2022年考博英语-武汉大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第88期

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1、2022年考博英语-武汉大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题Self-esteem is what people think about themselveswhether or not they feel valued and when family members have self-respect, pride, and belief in themselves, this high self-esteem makes it possible to cope with the everyday problems of growing up.Successful pa

2、rent begins by communicating to children that they are loved for no other reasons than just because they exist. Through touch and tone of voice parents tell their infants whether or not they are valued, special, and loved, and it is these messages that form the basis of the childs self-esteem. When

3、children grow up with love and are made to feel lovable despite their mistakes and failures, they are able to interact with others in a responsible, honest, and loving way. A healthy self-esteem is a resource for coping when difficulties arise, making it easier to see a problem as temporary, managea

4、ble, and something from which the individual can emerge.If, however, children grow up without love and without feelings of self-worth, they feel unlovable and worthless and expect to be cheated, taken advantage of, and looked down upon by others. Ultimately their actions invite this treatment, and t

5、heir self-defeating behavior turns expectations into reality. They do not have the personal resources to handle everyday problems in a healthy way, and life maybe viewed as just one crisis after another. Without a healthy self-esteem they may cope by acting out problems rather than talking them out

6、or by withdrawing and remaining indifferent towards themselves and others. These individuals grow up to live isolated, lonely lives, lacking the ability to give the love that they have never received.Self-esteem is a kind of energy, and when it is high, people feel like they can handle anything. It

7、is what one feels when special things are happening or everything is going great. A word of praise, a smile, a good grade on a report card, or doing something that creates pride within oneself can create the energy. When feelings about the self have been threatened and self-esteem is low, everything

8、 becomes more of an effort. It is difficult to hear, see, or think clearly, and others seem rude, inconsiderate, and rough. The problem is not with others, it is with the self but often it is not until energies are back to normal that the real problem is recognized.Children need help understanding t

9、hat their self-esteem and the self-esteem of those they interact with have a direct effect on each other. For example, a little girl comes home from school and says, “I need livings, cause my feelings got hurt today.” The mother responds to the childs need to be held and loved. If instead the mother

10、 said she was too busy to hold the little girl, the outcome would have been different.The infants self-esteem is totally dependent on family members, and it is not until about the time the child enters school that outside forces contribute to feelings about the self. A child must also learn that a m

11、ajor resource for a healthy self-esteem comes from within. Some parents raise their children to depend on external rather than internal reinforcement through practices such as paying for good grades on report cards or exchanging special privileges for good behavior. The child learns to rely on other

12、s to maintain a high self-esteem and is not prepared to live in a world in which desirable behavior does not automatically produce a tangible reward such as a smile, money, or special privileges.Maintaining a healthy self-esteem is a challenge that continues throughout life. One family found that th

13、ey could help each other identify positive attitudes. One evening during an electric storm the family gathered around the kitchen table, and each person wrote down two things that they liked about each family member. These pieces of paper were folded and given to the appropriate person, who one by o

14、ne opened their special messages. The father later commented, “It was quite an experience, opening each little piece of paper and reading the message. I still have those gifts, and when Ive had a really bad day, I read through them and I always come away feeling better.The foundation of a healthy fa

15、mily depends on the ability of the parents to communicate messages of love, trust, and self-worth to each child. This is the basis on which self-esteem is built, and as the child grows, self-esteem is reflected in the way he or she interacts with others.1.According to this passage, a person with a s

16、elf-esteem（ ）.2.Which is one of the effective means that parents should employ for fostering a childs selfesteem?3.Which of the following statements is true?4.The authors main point in writing this article is（ ） .问题1选项A.often withdraws from the societyB.always remains indifferent towards himself and

17、 other peopleC.has pride and belief in himselfD.tends to take advantage of others问题2选项A.Paying for good grades on report cards.B.Buying the child a present for his good behaviors.C.Praising and smiling to the child no matter what is happening to him.D.Loving the child in spite of his mistakes and fa

18、ilures.问题3选项A.Good parents tell their children that they are loved for no other reasons than just because they are there as their children.B.If a child is not loved or felt valued, he may not deal with daily problems in a good way in the future.C.External rather than internal reinforcement plays a m

19、ore important role in forming a childs self-esteem.D.Ones self-esteem has nothing to do with the self-esteem of other people he has to interact with.问题4选项A.to teach how to love the childrenB.to emphasize the familys role in the development of a childs self-esteemC.to illustrate the profits of self-e

20、steemD.to help family members to understand each other【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】1. According to this passage, a person with a self-esteem _. 1. 根据这篇文章，一个有自尊的人_。A. often withdraws from the society A. 经常远离社会B. always remains indifferent towards himself and other people B. 总是对自己和别人保持冷漠C.

