2022年考博英语-中国政法大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第174期

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1、2022年考博英语-中国政法大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The most important environmental influence on fish is water temperature, for fish tend to take on the temperature of their surroundings.问题1选项A.assumeB.regulateC.avoidD.exceed【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。take on表示“呈现，具有”。A项assume“假定，采取”，B项regulate“调节，校准”，C项avoid“避免，消除”，D项exc

2、eed“超过，胜过”。句意：水温是对于鱼来说最重要的环境影响因素，鱼一般倾向于调节自己的温度以使其与周围的温度相同。根据题意该题选B。2. 单选题The word science is heard so often in modern times that almost everybody has some notion of its meaning. On the other hand, its definition is difficult for many people. The meaning of the term is confused, but everyone should u

3、nderstand its meaning and objectives. Just to make the explanation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as classified knowledge (facts).Even in the true sciences distinguishing fact from fiction is not always easy. For this reason great care should be taken to distinguish between belief

4、s and truths. There is no danger as long as a clear difference is made between temporary and proved explanations. For example, hypotheses and theories are attempts to explain natural phenomena. From these positions scientists continue to experiment and observe until they are proved or discredited. T

5、he exact status of any explanation should be clearly labeled to avoid confusion.The objectives of science are primarily the discovery and the subsequent understanding of the unknown. Man cannot be satisfied with recognizing that secrets exist in nature or that questions are unanswerable; he must sol

6、ve them. Toward that end specialists in the field of biology and related fields of interest are directing much of their time and energy.Actually, two basic approaches lead to the discovery of new information. One, aimed at satisfying curiosity, is referred to as pure science. The other is armed at u

7、sing knowledge for specific purposesfor instance, improving health, raising standards of living, or creating new consumer products. In this case knowledge is put to economic use. Such an approach is referred to as applied science.Sometimes practical-minded people miss the point of pure science in th

8、inking only of its immediate application for economic rewards. Chemists responsible for many of the discoveries could hardly have anticipated that their findings would one day result in applications of such a practical nature as those directly related to life and death. The discovery of one bit of i

9、nformation opens the door to the discovery of another. Some discoveries seem so simple that one is amazed they were not made years ago; however, one should remember that the construction of the microscope had to precede the discovery of the cell. The host of scientists dedicating their lives to pure

10、 science are not apologetic about ignoring the practical side of their discoveries; they know from experience that most knowledge is eventually applied.46. To define science we may simply call it _.47. Pure science, leading to the construction of a microscope, _.48. A scientist interested in adding

11、to our general knowledge about oxygen would probably call his approach _.49. Which of the following statements does the author imply?50. The best title for the passage is _.问题1选项A.the study of unrelated subjectsB.an attempt to explain natural phenomenaC.the study of unrelated fieldsD.classified know

12、ledge问题2选项A.may lead to antiscientific, impure resultsB.necessarily precedes applied science, leading to the discovery of a cellC.is not always as pure as we supposeD.necessarily results from applied science and the discovery of a cell问题3选项A.applied scienceB.agricultural scienceC.pure scienceD.envir

13、onmental science问题4选项A.Scientists engaged in theoretical research should not be blamed for ignoring the practical side of their discoveries.B.Today few people have any notions of the meaning of science.C.In science, it is not difficult to distinguish fact from fiction.D.Practical-minded people can u

14、nderstand the meaning and objectives of pure science.问题5选项A.The Nature of Science and ScientistsB.Biology and the Scientific AgeC.Hypotheses and TheoriesD.On Distinguishing Fact from Fiction【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:A【解析】46.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“要定义科学，我们可以简单地把科学称之为”。第一段最后一句提到Just to make the ex

15、planation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as classified knowledge (facts).（为了使解释尽可能简单，假设科学被定义为分类的知识），由此可知D项“分类的知识”正确。A项“对不相关学科的研究”，原文未提及，A项不选。B项“解释自然现象的一种尝试”，第二段第四句提到For example, hypotheses and theories are attempts to explain natural phenomena.（例如，假设和理论是试图解释自然现象），因此B项错误。C项“对不相关领域的

