2022年考博英语-湖南农业大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第45期

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1、2022年考博英语-湖南农业大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 不定项选择题The idea has reigned for years that the aging brains neurons die off by as many as 100,000 a daytaking with them lifes cherished memories. But, in fact neuron-biologists such as Alan Peters of Boston University have shown in recent studies that, while br

2、ain cells may shrink in old age, they dont die off in large numbers.Whats more, say neuroscientists, its primarily the brains “hardware”the billions of telephone-line-like connections and relay switches which act as processing equipmentthat is vulnerable to wearing out with age. The brains “software

3、”the actual information that fills up the mind over a lifetimedoesnt necessarily deteriorate. If anything, it can grow more sophisticated. So, just as running the latest software program on an old computer will take more time and may involve some trouble, one car still possess a first-rate intellige

4、nce while losing some cognitive speed later in life.When mental abilities do pass their peak, memory isnt the first to go, Powell and others say. Its usually the brains capacity to make sense of spatial relationshipsmap-reading or finding your car at the mallwhich may begin to get difficult in your

5、40s.A decade later, the abstract reasoning required to make analogies dips downward. Next to drop is “verbal memory after delay”remembering details of a story after having turned attention to other tasks. But some mental skills, such as the ability to concentrate or calculate math, seem to remain st

6、urdy long into old age. And “procedural” memoryhow to play golf or ride a bikeis usually not touched by aging.Even “common” memory loss, however, shouldnt be considered normal. It could be treatable. Neurologists at Harvard are finding that, later in life, the brain often produces less acetylcholine

7、 (乙酰胆碱), a neurotransmitter involved in memory. Tentative results suggest that drugs could mimic the missing chemical. At least a dozen other substances are also being studied as potential memory boosters.1. According to the passage, when we are old _.2. According to the neuroscientists, the informa

8、tion in our mind _.3. The neuroscientists compare our brain with computer to show that _.4. According to the passage, at what age do our brains work best?5. What might happen when we are in our 50s?6. Which of the following is the best title of this passage?问题1选项A.our brain neurons die off very quic

9、klyB.our brain neurons do not die at allC.our brain neurons may become smallerD.our brain neurons take away our cherished memories问题2选项A.is easy to be lost at old agesB.does not change at old agesC.wears out easily with ageD.can be more complicated at old ages问题3选项A.when people get old, their brains

10、 work slowly as old machinesB.human beings are as intelligent as computersC.the structure of our brains is very complicatedD.a great deal of information can be stored in our brains问题4选项A.When we are younger than thirty.B.When we are about forty.C.When we are over fifty.D.When we are very old.问题5选项A.

11、We begin to forget where we have put our things.B.We begin to have difficulty in explaining why two things are alike.C.We begin to forget the message that we have been told.D.We begin to forget how to operate a machine.问题6选项A.How To Keep Our Memories At Old AgesB.Memories Goes First When We Are OldC

12、.Exploring The Myth Of Our MemoryD.How To Stay Mentally Alert【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B第5题:B第6题:C【解析】第1题:事实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段最后一句.while brain cells may shrink in old age, they dont die off in large numbers.（虽然我们的脑细胞会在晚年萎缩，但是并不会出现大量死亡的现象）从这句可知脑细胞不会很快速地死亡，也不是不会死亡只是小范围地死亡，所以A选项“我们的脑细胞会很快的死亡”和B选项“我们的脑细胞完全不会死亡

13、”错误；D选项“我们的脑细胞带走珍贵的会议”不符合逻辑，因为是脑细胞的死亡才会造成记忆缺失并不是脑细胞带走我们的记忆。萎缩的细胞会要比普通细胞小。所以答案是C选项“我们的脑细胞可能会变小”。第2题:事实细节题。从题干定位到第二段倒数第二三句话The brains “software”the actual information that fills up the mind over a lifetimedoesnt necessarily deteriorate. If anything, it can grow more sophisticated.（大脑的“软件”一生中装满了大脑的实际信息

