2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第67期

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1、2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 翻译题If asked to give one example of a successful innovation in the past 10 years, what would come to mind first? Apples shiny cool gadgets like the IPhone and the IPad? Or the emergence of social networking sites such as the Facebook and its various copycats?We ad

2、mit these devices and applications have greatly changed our lifestyle. We have never before felt so connected and social networking sites are powerful tools in motivating people to take part in worthy social and civic causes.We chum out one nifty gadget after another, with bigger screens and less bu

3、ttons. We tweak text and photo-sharing social networking sites to create a new product to share, perhaps audios and videos. All of these are wonderful, but what about truly groundbreaking and visionary endeavors that will profoundly change the world and human life?Or, is something wrong with our tec

4、hnological development? Steve Blank, writing in The Huffinton Post, blamed social networking and social media companies such as Face book for stifling innovation. Blank teaches entrepreneurship at Stanford, Columbia and the US National Science Foundation Innovation Corps. He advises people, especial

5、ly venture capitalists (VC), who want to commercialize inventions.Blank argues that the success of Face book and other social networking and social media companies is diverting venture capital from serious research with a more uncertain payoff. He is talking about research that truly visionary VCs s

6、hould be supporting.Instead of “investing in a blockbuster cancer drug that will pay them nothing for 15 years”, Blank says VCs are throwing their money at the latest and possibly greatest social-media idea that can run on smart phones or tablets in hopes of scoring a quick return when it goes big.

7、In the past, Blank wrote, if you were a successful VC, you could make $100 million on an investment in five to seven years. Today, social media startups can return hundreds of millions or even billions in less than three yearsA 1999 report in the Wire magazine predicted, “The convergence of mobile p

8、hones and the Internet, high-speed wireless data access, intelligent networks, and pervasive computing will shape how we work, shop, pay bills, keep appointments, conduct wars, keep up with our children, and write poetry in the next century.” Thirteen years later, we are already living in the world

9、the report described. Perhaps it is time for us to ask: What now?【答案】如果让你举一个过去十年成功创新的例子，你首先想到的会是什么？是苹果那些炫酷的小玩意，IPhone和IPad？还是社交网站的出现，如Facebook和它的各种模仿者？不可否认，这些设备和应用极大地改变了我们的生活方式。我们从未感到与他人联系如此紧密。在激励人们参与有价值的社会和公民事业这一方面，社交网络发挥着巨大的作用。精巧小玩意一个接一个地被发明出来，屏幕越来越大，按键越来越小。在分享文字和图片的社交网络的基础上，我们创造出了可分享音频和视频的新产品。所有这

10、一切都很棒，但什么才是真正具有开创性和远见卓识的贡献，可以彻底改变世界和人类生活方式呢？我们的技术发展是不是出了什么问题？史蒂夫布兰克在赫芬顿邮报上发文指责像Facebook这样的社交网络与社交媒体公司扼杀创新思维。布兰克教授创业课程，同时在斯坦福大学、哥伦比亚大学和美国国家科学基金会创新团任职。他会为教授对象提供建议，尤其是那些想将发明商品化的风险投资家们。他认为Facebook和其他社交网络及社交媒体公司的成功，使得风险资本不再青睐那些回报不明朗的严肃研究。这些研究是真正有远见的风投家们应当全力支持的项目。布兰克表示，风投家们并没有“投资于一种重磅炸弹式的抗癌药物，这种药物在15年内不会给

11、他们带来任何回报”，而是把钱投在最新的、可能是最好的社交媒体创意上，这种创意可以在智能手机或平板电脑上运行，希望在其发展壮大时能迅速获得回报。“在过去，”布兰克写道，“如果你是一个成功的风投，你可以在5到7年的时间里获得1亿美元的回报。如今，社交媒体初创企业在不到三年的时间里就能让投资家们获得数亿甚至数十亿美元的回报。”一则1999年发表在线路杂志上的报告预言道：“移动电话和网络、高速无线数据存取、智能网络和普及计算机技术将会决定我们下个世纪工作、购物、付款、约会、战争、与孩子相处甚至创作诗歌的方式。”十三年后，我们已经生活在这个预言中。也许是时候该问问自己：下一步怎么走？2. 翻译题Inte