16、研究”，原文也未提及，C项错误。因此该题选D。47.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“导致了显微镜问世的纯科学是”。文章中最后一段最后两句指出one should remember that the construction of the microscope had to precede the discovery of the cell. The host of scientists dedicating their lives to pure science is not apologetic about ignoring the practical side of th

17、eir discoveries; they know from experience that most knowledge is eventually applied.（我们应该记住，显微镜的构造必须先于细胞的发现；许多献身于纯科学的科学家并没有因为忽视了他们发现的实用性而感到抱歉；他们从经验中知道，大多数知识最终都会得到应用），由此可知显微镜的问世是先于细胞的发现，且纯科学先于应用科学，故B项“必然先于应用科学，导致细胞的发现”正确，由此可知D项“这是应用科学和细胞发现的必然结果”是不正确的。A项“可能导致反科学、不纯的结果”和C项“并不总是像我们想象的那样纯粹”文中都没有提及。因此该题选

18、B。48.【试题答案】C【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“一个对扩展我们关于氧气的一般知识感兴趣的科学家可能会称他的方法为”。根据第四段Actually, two basic approaches lead to the discovery of new information. One, aimed at satisfying curiosity, is referred to as pure science. The other is armed at using knowledge for specific purposes（实际上，发现新信息有两种基本方法。一种旨在满足好奇心，被称为

19、纯科学；另一种则是将知识用于特定目的。）可以推断，对于扩展我们关于氧气的一般知识感兴趣的科学家的方法是一种纯科学，因此C项“纯科学”符合题意。A项“应用科学”错误；B项“农业科学”和D项“环境科学”文中都没有提到。因此该题选C。49.【试题答案】A【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“作者暗示了下列哪一种说法？”。文章最后一句话提到The host of scientists dedicating their lives to pure science are not apologetic about ignoring the practical side of their discoverie

20、s; they know from experience that most knowledge is eventually applied.（许多献身于纯科学的科学家并没有因为忽视了他们发现的实用性而感到抱歉；他们从经验中知道，大多数知识最终都会得到应用。），由此可知从事理论研究的科学家不应该因忽视其发现的应用而受到责备，因为大多数的理论最终都能得到应用，故A项“从事理论研究的科学家不应该因为忽视他们的发现的实用方面而受到指责”正确。B项“今天很少有人对科学的意义有任何概念”，文章首句提到The word science is heard so often in modern times t

21、hat almost everybody has some notion of its meaning. （“科学”这个词在现代社会被如此频繁地听到，以至于几乎每个人都对它的含义有一些概念），由此可知B项错误。C项“在科学上，区分事实和虚构并不难”，第二段第一句提到Even in the true sciences distinguishing fact from fiction is not always easy. （即使在真正的科学中，区分事实和虚构也并不总是容易的），可知C项错误。D项“务实的人能够理解纯科学的意义和目的”，最后一段第一句提到Sometimes practical-mi

22、nded people miss the point of pure science in thinking only of its immediate application for economic rewards.（有时，注重实际的人忽视了纯科学的意义，只想到它能立即应用于经济回报。）可知，D项也错误。因此该题选A。50.【试题答案】A【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“这篇文章最好的标题是什么？”。从文章大意中可知，全文都在围绕科学在每个人心中的定义与重视理论与实践的科学家进行论述，故A项“科学的本质与科学家”更能概括全文。B项“生物学和科学时代”，文章只在第三段提到了生物学；C项“假