14、并不一定会退化。如果要说有什么的话，那就是它（脑细胞）变得更加复杂了）从这句话可知储存着大脑信息的“软件”不会退化，所以“软件”里面的信息也不会轻易丢失，A选项“我们脑海的信息在老年的时候容易忘记”；B选项“我们脑海的信息在老年的时候也不会改变” C选项“我们脑海的信息在老年的时候容易磨损”错误；D选项“我们脑海的信息在老年的时候会变得复杂”正确。第3题:事实细节题。根据题干定位到第二段前面三句话its primarily the brains “hardware”the billions of telephone-line-like connections and relay switche

15、s which act as processing equipmentthat is vulnerable to wearing out with age. The brains “software”the actual information that fills up the mind over a lifetimedoesnt necessarily deteriorate. If anything, it can grow more sophisticated.（主要是大脑的“硬件”数十亿充当处理设备的像电话线一样的连接和继电器开关（的细胞）很容易随着年龄的增长而磨损。大脑的“软件”在

16、一生中装满了大脑的实际信息并不一定会退化。如果要说有什么的话，那就是它（脑细胞）变得更加复杂了。）随着年龄的增长脑细胞里储藏的信息变得复杂了，但是处理信息的细胞却随着年龄的增长老化，这一现象就很像一台旧电脑运行着最新的软件，所以A选项“当人们变老之后，我们大脑的工作会如同一台旧电脑般运行得缓慢”正确。B选项“人类像电脑一样聪明”，这个说法不符合我们生活逻辑；C选项“我们大脑结构非常复杂”和D选项“大量信息可以储存在我们脑海中”文章没有提及。第4题:事实细节题。根据题干定位到第三段 When mental abilities do pass their peak, memory isnt the

17、 first to go, Powell and others say. Its usually the brains capacity to make sense of spatial relationshipsmap-reading or finding your car at the mallwhich may begin to get difficult in your 40s.（鲍威尔和其他生物学家说，当脑力达到顶峰时，记忆力并不是最先消失的。（最先消失的）通常是大脑理解空间关系的能力看地图或在商场里找到你的车在你40多岁的时候，这可能开始变得困难。）从begin to（开始）这个关

18、键词可知40岁的时候，我们的大脑开始走下坡路了，所以40岁时，我们大脑就处于巅峰状态，因而答案选B。第5题:事实细节题。根据题干定位到第四段第二句话A decade later, the abstract reasoning required to make analogies dips downward.（十年后，进行类比所需要的抽象推理能力下降了。）分析两件事的异同需要我们的抽象逻辑能力，所以B选项“我们解释某两件事的相似之处开始变得困难”正确，定位到最后一段第一句话Even “common” memory loss, however, shouldnt be considered nor

19、mal. It could be treatable.（然而，即使是“普通的”失忆也不应该被视为正常。它是可以治疗的。）失忆不是正常现象而且是可以治愈的，而A选项“我们开始忘记把东西放哪了”，C选项“我们开始忘记别人告诉我们的信息”，D选项“我们开始忘记怎么操作机械了”，这些都是关于失忆的现象的，所以A，C，D不选。第6题:主旨大意题。文章全文都是在客观地描述我们脑细胞随着年龄的增长会出现什么情况，没有告诉我们应该去什么措施，所以A选项“怎么在老年的时候保持记忆”，以及D选项“怎样保持机警”不选。B选项“当我们老了，记忆排在第一位”虽然文中有提及，但是不是主题，而且这句话和文章内容相对的，所以

20、排除。文章内容是根据记忆来展开的，第一段以人们的错觉开头，然后介绍了生物学家相关的实验验证脑细胞和记忆的关系，然后描述随着年龄的增长，记忆出现什么样的情况，所以答案选C选项“探寻我们记忆之谜”。2. 不定项选择题Like most parents, geologist Brian Atwater worries about his daughters safety. But these days, he has an unusual concern: the public school she attends in Seattle has un-reinforced masonry walls

21、, construction notorious for collapsing during earthquakes. The same type of walls crushed hundreds of thousands of people during the 1976 Tangshan quake in China.A decade ago, Atwater would have paid little notice to schoolroom walls. But over the last several years, he and other scientists have fo

