed.C.A phenomenon is descri

36、bed, and hypotheses concerning its occurrence are considered and rejectedD.The reasoning behind a hypothesis is summarized, evidence supporting the hypothesis is presented, and research that counters the supporting evidence is described.问题7选项A.complete agreementB.reluctant supportC.subtle condescens

37、ionD.irreverent dismissa【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:C第4题:C第5题:A第6题:D第7题:B【解析】1.由题干中的单词factor找到文章第一段：There are two major reasons for this emphasis. First, it was discovered early on that many of the major hallucinogens have a molecular structure similar to that of serotonin. In addition, animal studies of brai

38、n neurochemistry following administration of hallucinogens invariably reported changes in serotonin levels. 这种强调有两个主要原因。首先，人们很早就发现，许多主要致幻剂的分子结构与血清素相似。此外，对服用迷幻药后的脑神经化学的动物研究总是报告血清素水平的变化。确定B选项5 -羟色胺和致幻剂化学结构的相似性正确。2.文章第二段中Unfortunately和challenged为关键词，具有转折的意味。第二段中 this hypothesis had to be tested on peri

39、pheral tissue这一假设必须在周围组织上进行验证,由此可知答案为C选项 研究结果为反驳这一假设提供了证据正确。3.该题为主旨概括题。文章第一句开篇点题，讲的是科学家对迷幻药的研究，并将研究目标集中于神经递质血清素，并得出了迷幻药对目标神经元的影响作用。所以C选项研究结果强烈表明，致幻药物通过作用于位于大脑目标神经元上的血清素受体来产生效果。正确。4.由上题可知，文章主要是描述迷幻药对人的神经元的影响作用。并且回答了是怎么对人的神经产生影响的。选项A选项研究人员如何控制LSD对行为的影响?文章没有提及。文章是对动物的实验，但并没有对比人与动物的区别，所以选项B动物对LSD的反应与人类有

40、何不同?排除。选项D什么技术进步能让研究人员更准确地预测LSD对行为的影响?文章没有提到。所以排除法，选C。5.该词出现在最后一段，That is后 是对该词的解释。that is causes the same kinds of behaviors as does the admission of serotonin-in animals whose brains are depleted of serotonin indicates that LSD acts directly on serotonin receptors, rather than indirectly through t

41、he release of stores of serotonin. 这与大脑血清素缺乏的动物吸收血清素的行为相同，表明LSD直接作用于血清素受体，而不是通过释放血清素来间接作用。所以确定A选项这一系列的行为，通常与给药血清素有关，当给大脑中血清素不足的动物注射LSD时也会发生正确。6.最后两段，作者提出相反的假设，以证据证明假设。所以D选项总结假设背后的推理，提出支持假设的证据，描述反驳支持证据的研究。正确。7.题干提问作者的态度。A选项完全同意；B选项不支持；C选项不予考虑的；D选项无关紧要的。文中第二段作者对早期的以Unfortunately和challenged语气进行了否定，接着在下

42、文中论述，从而得出真正的结果。所以B选项符合题意。4. 翻译题If asked to give one example of a successful innovation in the past 10 years, what would come to mind first? Apples shiny cool gadgets like the IPhone and the IPad? Or the emergence of social networking sites such as the Facebook and its various copycats?We admit these

43、 devices and applications have greatly changed our lifestyle. We have never before felt so connected and social networking sites are powerful tools in motivating people to take part in worthy social and civic causes.We chum out one nifty gadget after another, with bigger screens and less buttons. We

44、 tweak text and photo-sharing social networking sites to create a new product to share, perhaps audios and videos. All of these are wonderful, but what about truly groundbreaking and visionary endeavors that will profoundly change the world and human life?Or, is something wrong with our technologica

45、l development? Steve Blank, writing in The Huffinton Post, blamed social networking and social media companies such as Face book for stifling innovation. Blank teaches entrepreneurship at Stanford, Columbia and the US National Science Foundation Innovation Corps. He advises people, especially ventur

46、e capitalists (VC), who want to commercialize inventions.Blank argues that the success of Face book and other social networking and social media companies is diverting venture capital from serious research with a more uncertain payoff. He is talking about research that truly visionary VCs should be

47、supporting.Instead of “investing in a blockbuster cancer drug that will pay them nothing for 15 years”, Blank says VCs are throwing their money at the latest and possibly greatest social-media idea that can run on smart phones or tablets in hopes of scoring a quick return when it goes big. In the pa

48、st, Blank wrote, if you were a successful VC, you could make $100 million on an investment in five to seven years. Today, social media startups can return hundreds of millions or even billions in less than three yearsA 1999 report in the Wire magazine predicted, “The convergence of mobile phones and

49、 the Internet, high-speed wireless data access, intelligent networks, and pervasive computing will shape how we work, shop, pay bills, keep appointments, conduct wars, keep up with our children, and write poetry in the next century.” Thirteen years later, we are already living in the world the repor