23、设和理论”只是第二段的一个例子；D项“论区分事实与虚构”只在第二段提到过。因此该题选A。3. 翻译题我们大家都读过一些激动人心的故事，故事中的主人公将不久于人世，余下的日子屈指可数，长不过一年，短则只有一天。我们始终很想知道，这个死到临头的人做出什么样的抉择来度过最后的命数。这类故事常引起我们的思索和遐想：在这类情况下人们会做些什么呢？哪些事件、哪些经历、哪些联想会在临死的最后一刻一股脑儿涌向心头呢？有时我想，把每一天都当作生命最后一天来过，也许是一种极好的生活准则。【答案】参考译文：All of us have read thrilling stories in which the hero

24、 had only a limited and specified time to live. Sometimes it was as long as year; sometimes as short as twenty-four hours. But we always were interested in discovering just how the doomed man chose to spend his last days or his last hours.Such stories set us thinking and wondering what we should do

25、under similar circumstances. What events, what experiences, and what associations should we crowd into those last hours as mortal beings? Sometimes I have thought it would be an excellent rule to live each day as if we should die tomorrow.4. 单选题From an airplane, the grasslands of the western prairie

26、 appear almost as uniform as a placid sea.问题1选项A.calmB.seedyC.hillyD.fake【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。placid表示“平静的，温和的”。A项calm“平静的，沉着的”，B项seedy“多种子的”，C项hilly“丘陵的，多小山的”，D项fake“伪造的”。句意：从飞机上看，西部大草原的草原几乎像平静的大海一样一成不变。根据题意该题选A。5. 单选题The legislation of a country recently considered a bill designed to reduce the uncert

27、ainty inherent in the ownership of art by specifying certain conditions that must be met before an allegedly stolen work of art can be reclaimed of by a plaintiff. The bill places the burden of proof in reclamation litigation entirely on the plaintiff, who must demonstrate that the holder of an item

28、 knew at the time of purchase that it had been stolen. Additionally, the bill creates a uniform national statute of limitations for reclamation of stolen cultural property.Testifying in support of the bill, James D. Burke, a citizen of the country and one of its leading art museum directors, specifi

29、cally praised the inclusion of a statute of limitations; otherwise, he said, other countries could seek to reclaim valuable art objects, no matter how long they have been held by the current owner or how legitimately they were acquired. Any country could enact a patrimony law stating that anything e

30、ver made within the boundaries of that country is its cultural property. Burke expressed the fear that widespread reclamation litigation would lead to ruinous legal defense costs for museums.However, because such reclamation suits have not yet been a problem, there is little basis for Burkes concern

31、. In fact, the proposed legislation would establish too many unjustifiable barriers to the location and recovery of stolen objects. The main barrier is that the bill considers the announcement of an art transaction in a museum publication to be adequate evidence of an attempt to notify a possible ow

32、ner. There are far too many such publications for the victim of a theft to survey, and with only this form of disclosure, a stolen object could easily remain the object to a scholar for verification that it is not stolen, but it is a rare academic who is aware of any but the most publicized art thef

33、ts. Moreover, the time limit specified by the statute of limitations is very short, and the requirement that the plaintiff demonstrate that the holder had knowledge of the theft is unrealistic. Typically, stolen art changes hands several times before rising to the level in the marketplace where a cu

34、rator or collector would see it. At that point, the object bears no trace of the initial transaction between the thief and the first purchaser, perhaps the only one in the chain who knowingly acquired a stolen work of art.Thus, the need for new legislation to protect holders of art is not obvious. R

35、ather, what is necessary is legislation remedying the difficulties that legitimate owners of works of art, and countries from which such works have been stolen, have in location and reclaiming these stolen works.51. Which one of the following most accurately summarizes the main point of the passage?