22、und disturbing signs that the Pacific Northwest has experienced giant quakes in the distant past and that the area may be headed for a catastrophic shock in the near or distant future.At a meeting of the American Geophysical Union in December, researchers discussed the recently uncovered evidence of

23、 quake potential in the Pacific Northwest. While some remain unconvinced that huge earthquakes with magnitudes of 8 or higher do indeed strike this region, a growing number consider such shocks a serious possibility.Whats worrisome, they say, is that northwestern cities such as Portland, Seattle and

24、 Vancouver have not prepared for earthquakes of this magnitude, which could rattle the regions population centers with enough force to make the recent San Francisco area damage seem mild in comparison.“I think its quite true to say that nothing (in these areas) has really been designed with one of t

25、hese earthquakes in mind, ” says seismologist Paul Somerville of Woodward Clyde Consultants in Pasadena Calif. At the meeting, Somerville and his colleagues presented estimates of the degree of shaking Portland and Seattle would suffer during a massive earthquake.1. During the 1976 Tangshan earthqua

26、ke in China, hundreds of thousands of people were killed by（ ） .2. It is implied in Paragraph 2 that（ ）.3. The word “shock” means the same as（ ） .4. What does the word “mild” in Paragraph 4 mean?5. Which of the following is not true?问题1选项A.fireB.un-strengthened brick and stone buildingsC.masonry wal

27、lsD.un-reinforced concrete walls问题2选项A.Mr. Atwater loves his daughter very muchB.Mr. Atwater and other scientists pay attention to signs of earthquakes in the Pacific NorthwestC.the earthquakes will strike northwestern citiesD.Mr. Atwater has been concerned a lot over schoolrooms for the past severa

28、l years问题3选项A.quakeB.violence forceC.attackD.crash问题4选项A.softB.not hardC.not severeD.gentle问题5选项A.The public school where Mr. Atwaters daughter studies has schoolrooms easy to destroy during a massive earthquake.B.While some scientists still dont believe that huge quakes will occur in Pacific Northw

29、est, more and more scientists feel certain.C.Somerville and his colleagues made a judgment on the loss suffered in Seattle during the next earthquake.D.The researchers are worried that northwestern cities havent made any preparations against such a huge quake.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C【解析】第1题:事实细

30、节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第一段最后一、二句话.the public school she attends in Seattle has un-reinforced masonry walls, construction notorious for collapsing during earthquakes. The same type of walls crushed hundreds of thousands of people during the 1976 Tangshan quake in China.（她在西雅图就读的公立学校有未加固的砖墙，这种建筑因在地震中倒塌而臭名昭著。相

31、同类型的墙在1976年的唐山大地震压死了成百上千人）。第二步综合理解，这里un-reinforced masonry walls与选C相符，所以答案选C。A选项“火”，在文中都没有提到属于无中生有。B选项“没有加固的砖石建筑”，对应原文第一段最后一二句话，但是此处讲的是un-reinforced masonry walls不是brick and stone building，此处属于张冠李戴，所以不选；D选项“无钢筋混凝土墙”，此处讲的是masonry walls不是concrete walls，此处也属于张冠李戴，所以不选。第2题:推理判断题。第一步，找句内线索，定位到第二段第二句But o

32、ver the last several years, he and other scientists have found disturbing signs that the Pacific Northwest has experienced giant quakes in the distant past and that the area may be headed for a catastrophic shock in the near or distant future.（但在过去几年里，他和其他科学家发现了令人不安的迹象，太平洋西北部在很久以前经历过巨大的地震并且在不远的将来，该地

33、区可能会遭受灾难性的冲击），第二步综合理解，定位句和B选项“爱德华和其他科学家注意到了南太平洋地震的预兆”；是同意转换，所以答案选B。A选项“爱德华先生非常爱他的女儿”，第一步，精准定位，定位到文章第一段第一句Like most parents, geologist Brian Atwater worries about his daughters safety（和大多数父母一样，地质学家布莱恩阿特沃特担心女儿的安全。）但是题干的要求是第二段可以推断出什么，这里属于出处错误；C选项“地震将会袭击西北城市”，可以定位到第二段第二句（见上文）。第二步综合理解，这里的the area指的是the P