21、has pride and belief in himself C. 对自己有自豪感和信心D. tends to take advantage of others D. 倾向于利用别人【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据文章第一段“自尊是人们对自己的看法，不管他们是否受到重视，当家庭成员有自尊、自豪和自信时，这种高度的自尊（this high self-esteem）使人们有可能处理成长过程中的日常问题”，从中可知，this high self-esteem（这种高度的自尊）指的就是自尊、自豪和自信，所以一个有自尊的人对自己有自豪感和自信心，C项“对自己有自豪感和信心”符合题意。【干扰项排除

22、】A项“经常远离社会”和B项“总是对自己和别人保持冷漠”，根据文章内容可知，缺乏自尊的人会对自己和他人保持冷漠，变得孤立，从而反推，拥有自尊的人会积极与人交往，这两项属于反向干扰；D项“倾向于利用别人”没有提到，属于无中生有。第2题:2.【选项释义】2. Which is one of the effective means that parents should employ for fostering a childs self-esteem? 2. 父母应该采用哪一种有效的方法来培养孩子的自尊？A. Paying for good grades on report cards. A. 为

23、成绩单上的好成绩付钱。B. Buying the child a present for his good behaviors. B. 为孩子的良好表现买一份礼物。C. Praising and smiling to the child no matter what is happening to him. C. 不管孩子发生了什么事，都要对他表扬和微笑。D. Loving the child in spite of his mistakes and failures. D. 即使孩子犯了错误和失败，也要爱他。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第二段第二和第三句“通过触摸和声音的语调，父母

24、告诉婴儿，他们是否受到重视，是否特别，是否被爱，正是这些信息形成了孩子自尊的基础。当孩子们在爱中成长，尽管他们犯过错误和失败，但他们觉得自己是可爱的，他们就能以负责任、诚实和爱的方式与他人交往。”，从中可知，如果孩子们在爱的氛围中成长，即使出错和失败的情况下仍然被父母爱护和关心，他们与人相处就更有责任心，更诚实和更具有爱心；综合推断，D项“即使孩子犯了错误和失败，也要爱他”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“为成绩单上的好成绩付钱”和B项“为孩子的良好表现买一份礼物”根据倒数第三段的内容可知，健康自尊的主要来源是内在的，而为表现好的孩子买礼物或付钱都是一种外部影响，并不是一种培养健康自尊的有效的方法

25、，这两项属于反向干扰；C项“不管孩子发生了什么事，都要对他表扬和微笑”，原文没有提到不管孩子发生了什么事，都要对他表扬，该项无中生有。第3题:3.【选项释义】3. Which of the following statements is true? 3. 下列哪一项是正确的？A. Good parents tell their children that they are loved for no other reasons than just because they are there as their children. A. 好的父母告诉孩子，他们被爱没有其他原因，只是因为他们是自己的

26、孩子。B. If a child is not loved or felt valued, he may not deal with daily problems in a good way in the future. B. 如果一个孩子没有被爱或被重视，他将来可能不能很好地处理日常问题。C. External rather than internal reinforcement plays a more important role in forming a childs self-esteem. C. 外在强化比内在强化在孩子自尊的形成中起着更重要的作用。D. Ones self-est

27、eem has nothing to do with the self-esteem of other people he has to interact with. D. 一个人的自尊与他交往的其他人的自尊无关。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据第二段第一句“成功的父母首先要告诉孩子，他们被爱不是因为别的原因，而只是因为他们的存在”可知，A项“好的父母告诉的孩子，他们被爱没有其他原因，只是因为他们是自己的孩子”与原文相符。故该题选择A项正确。【干扰项排除】B项“如果一个孩子没有被爱或被重视，他将来可能不能很好地处理日常问题”，根据原文第三段内容可知，如果一个孩子在没有爱和自我价值感的环境

28、中长大，他们会缺乏健康的自尊，对日常问题的处理方式也不一样，并不是不能很好处理，所以该项中的“不能很好地处理日常问题”并不符合原文，属于曲解原文；C项“外在强化比内在强化在孩子自尊的形成中起着更重要的作用”，根据第六段的内容，该段提到健康自尊的主要来源是内在的，有些家长把孩子培养成依赖外部强化而不是内部强化的人，会让孩子们没有准备好生活在一个理想的行为不能自动产生有形回报的世界里，所以内部强化比外部强化对培养孩子的自尊更重要，该项与原文相反，属于反向干扰；D项“一个人的自尊与他交往的其他人的自尊无关”，根据第五段第一句“孩子们需要帮助理解，他们的自尊和与他们交往的人的自尊对彼此有直接影响”可知

29、，该项与原文相反，属于反向干扰。第4题:4.【选项释义】4. The authors main point in writing this article is _. 4. 作者写这篇文章的主要观点是_。A. to teach how to love the children A. 教孩子如何去爱B. to emphasize the familys role in the development of a childs self-esteem B. 强调家庭在孩子自尊发展中的作用C. to illustrate the profits of self-esteem C. 来说明自尊的好处D.