36、52. Which one of the following is an example of the kind of action that Burke feared would pose a serious threat to museums in his country?53. According to the passage, Burke envisaged the most formidable potential adversaries of his countrys museums in reclamation litigation to be _.54. Which one o

37、f the following best describes the authors attitude toward the proposed bill?55. Which one of the following best exemplifies the sort of legislation considered necessary by the author of the passage?问题1选项A.Various legal disputes have recently arisen that demonstrate the need for legislation clarifyi

38、ng the legal position of museums in suits involving the repossession of cultural property.B.A bill intended to prevent other governments from recovering cultural property was recently introduced into the legislature of a country at the behest of its museum directors.C.A bill intended to protect good

39、-faith purchasers of works of art from reclamation litigation is unnecessary and fails to address the needs of legitimate owners attempting to recover stolen art works.D.Clashes between museum professionals and members of the academic community regarding governmental legislation of the arts can best

40、 be resolved by negotiation and arbitration, not by litigation.问题2选项A.The passage of a law by another country forbidding the future export of any archaeological objects uncovered at sits within its territory.B.An international accord establishing strict criteria for determining whether a work of art

41、 can be considered stolen and specifying the circumstances under which it must be returned to its country of origin.C.An increase in the acquisition of culturally significant works of art by private collectors, who are more capable than museums of bearing the cost of litigation but who rarely displa

42、y their collections to the public.D.The passage of a law by another country declaring that all objects created by its aboriginal people are the sole property of that country.问题3选项A.commercial dealers in artB.law enforcement officials in his own countryC.private collectors of artD.governments of othe

43、r countries问题4选项A.Reasoned oppositionB.Measured advocacyC.Fearful apprehensionD.Impassioned support问题5选项A.A law requiring museums to notify foreign governments and cultural institutions of all the catalogs and scholarly journals that they publish.B.A law requiring that a central archive be establish

44、ed for collecting and distributing information concerning all reported thefts of cultural property.C.A law providing for the creation of a national warehouse for storage of works of art that are the subject of litigation.D.A law instituting a national fund for assisting museums to bear the expenses

45、of defending themselves against reclamation suits.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B【解析】51.【试题答案】C【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干的意思是“以下哪个选项最准确地总结了文章的要点？”。通读全文可知，文章的话题主要是讨论一项新的法案对艺术作品持有者的保护和追回被盗物品方面的作用。通过文章最后一段的总结Thus, the need for new legislation to protect holders of art is not obvious. Rather, what is necessary is leg

46、islation remedying the difficulties that legitimate owners of works of art, and countries from which such works have been stolen, have in location and reclaiming these stolen works.（因此，新的立法保护艺术持有者的必要性并不明显；相反，需要的是用立法弥补艺术品的合法拥有者和被盗艺术品的国家已经找到并收回被盗艺术品所面临的困难），可以推断新的立法保护艺术品持有者是没有必要的，而是要去解决艺术品持有者或者国家在追回被盗艺

47、术品种所面临的困难和需求；所以C项“一项旨在保护艺术品善意购买者免受回收诉讼的法案是没有必要的，而且未能解决试图追回被盗艺术品的合法所有者的需求”正确。A项“最近出现的各种法律纠纷表明，在涉及收回文化财产的诉讼中，有必要立法澄清博物馆的法律地位”，根据文章第二段最后一句Burke expressed the fear that widespread reclamation litigation would lead to ruinous legal defense costs for museums.（伯克表达了一种担忧，即广泛的回收诉讼将导致博物馆毁灭性的法律辩护费用）和第三段第一句Howe

48、ver, because such reclamation suits have not yet been a problem, there is little basis for Burkes concern.（然而，因为这样的回收诉讼还没有成为一个问题，伯克的担心几乎没有根据）可知，A项不符合题意；B项“在一个国家博物馆馆长的要求下，一项旨在阻止其他国家政府收回文化财产的法案最近被提交到该国的立法机构”内容在文中没有提到，B项错误；D项“博物馆专业人员和学术团体成员之间关于政府对艺术品的立法的冲突最好通过谈判和仲裁来解决，而不是通过诉讼”，文中也未提到该内容，D项不选。因此该题选C。52.