12、rnational marketing is not a luxury to be considered as a bonus on top of every company seeking to sustain its own economic future. It therefore requires commitment and an equal share of the allocation of resources that would normally be committed to the domestic market. Certainly, it lacks definiti

13、on and a body of knowledge sufficient to excite, but it is because companies do not recognize the importance and need for international marketing that there is this lack of suitable positions for those students of international marketing. Not all countries, however, hold international marketing in t

14、he same low esteem. While this may be true of the United Kingdom and North America, it is not true of Japan where industry and commerce have maintained traditionally strong ties with its universities Coincidentally, Japan has been forging ahead in international markets even in those countries in whi

15、ch it is not a traditional supplier.【答案】国际市场营销不是寻求维持自身经济发展的公司的像一种津贴样的奢侈品。因此，它要求享有与国内市场同样的权利，即一样的投入与资源配置。由于缺少对国际营销学的完整定义，许多企业并不重视国际市场营销的重要性和必要性，这就使得许多国际营销学专业的学生没有合适的工作岗位。然而，并非所有的国家都不重视国际营销学专业。英国和北美洲国家或许不重视，但是日本则完全不同。日本的工商业习惯 上都与各类高校保持着紧密的联系。巧合地是，日本的国际市场营销，甚至在它不是传统性供应商的那些国家中，也一直是扶摇直上。3. 单选题The earlies

16、t controversies about the relationship between photography and art centered on whether photographys fidelity to appearances and dependence on a machine allowed it to be a fine art as distinct from merely a practical art. Throughout the nineteenth century, the defense of photography was identical wit

17、h the struggle to establish it as a fine art. Against the charge that photography was a soulless, mechanical copying of reality, photographers asserted that it was instead a privileged way of seeing, a revolt against commonplace vision, and no less worthy an art than painting.Ironically, now that ph

18、otography is securely established as a fine art, many photographers find it pretentious or irrelevant to label it as such. Serious photographers variously claim to be finding, recording, impartially observing, witnessing events, exploring themselvesanything but making works of art. In the nineteenth

19、 century, photographys association with the real world placed it in an ambivalent relation to art; late in the twentieth century, an ambivalent relation exists because of the Modernist heritage in art. That important photographers are no longer willing to debate whether photography is or is not a fi

20、ne art, except to proclaim that their own work is not involved with art, shows the extent to which they simply take for granted the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism: the better the art, the more subversive it is of the traditional aims of art.Photographers disclaimers of any intere

21、st in making art tell us more about the harried status of the contemporary notion of art than about whether photography is or is not art. For example, those photographers who suppose that, by taking pictures, they are getting away from the pretensious of art as exemplified by painting remind us of t

22、hose Abstract Expressionist painters who imagined they were getting away from the intellectual austerity of classical Modernist painting by concentrating on the physical act of painting. Much of photographys prestige today derives from the convergence of its aims with those of recent art, particular

23、ly with the dismissal of abstract art implicit in the phenomenon of Pop painting during the 1960s. Appreciating photographs is a relief to sensibilities tired of the mental exertions demanded by abstract art. Classical Modernist paintingthat is, abstract art as developed in different ways by Picasso

24、, Kandinsky, and Matisse presuppose highly developed skills of looking and a familiarity with other paintings and the history of art. Photography, like Pop painting, reassures viewers that art is not hard; photography seems to be more about its subjects than about art.Photography, however, has devel

25、oped all the anxieties and self-consciousness of a classic Modernist art. Many professionals privately have begun to worry that the promotion of photography as an activity subversive of the traditional pretensions of art has gone so far that the public will forget that photography is a distinctive a

26、nd exalted activityin short, an art.1.In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with（ ） .2.Which of the following adjectives best describes the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism” as the author represents it in Para.2?3.The author introduces Abstract Expressionist painters (P

27、ara. 3) in order to （ ）.4.According to the passage, which of the following best explains the reaction of serious contemporary photographers to the question of whether photography is an art?5.It can be inferred from the passage that the author most probably considers serious contemporary photography

28、to be a（ ） .问题1选项A.explaining how photography emerged as a fine art after the controversies of the nineteenth centuryB.identifying the ways that recent movements in painting and sculpture have influenced the techniques employed by serious photographersC.explaining the attitudes of serious contempora