50、t described. Perhaps it is time for us to ask: What now?【答案】如果让你举一个过去十年成功创新的例子，你首先想到的会是什么？是苹果那些炫酷的小玩意，IPhone和IPad？还是社交网站的出现，如Facebook和它的各种模仿者？不可否认，这些设备和应用极大地改变了我们的生活方式。我们从未感到与他人联系如此紧密。在激励人们参与有价值的社会和公民事业这一方面，社交网络发挥着巨大的作用。精巧小玩意一个接一个地被发明出来，屏幕越来越大，按键越来越小。在分享文字和图片的社交网络的基础上，我们创造出了可分享音频和视频的新产品。所有这一切都很棒，但什么

51、才是真正具有开创性和远见卓识的贡献，可以彻底改变世界和人类生活方式呢？我们的技术发展是不是出了什么问题？史蒂夫布兰克在赫芬顿邮报上发文指责像Facebook这样的社交网络与社交媒体公司扼杀创新思维。布兰克教授创业课程，同时在斯坦福大学、哥伦比亚大学和美国国家科学基金会创新团任职。他会为教授对象提供建议，尤其是那些想将发明商品化的风险投资家们。他认为Facebook和其他社交网络及社交媒体公司的成功，使得风险资本不再青睐那些回报不明朗的严肃研究。这些研究是真正有远见的风投家们应当全力支持的项目。布兰克表示，风投家们并没有“投资于一种重磅炸弹式的抗癌药物，这种药物在15年内不会给他们带来任何回报”

52、，而是把钱投在最新的、可能是最好的社交媒体创意上，这种创意可以在智能手机或平板电脑上运行，希望在其发展壮大时能迅速获得回报。“在过去，”布兰克写道，“如果你是一个成功的风投，你可以在5到7年的时间里获得1亿美元的回报。如今，社交媒体初创企业在不到三年的时间里就能让投资家们获得数亿甚至数十亿美元的回报。”一则1999年发表在线路杂志上的报告预言道：“移动电话和网络、高速无线数据存取、智能网络和普及计算机技术将会决定我们下个世纪工作、购物、付款、约会、战争、与孩子相处甚至创作诗歌的方式。”十三年后，我们已经生活在这个预言中。也许是时候该问问自己：下一步怎么走？5. 单选题The tragic im

53、pact of modern city on the human being has killed his sense of aesthetics. The material benefits of an affluent society have diverted his attention from his city and its cultural potential to the products of science and technology: washing machines, central heating, automatic cookers, television set

54、s, computers and fitted carpets. He is, at the moment, drunk with democracy, well-to-do, and has never had it so good.He is reluctant to walk. Statistical data reveal that the distance he is prepared to walk from his parking place to his shopping center is very short. As there are no adequate off st

55、reet parking facilities, the cities are littered with kerb-parked cars, and parking meters rear themselves everywhere. Congestion has become the predominant factor in his environment, and statistics suggest that two cars per household system may soon make matters worse.In the meantime, insult is add

56、ed to injury by “land value”. The value of land results from its use: its income is derived from the service it provides. When its use is intensified, its income and its value increase. “Putting land to its highest and best use” becomes the principal economic standard in urban growth. This speculati

57、ve approach and the pressure of increasing population leads to the “vertical” growth of cities with the result that people are forced to adjust themselves to congestion in order to maintain these relatively artificial land values. Paradoxically the remedy for removing congestion is to create more of

58、 it.Partial decentralization, or rather pseudo-decentralization, in the form of large development units away from the traditional town centers, only shifts the disease round the anatomy of the town: if it is not combined with the remodeling of the towns transportation system, it does not cure it. He

59、re the engineering solutions are strongly affected by the necessity for complicated intersections, which, in turn, are frustrated by the extravagant cost of land.It is within our power to build better cities and revive the civic pride of their citizens, but we shall have to stop operating on the fri

60、nge of the problem. We shall have radically to re-plan them to achieve a rational density of population. We shall have to provide in them what can be called minimum “psychological elbow room.” One of the ingredients of this will be proper transportation plans. These will have to be an integral part

61、of the overall planning process which in itself is a scientific process. If we want to plan effectively, we must collect, in an organized manner, all and complete information about the city or the town. In this process, we must not forget that cities are built by people, and that their form and shap

62、e should be subject to the will of the people. Scientific methods of data collection and analysis will indicate trends, but they will not direct action. Scientific methods are only an instrument. Man will have to set the target, and, using the results obtained by science and his own engineering skil

63、l, take upon himself the final shaping of his environment.26. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that people in old times _.27. The highly-developed technology has made man _.28. The drastic increase of land value in the city _.29. The expansion of big cities to the distant suburban areas m

64、ay _.30. The author suggests that the remodeling of cities must _.问题1选项A.paid more attention to material benefitsB.had a stronger sense of beautyC.were more desirous about the development of science and technologyD.enjoyed more freedom and democrat问题2选项A.increasingly industriousB.free from inconvenienceC.excessively dependent on external aidsD.able to save his physical strength问题3选项A.is the good result of economic developmentB.offers more opportunities to land dealersC.is annoyingly artificial and meaninglessD.fortunately leads to the “vertical” growth of cities问题4