30、 to help family members to understand each other D. 帮助家庭成员互相理解【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据文章最后一段的内容：健康家庭的基础取决于父母是否有能力向每个孩子传达爱、信任和自我价值的信息。这是自尊建立的基础，随着孩子的成长，自尊反映在他或她与他人互动的方式上。结合全文对于父母如何培养孩子自尊以及拥有健康自尊的作用的描述，综合推断作者的目的在于强调家庭在孩子自尊发展中的作用。B项符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“教孩子如何去爱”、C项“来说明自尊的好处”和D项“帮助家庭成员互相理解”只是段落内提及，属于以偏概全。2. 翻译题教育很可

31、能是现在争议最大、争议最多的一个题目。在一个国家未来的经济增长越来越依靠科学和技术的时候，教育在一个国家未来的前途中起着决定性的作用。今天，享受教育的特权已不再限于极少部分人。教育的发展是如此之快，它现在已成为一个大行业。事实上，它是最大的行业，其雇佣的人数和所付的工资比其他任何一个全国性企业的都要多。有一些教育机构包装得非常漂亮，借以提高知名度和吸引学生。在一定意义上讲，教育已经变成一种商品。从事教育的人对商业化这个说法会感到很不舒服，但是，恐怕除了少数例外，很多大学已经陷入了演变成有利可图的大规模制造厂的过程中。培养心智不再吃香；推销可出售的技能成了时髦。这就是教育的悲剧。不用说，某种拯救

32、教育以防其更加衰落的具有想象力的办法和共同努力早就该出台了。竞争性的考试应该由素质教育取代，死记硬背应该让位于创造性和解决实际问题的能力的培养。只有这样，我们才能迎来教育的真正进步。Directions:Translate the following paragraph from Chinese into English. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.【答案】Nowadays education is probably one of the most controversial and hotly contested topics.

33、 When a countrys economic growth in the future depends more and more on science and technology, education plays a decisive role in its future. Today enjoying the privilege of receiving education is not confined to a very small number of people. The development of education is so rapid that it has no

34、w become a huge industry. As a matter of fact, it is the biggest industry, which employs more people and pays more wages than any other national enterprise. Some educational organizations are very attractive in packing whereby they can enhance their popularity and attract students. In a sense, educa

35、tion has become a commodity. Educators may feel uncomfortable with the idea of commercialization. But except for some exceptions, most colleges and universities are already involved in the process of evolving into large-scale profitable manufacturers. Cultivating mentality is no longer sought-after;

36、 promoting salable skills has become a fashion, which is the tragedy of education. Needless to say, a certain imaginative way to rescue education from its decline and joint efforts should have appeared long ago. Competitive tests should be replaced by quality-oriented education; learning by rote sho

37、uld give way to cultivating creativity and ability to solve practical problems. Only in this way can we greet a genuine progress in education.3. 翻译题1.One of the fastest growing areas in Internet applications is the adoption of Internet technologies for the development of corporate networks. Many pub

38、lic sectors and commercial organizations throughout the world are accelerating their paces in building corporate networks based on Internet technologies, allowing them to roll out their private “Intranets”. These Intranets are used to support enterprise applications and communications both inside an

39、d outside the corporate firewall.2.Intranet is the new buzz word referring to the use of fast growing and relatively inexpensive Internet technologies for the development of enterprise information and communication systems. It generally involves two key types of software: the “browser” which allows

40、users to scan the network for useful information and the “server” which stores and organizes the information. Major IT vendors have announced or are planning to announce products and services which will help their customers in realizing the competitive advantages made possible by these new technolog

41、ies. For example,Oracle and Sybase have unveiled their plans to introduce browsers that include application development tools based on Java, a programming language licensed from Sun Microsystems Inc. These new toolsets will allow developers to write network-connection-ready, web-enabled applications

42、 that link to corporate databases.The creation of private intranets provides opportunities for companies to use the Web as a complement or an alternative for traditional internal networking, application development tools and groupware products. 3. For example, Morgan Stanley and Turner Broadcasting

43、have successfully implemented their own Intranets which allow their employees to share information, collaborate on projects, and to create very effective workgroups spreading across large geographical regions.With improved security design on the Intranet which can be bridged into the Internet, many

44、companies are developing new business applications which were not technically feasible nor economically viable in the past. For example, shipping companies and courier companies can build cargo and parcel tracking systems which allow their international customers, anywhere in the world, to log onto

45、their local Internet networks to access secured databases to retrieve the latest information about their shipments.One of the most often quoted criticisms of Internet when being considered for serious business applications is its security risk, or its perceived inadequacy of security features. Many