29、ry photographers toward photography as art and placing those attitudes in their historical contextD.defining the various approaches that serious contemporary photographers take toward their art and assessing the value of each of those approaches问题2选项A.MechanicalB.ParadoxicalC.SuperficialD.Dramatic问题

30、3选项A.provide an example of artists who, like serious contemporary photographers, disavowed traditionally accepted aims of modem artB.call attention to artists whose works often bear a physical resemblance to the works of serious contemporary photographersC.set forth an analogy between the Abstract E

31、xpressionist painters and classical Modernist paintersD.provide an explanation of why serious photography, like other contemporary visual forms, is not and should not pretend to be an art问题4选项A.The photographers* belief that their reliance on an impersonal machine to produce their art requires the s

32、urrender of the authority of their personal visionB.The photographers fear that serious photography may not be accepted as an art by the contemporary art publicC.The influence of Abstract Expressionist painting and Pop Art on the subject matter of the modem photographD.The photographers belief that

33、the best art is subversive of art as it has previously been defined问题5选项A.contemporary art that is struggling to be accepted as fine artB.craft requiring sensitivity but by no means an artC.modem art that displays the Modernist tendency to try to subvert the prevailing aims ofartD.modem art that dis

34、plays the tendency of all Modernist art to become increasingly formal and abstract【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.题目问作者的文章主要是关注什么。根据文章第一段首句The earliest controversies about the relationship between photography and art centered on whether photographys fidelity to appearances and dependence on a mac

35、hine allowed it to be a fine art as distinct from merely a practical art.最早的关于摄影与艺术的关系的争论主要集中在摄影对于外表的保真度和对机器的依赖是否能够允许它成为一门艺术，有别于仅仅实用的美术。后文主要通过讨论摄影是否是一门艺术这个问题，然后分析了论点双方对于这个问题的态度。综合分析后可知主要是分析了摄影师对待艺术的态度， C选项“揭示了严肃的当代摄影师对于摄影作为艺术以及在历史背景下的艺术态度”符合题意。A项意为“解释了在十九世纪的争议之后摄影是怎样成作为美术出现的”；B项意为“鉴别在近期影响了被严肃的摄影师所采纳

36、的技术的绘画和雕塑艺术中所用到的方式”； D项意为“定义严肃的当代摄影师对他们的艺术所采取的各种方法和评估这些方法的价值”不符合，排除。2.the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism 意为 “被现代主义的胜利所强加的艺术的概念”。A项意为“呆板的，机械的”；B项意为“矛盾的”；C项意为“表面的，肤浅的”；D项意为“引人注目的”。本句所在句子意为“重要的摄影家们不再愿意辩论摄影是或者不是一种艺术，除了声称他们自己的作品不再涉及艺术，表明了在多大程度上他们简单地认为“被现代主义的胜利所强加的艺术的概念是理所当然的”：艺术越好，越颠覆

37、艺术的传统目的。根据句意可知作者所表达的内容是矛盾的， B选项符合题意。3.题目问作者介绍抽象表现主义画家的目的。根据第三段第二句 For example, those photographers who suppose that, by taking pictures, they are getting away from the pretensions of art as exemplified by painting remind us of those Abstract Expressionist painters who imagined they were getting away

38、 from the intellectual austerity of classical Modernist painting by concentrating on the physical act of painting. 例如，那些假设的摄影师，通过拍照，他们越来越远离以绘画艺术的自命不凡提醒我们的抽象表现主义画家想象他们摆脱古典现代主义绘画的知识紧缩专注于绘画的物理行为。可知作者主要是想举出这样的例子， A选项“是为了举出像严肃的现代摄影师那样的艺术家，否认传统上公认的现代艺术的目的”符合题意。4.题目问哪一项最好地解释了严肃的当代摄影师对于摄影是否是一门艺术的反应。根据文章最后一句

39、 Many professionals privately have begun to worry that the promotion of photography as an activity subversive of the traditional pretensions of art has gone so far that the public will forget that photography is a distinctive and exalted activityin short, an art.许多专业摄影人员私下里己经开始担心，摄影作为艺术活动促进颠覆传统的自命不凡