34、acific Northwest不是northwest cities，这里属于张冠李戴。D选项“在过去几年，爱德华一直在关注学校教室”，第一步，精准定位，定位到第一段第二句But these days, he has an unusual concern: the public school she attends in Seattle has un-reinforced masonry walls, construction notorious for collapsing during earthquakes（但这些天，他有一个不同寻常的担忧：她在西雅图上的公立学校有未加固的砖石墙，这种建

35、筑因在地震中倒塌而臭名昭著），这里虽然爱德华确实担心这种墙会倒，但是不是第二段的内容，这里属于出处错误。第3题:词汇推断题。第一步，句中前后信息衔接，根据题干定位到he and other scientists have found disturbing signs that Northwest has experienced giant quakes in the distant past and that the area may be headed for a catastrophic shock in the near or distant future（他和其他科学家发现了令人不安的

36、迹象，太平洋西北部在很久以前经历过巨大的地震并且在不远的将来，该地区可能会遭受灾难性的冲击）and连接两个并列的定语从句，in the distance past和in the near future，以及northwest和the area，这里可能讲的是发生在这块西北区的同一件事，不过一件已经发生过了，而另一件快要发生了。第二步，上下文语义衔接，上文提到了有迹象表明太平洋西北地区以前发生过地震，在不久的将来这里又要发生了，所以shock是上文quake的同义替换，所以答案选A选项quake“发抖，震动”；B选项violence force“暴力”，文中没有提及暴力，属于无中生有。C选项at

37、tack“攻击”，文中没有提及攻击，属于无中生有。D选项crash“碰撞，倒塌”，文中没有提及碰撞，属于无中生有。第4题:词汇推断题。第一步，句中前后信息衔接，根据文章定位到四段整句话 Whats worrisome, they say, is that northwestern cities such as Portland, Seattle and Vancouver have not prepared for earthquakes of this magnitude, which could rattle the regions population centers with enou

38、gh force to make the recent San Francisco area damage seem mild in comparison.（他们说，令人担忧的是，波特兰、西雅图和温哥华等西北城市还没有为这种级别的地震做好准备。这种地震可能会对该地区的人口中心造成足够大的震动，使旧金山地区最近遭受的破坏相比之下显得比较轻微）；第二步，上下文语义衔接，mild前面连接的信息是San Francisco area damage，后面连接的信息是in comparison。就可以看出，这里是在做比较，比较两个灾难的严重性。上文还提到了whats worrisome以及not prep

39、ared for earthquakes of this magnitude，这里说明前面的地震要比后面的破坏更加严重，所以后面的破坏相对来说就不是那么严重了，所以答案选C选项；A选项“柔软的”，不能用来修饰“破坏”，这里属于反向干扰；B选项“不困难的”，不能用来修饰“破坏”，这里属于反向干扰；D选项“温柔的，绅士的”，不能用来修饰“破坏”，这里属于反向干扰。第5题:推理判断题。第一步，精准定位，根据选项定位到最后一段倒数第二句话At the meeting, Somerville and his colleagues presented estimates of the degree of

40、shaking Portland and Seattle would suffer during a massive earthquake.（在会议上，萨默维尔和他的同事们对波特兰和西雅图在大地震中可能遭受的震动程度进行了估计）。第二步综合理解，科学家萨默维尔预估的是震动的等级而不是地震中受到的损失，这里属于张冠李戴，所以C选项“萨默维尔和他的同事对西雅图在下一次地震中遭受的损失作出了判断”错误，答案选C；A选项“阿特沃特的女儿就读的公立学校的教室在大地震中很容易被摧毁”，第一步，精准定位，定位到第一段第二句话the public school she attends in Seattle h