46、feel that the Internet is distributed and “uncontrolled”. By its very own nature, there is no single organization owning the Internet, running it or can be held responsible for it in the conventional sense. Intrusion may come from anywhere in the world. To further complicate the matter, legislation

47、and law enforcement concerning electronic crimes vary greatly from one country to another. This presents great challenges in the prosecution of crimes committed using the Internet.While some of these feelings and observations are correct, many Internet technology providers throughout the world are w

48、orking very aggressively in solving the problems concerning Internet security. Using cryptographic techniques and network management technologies, Internet can be as secured as any private networks used in the financial, commercial and national defense applications.The Internet is a global technolog

49、y. It will affect, in many aspects, the way that we interact with people, conduct our business transactions. It will also change the way that we acquire and share experience and knowledge. 4. It unavoidably will alter our sense of community and remove some of the constraints previously associated wi

50、th geographical boundaries. The Internet and Intranet are presenting opportunities and challenges to individuals and enterprises. They will reward those with the ability and vision to harness their power, realizing their constraints and capable of developing solutions in overcoming these limitations

51、.Directions:Read the following passage, and then translate the underlined parts numbered from (1) to(4) , from English into Chinese. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.【答案】（1）互联网应用中发展最快的一个领域采用互联网技术开发企业网络。全世界许多政府部门和商业机构正加快步伐，创建基于互联网技术的企业网络，允许它们推销秘密的“内联网”。（2）“内联网”是一个时髦术语，指用发展迅速、相对廉价的互联网技术开发企

52、业信息和通讯系统。内联网一般包含两种重要的软件：浏览器和服务器。前者允许用户浏览网络以获取有用信息，后者储存并整理信息。（3）例如，摩根斯坦利金融公司和特纳广播公司成功地完成了各自的内联网，这些内联网使两家公司的雇员共享信息，共同承担项目并创建遍及各大洲的、效果明显的工作组。（4）互联网必然会改变我们的社区意识并消除以往跟地理疆界联系在一起的种种限制。互联网和内联网给个人和企业带来机遇和挑战，这些网络奖赏有能力和远见的人利用自己的权力，在种种局限发生时，能找到克服局限性的方案。4. 不定项选择题Mr Gordon is right that the second industrial revo

53、lution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the Wests dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves

54、many times over: General Electric must be on at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire.On the pessimists side the strongest ar

55、gument relies not on closely watching corporate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate si

56、nce 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average.Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong with the figures. One possibility is that they fail to count

57、the huge consumer surplus given away free of charge on the Internet. But this is unconvincing. The official figures may well be understating the impact of the Internet revolution, just as they downplayed the impact of electricity and cars in the past, but they are not understating it enough to expla

58、in the recent decline in productivity growth.Another, second line of argument that the productivity revolution has only just begun is more persuasive. Over the past decade many IT companies may have focused on things that were more “fun than fundamental” in Paul Krugmans phrase. But Silicon Valleys

59、best companies are certainly focusing on things that change the material world.Uber and Airbnb are bringing dramatic improvements to two large industries that have been more or less stuck for decades. Morgan Stanley estimates that driverless cars could result in $ 507 billion a year of productivity

60、gains in America, mainly from people being able to stare at their laptops instead of at the road.1.What has led to the pessimistic opinion concerning the worlds economy?2.The first argument on the optimists side is unconvincing because the official figures（ ）.3.What is true about the IT companies in

61、 Silicon Valley?4.How can driverless cars benefit American industries?问题1选项A.It is based on macro-level statistics on productivity.B.It is based on close observation on corporate and investor behavior.C.It is due to the fact that many old firms are not run by bureaucrats.D.It is due to the fact that

62、 not enough new firms have been created.问题2选项A.are both wrong and unconvincingB.downplay the Internet revolutionC.fail to include the consumer surplusD.cant explain the decline in productivity growth问题3选项A.They have only focused on the fun part of life.B.They have made a difference in the real world

63、.C.They have more persuasive productivity.D.They have only just begun to develop.问题4选项A.Driverless cars have revived two large American industries.B.The sale of driverless cars can reach hundreds of billion dollars.C.Thanks to them people free from driving can do more creative work.D.Driverless cars

64、 have stimulated the development of Uber and Airbnb【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】1. What has led to the pessimistic opinion concerning the worlds economy? 1. 是什么导致了对世界经济的悲观看法？A. It is based on macro-level statistics on productivity. A. 它是基于生产率的宏观统计数据。B. It is based on close observation on corporate and investor behavior. B. 它是基于对公司和投资者行为的密切观察。C. It is due to the fact that many old firms are not run by bureaucrats. C. 因为许多老公司并不是由官僚管理的。D. It is due to the fact that not enough new firms have been created. D. 这是由于没有建立足够多的新公司。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据关键词pessimistic定位到第二段第一句“在悲观主义者看来