40、已经走得太远，引起公众忘记摄影是一种独特的高活动-总之，是一种艺术。 确定D选项“摄影师认为最好的艺术是对艺术的颠覆，就像之前定义的那样”正确。5.题目问作者很可能认为严肃的当代摄影是一种。A项意为“一种正努力要被认可为美术的当代艺术”；B项意为“一种要求敏感性的工艺，但绝不是艺术”；C项意为“显示了现代主义的倾向，试图颠覆主 流的艺术目标的现代艺术”；D项意为“显示所有的现代主义艺术的趋势变得越来越正 式和抽象的现代艺术”。根据文章内容以及最后一段的阐述the better the art, the more subversive it is of the traditional aims

41、of art.Many professionals privately have begun to worry that .of art has gone so far 艺术越好，对传统艺术目标的颠覆性就越大。许多专业人士私下里开始担心艺术已经走了这么远确定 C 选项“显示了现代主义的倾向，试图颠覆主流的艺术目标的现代艺术”正确。4. 单选题Communications technologies are far from equal when it comes to conveying the truth. The first study to compare honesty across a

42、 range of communication media has found that people are twice as likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in emails. The fact that emails are automatically recorded-and can come back to haunt （困扰）youappears to be the key to the finding.Jeff Hancock of Cornell University in Ithaca, New

43、York, asked 30 students to keep a communications diary for a week. In it they noted the number of conversations or email exchanges they had lasting more than 10 minutes, and confessed to how many lies they told. Hancock then worked out the number of lies per conversation for each medium. He found th

44、at lies made up 14 per cent of emails, 21 percent of instant messages, 27 per cent of face-to-face interactions and an astonishing 37 per cent of phone calls.His results to be presented at the conference on human-computer interaction in Vienna, Austria, in April, have surprised psychologists. Some e

45、xpected emailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning that because deception makes people uncomfortable, the detachment of emailing would make it easier to lie. Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges because we are most practiced at that form of communication.But Hancock says it

46、is also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread and whether it occurs in real time. People appear to be afraid to lie when they know the communication could later be used to hold them to account, he says. This is why fewer lies appear in email than on the phone.People ar

47、e also more likely to lie in real time-in an instant message or phone call, say-than if they have time to think of a response, says Hancock. He found many lies are spontaneous responses to an unexpected demand, such as: “Do you like my dress?”Hancock hopes his research will help companies work out t

48、he best ways for their employees to communicate. For instance, the phone might be the best medium for sales where employees are encouraged to stretch the truth. But, given result, work assessment where honesty is a priority, might be best done using email.1.Hancocks study focuses on（ ） .2.Hancocks r

49、esearch finding surprised those who believed that（ ） .3.According to the passage, why are people more likely to tell the truth through certain media of communication?4.According to Hancock the telephone is a preferable medium for promoting sales because（ ）5.It can be inferred from the passage that（

50、） .问题1选项A.The consequences of lying in various communications media.B.The success of communications technologies in conveying ideasC.People are less likely to lie in instant messagesD.Peoples honesty levels across a range of communications media问题2选项A.People are less likely to lie in instant message

51、sB.People are unlikely to lie in face-to-face interactionsC.People are most likely to lie in email communicationD.People are twice as likely to lie in phone conversations问题3选项A.They are afraid of leaving behind traces of their lies.B.They believe that honesty is the best policy.C.They tend to be rel

52、axed when using those mediaD.They are most practised at those forms of communication问题4选项A.salesmen can talk directly to their customersB.salesmen may feel less restrained to exaggerateC.salesmen can impress customers as being trustworthyD.salesmen may pass on instant messages effectively问题5选项A.hone

53、sty should be encouraged in interpersonal communicationsB.more employers will use emails to communicate with their employeesC.suitable media should be chosen for different communication purposesD.email is now the dominant medium of communication within a company【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.根据第

54、二段最后两句：Hancock then worked out the number of lies per conversation for each medium. He found that lies made up 14 percent of emails, 21 percent of instant messages, 27 percent of face-to-face interactions and an astonishing 37 percent of phone calls.汉考克从而计算出各种媒介下每次谈话中的说谎数量。他发现电子邮件中谎话的比例 占14%,即时消息中占2