41、as un-reinforced masonry walls, construction notorious for collapsing during earthquakes.（她在西雅图就读的公立学校有未加固的砖石墙，这种建筑因在地震中倒塌而臭名昭著），从这个句可以看出，A选项正确，所以不选；B选项“虽然一些科学家仍然不相信太平洋西北部会发生大地震，但越来越多的科学家感觉会”，第一步，精准定位，根据选项定位到第三段最后一句话While some remain unconvinced that huge earthquakes with magnitudes of 8 or higher d

42、o indeed strike this region, a growing number consider such shocks a serious possibility.（虽然有些人仍然不相信8级或更高的大地震确实会袭击这个地区，但越来越多的人认为这种地震是有很大的可能性的。），所以B选项不选；D选项“研究人员担心，西北城市还没有为应对如此巨大的地震做任何准备”，第一步，精准定位，根据第四段第一句话Whats worrisome, they say, is that northwestern cities such as Portland, Seattle and Vancouver

43、have not prepared for earthquakes of this magnitude（他们说，令人担忧的是，波特兰、西雅图和温哥华等西北城市还没有为这种级别的地震做好准备）选项D正确，不选。3. 单选题In spite of the（ ）economic forecasts, manufacturing output has risen slightly.问题1选项A.gloomyB.miserableC.shadowyD.obscure【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项gloomy“黑暗的，沮丧的”；B选项miserable“悲惨的，痛苦的”；C选项shadowy“幽

44、暗的，多阴影的”；D选项obscure“昏暗的，晦涩的”。句意：尽管经济预期（），制造业产量有所上升。这里关键词in spite of可知，经济预期不是很好，这里能够用来形容经济这个抽象概念的只有A选项。B选项一般指人的品质或者命运。C选项一般指天气。D选项是指模棱两可的，代入句中不符合逻辑。4. 单选题For decades the food industry has been known for mainly providing sugary or fat-laden products, _ with ceaseless advertising.问题1选项A.developedB.lift

45、edC.raisedD.promoted【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“发展”；B选项“提高”；C选项“增长，培养”；D选项“推广，推销”。句意：数十年来食品产业以主要为提供高糖高脂肪的产品闻名，（）无休止的广告。广告一般是用来推广食品，以达到让食品卖的更好的效果，所以答案选D。5. 单选题The examination（ ）very easy if all students passed.问题1选项A.must have beenB.has beenC.wasD.ought to be【答案】A【解析】考查情态动词的用法。A选项“肯定”；B选项“过去完成时”；C选项“过去”；D选项“

46、应该”。句意：试卷（）很容易如果所有学生都通过了。must have done 表示对过去的肯定的推测，答案选A。后面的从句是过去时态，所以不能选D，D是一般现在时。6. 不定项选择题The energy contained in rock within the earths crust represents a nearly unlimited energy source, but until recently commercial retrieval has been limited to underground hot water and/or steam recovery system

47、s. These systems have been developed in areas of recent volcanic activity, where high rates of heat flow cause visible eruption of water in the form of geysers and hot springs. In other areas, however, hot rock also exists near the surface but there is insufficient water present to produce eruptive

48、phenomena. Thus a potential hot dry rock (HDR) reservoir exists whenever the amount of spontaneously produced geothermal fluid has been judged inadequate for existing commercial systems.As a result of recent energy crisis, new concepts for creating HDR recovery systemswhich involve drilling holes an

49、d connecting them to artificial reservoirs placed deep within the crustare being developed. In all attempts to retrieve energy from HDRs artificial stimulation will be required to create either sufficient permeability or bounded flow paths to facilitate the removal of heat by circulation of a fluid

50、over the surface of the rock.The HDR resource base is generally defined to included crustal rock that is hotter than 150C, is at depths less than ten kilometers and can be drilled with presently available equipment. Although wells deeper than ten kilometers are technically feasible, prevailing econo

51、mic factors will obviously determine the commercial feasibility of wells at such depths. Rock temperatures as low as 100C may be useful for space heating (heating of spaces especially for human comfort by any means (as fuel, electricity, or solar radiation) with the heater either within the space or

52、 external to it); however, for producing electricity, temperatures greater than 200 C are desirable.The geothermal gradient, which specifically determines the depth of drilling required to reach a desired temperature, is a major factor in the recoverability of geothermal resources. Temperature gradi

53、ent maps generated from oil and gas well temperature-depth records kept by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists suggest that trappable high-temperature gradients are distributed all across the United States. (There are many areas, however, for which no temperature gradient records exist.