55、1%,面对面交谈时占27%,令人惊讶的是电话交谈中说 谎的比例竟高达37%。确定汉考克的研究关注的是人们在不同媒介下的诚实度， D选项使用不同通讯媒介时人们的诚实度正确。 A选项各种媒介撒谎的后果，文章没有提到，C选项人们在选择通讯技术方面的偏好，文章没有提到，B选项现代通讯技术在表达思想方面所取得的成功，文章只提到通讯技术，没有提及其在表达方面的成功信息，所以排除，2.根据第五段第一句话：People are also more likely to lie in real time-in an instant message or phone call.：人们在发送即时消息或是打电话等实时交

56、流时更容易说谎。A选项人们很少在实时交流中说谎错误。根据第三段第三句：Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges：另外一些专家认为人们在面对面交流时，更易于说谎，B选项人们不太可能在面对面交流中说谎错误。D选项电话交谈时说谎的几率是两倍。 这是汉考克教授的研究结果，与题目所问不符，错误。根据第二段最后一句告诉读者汉考克教授发现用电子邮件交流时说谎的比例最低，而用电话交流时比例最高。根据第三段：His results.have surprised psychologists. Some expected emailer

57、s to be the biggest liars.： 一些专家认为人们在电子邮件中最易于说谎，因此汉考克教授的研究结果令他们吃惊，所以 C选项人们最有可能在电子邮件中说谎符合题意。3.根据第四段第二句：People appear to be afraid to lie when they know the communication could later be used to hold them to account：当人们知道交流内容日后可能被拿来与他们对证时，就不太敢说谎了。这说明人们害怕留下撒谎的记录，所以A选项人们害怕留下撒谎的记录正确。B选项他们相信诚实是最好的策略、C选项运用那

58、些媒介时人们往往很轻松文中都没有提及，排除。根据第三段最后一 句：people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges because we are most practiced at that form of communication.人们在进行面对面的交流时说的谎话会多一些，因为我们最擅长于这种形式的交流，确定D选项在使用那些 媒介时，人们更老练。与题目的意思相反，排除。4.A选项销售人员可以直接与顾客交谈。C选项销售人员可以给顾客留下值得信任的印象。D选项销售人员可以有效地传递即时信息。这三个选项文章未提及。排除。根据第六段第二句：.the phon

59、e might be the best medium for sales where employees are encouraged to stretch the truth.电话可以作为销售的最好媒介，因为在打电话时，雇员们有勇气夸大其词，确定B选项销售人员可以放松地夸大其词。正确。5.根据最后一段：.the phone might be the best medium for sales where employees are encouraged to stretch the truth. But, given result, work assessment where honesty

60、 is a priority, might be best done using email.电话可以作为销售的最好媒介。因为打电话时，雇员们有勇气夸大其词。但考虑到结果，注重诚信的工 作业绩评定最好还是通过电子邮件开展。确定C选项为了不同的交际目的，可以选择不同的媒介形式正确。A选项人际交流中应该鼓励诚实、B选项更多的雇主会使用电子邮件与员工交流、D选项现在电子邮件是公司内主要的交流媒介与原文不符，排除。5. 单选题We continue to share with our remotest ancestors the most tangled and evasive attitudes a

61、bout death despite the great distance we have come to understand some of the profound aspects of biology. We have as much distaste for talking about personal death as for thinking about it, it is an indelicacy like talking in mixed company about venereal disease or abortion in the old days. Death on

62、 a grand scale does not bother us in the same special way: we can sit around a dinner table and discuss war, involving 60 million volatilized human deaths, as though we were talking about bad weather, we can watch abrupt bloody death every day, in color, on films and television, without blinking bac

63、k a tear. It is when then numbers of dead are very small, and very close that we begin to think in scurrying circles. At the very center of the problem is the naked cold deadness of ones own self, the only reality in nature of which we can have absolute certainty, and it is unmentionable, unthinkabl

64、e. We may be even less willing to face the issue at first hand than our predecessors because of a secret new hope that maybe it will go away. We like to think , hiding the thought, that with all the marvelous ways in which we seem now to lead nature around by the nose, perhaps we can avoid the central problem if we just become, next year, say, a bit smarter.1.According to the passage, we do better than our remotest ancestors because（ ） .2.When we talk at the dinner table about a war in which many people lost their lives, we are liable to show our（ ） .3.From the passage,