54、)Indications are that the HDR resource base is very large. If an average geothermal temperature gradient of 22C per kilometer of depth is used, a staggering 13, 000, 000 quadrillion B.T.U.s of total energy are calculated to be contained in crustal rock to a ten-kilometer depth in the United States.

55、If we conservatively estimate that only about 0.2 percent is recoverable, we find a total of all the coal remaining in the United States. The remaining problem is to balance the economics of deeper, hotter, more costly wells and shallower, cooler, less expensive wells against the value of the final

56、product, electricity and/or heat.1. The primary purpose of the passage is to _.2. The passage would be most likely to appear in a _.3. According the passage, an average geothermal gradient of 22C per kilometer of depth can be used to _.4. It can be inferred from the passage that the availability of

57、temperature-depth records for any specific area in the United States depends primarily on the _.问题1选项A.warn the users of coal and oil that HDRs are not an economically feasible alternativeB.alert readers to the existence of HDRs as an available energy sourceC.encourage the use of new techniques for

58、the recovery of energy from underground hot water and steamD.document the challenges that have been surmounted in the effort to recover energy from HDR问题2选项A.technical journal article concerned with the recoverability of newly identified energy sourcesB.petrological research report focused on the hi

59、story of temperature-depth records in the United StatesC.consumer report describing the extent and accessibility of remaining coal resourcesD.congressional report urging the conservation of oil and natural gas reserves in the United States问题3选项A.provide comparisons between hot water and HDR energy s

60、ources in the United StatesB.balance the economics of HDR energy retrieval against that of underground hot water or steam recovery systems.C.revise the estimates on the extent of remaining coal resources in the United StatesD.estimate the total HDR resource base in the United States问题4选项A.history of

61、 successful hot water or steam recovery efforts in that areaB.possibility that HDRs may be found in that areaC.failure of inhabitants to conserve oil or gas reserves in that areaD.existence of previous attempts to obtain oil or gas in that area【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:D【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。A选项“提醒那些使用煤炭或者石油的人

62、热干石不是很经济的替代品”；B选项“提醒读者热干石是一个可用的能源”；C选项“鼓励使用新技术，从地下热水和蒸汽中回收能量”；D选项“记录在从HDR中回收能源的努力中已经克服的挑战”。根据题干定位到第一段第一句The energy contained in rock within the earths crust represents a nearly unlimited energy source, but until recently commercial retrieval has been limited to underground hot water and/or steam rec

63、overy systems.（地壳中岩石所含的能量是一种几乎无限的能源，但直到最近，商业回收还仅限于地下热水和/或蒸汽回收系统。）从这里可以看出HDR是可用资源，虽然还没有被开发完全但是潜力巨大，因此答案选B。A、C、D选项文中没有提及。第2题:推理判断题。题干：这篇文章最可能出现在哪里。A选项“有关新发现的能源的可恢复性的技术期刊文章”；B选项“集中关注美国的温度深度记录的历史岩石学研究报告”；C选项“描述剩余煤炭资源的范围和可及性的消费者报告”；D选项“一份敦促美国保护石油和天然气储备的国会报告”。文章都是逻辑严谨，用词科学，所以最可能出现在期刊里。文章的中心内容是HDR这种资源只是稍微提及了美国，所以不选B选项。第3题:事实细节题。题干：每千米深度的平均地温梯度为22就可以用来干什么？A选项“用来比较美国的热水和HDR能源”；B选项“平衡HDR能量回收与地下热水或蒸汽回收系统的经济效益。”；C选项“对美国剩余煤炭资源的估计”；D选项“估计美国HDR资源总量”。根据题干我们定位到最后一段第二句话If an average geothermal t