49、【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节推断题。题干的意思是“下面哪一个是伯克担心会对他国家的博物馆造成严重威胁的行为的例子？”。根据题干定位到文章第二段，第二句otherwise, he said, other countries could seek to reclaim valuable art objects, no matter how long they have been held by the current owner or how legitimately they were acquired.（他说，否则，其他国家可能会寻求收回有价值的艺术品，不管它们被当前所有者持有了多久，也不管

50、它们获得的合法性如何）和最后一句Burke expressed the fear that widespread reclamation litigation would lead to ruinous legal defense costs for museums.（伯克表达了一种担忧，即广泛的回收诉讼将导致博物馆毁灭性的法律辩护费用）有提到相关的内容，伯克赞同法案中包含的诉讼时效，因为超过了这个诉讼时效其他国家无法收回有价值的艺术品，不管这件艺术品的持有时间多长和合法性如何；不然的话，博物馆就会花费巨大的法律辩护费用；D项“另一个国家通过一项法律，宣布其土著人民所创造的一切物品都是该国的唯

51、一财产”，这一例子更能很好的描述题干的内容，所以D项符合题意。A项“另一个国家通过了一项法律，禁止未来出口任何在其领土内发现的考古物品”，文中没有提到考古物品的内容；B项“一项国际协定，为确定一件艺术品是否可被认为是被盗的确定标准，并具体规定在何种情况下必须将其归还原籍国”，内容与原文相反，原文中伯克赞同的是诉讼的时效性，一旦过了时效，不管是否合法持有其他国家都不能追回，B项错误；C项“私人收藏家对具有文化意义的艺术作品的购买增加，他们比博物馆更有能力承担诉讼费用，但他们很少向公众展示他们的收藏”，文中没有提到相关内容，C项不选。因此该题选D。53.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节推断题。题干的

52、意思是“根据文章，伯克设想他的国家博物馆在回收诉讼中最可怕的潜在对手将是”。根据文章第二段最后两句话Any country could enact a patrimony law stating that anything ever made within the boundaries of that country is its cultural property. Burke expressed the fear that widespread reclamation litigation would lead to ruinous legal defense costs for muse

53、ums.（任何国家都可以颁布一项遗产法，规定任何在该国境内做出的东西都是其文化财产；伯克表达了一种担忧，即广泛的回收诉讼将导致博物馆毁灭性的法律辩护费用）可知，国家博物馆在回收诉讼中最可怕的潜在对手将是其他国家的政府，因此D项“其他国家政府”正确。A项“艺术商人”，根据第三段第五句Moreover, the time limit specified by the statute of limitations is very short, and the requirement that the plaintiff demonstrate that the holder had knowledg

54、e of the theft is unrealistic. Typically, stolen art changes hands several times before rising to the level in the marketplace where a curator or collector would see it.（此外，诉讼时效规定的期限很短，要求原告证明持有人知晓盗窃行为的要求也不现实；通常情况下，被偷的艺术品会几经易手，才会在市场上升至馆长或收藏家能看到的水平）可知，因为有不同的经手艺术品的商人，所以原告在证明持有人知晓盗窃行为方面会有困难，这不是博物馆在诉讼中的潜

55、在对手，A项不选；B项“他自己国家的执法人员”和C项“私人艺术品收藏家”也不是国家博物馆在回收诉讼中最可怕的潜在对手。因此该题选D。54.【试题答案】A【试题解析】作者态度题。题干的意思是“下列哪一项最好地描述了作者对提案的态度？”。根据题干定位到文章最后一段第一句Thus, the need for new legislation to protect holders of art is not obvious.（因此，新的立法保护艺术持有者的必要性并不明显），从not obvious可以看出作者对该提案的态度是理性的反对，所以A项“理性的反对”符合题意。B项“慎重的拥护”和D项“慷慨激昂的

56、支持”错误；C项“可怕的忧虑”有点过度解读。因此该题选A。55.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节推理题。题干的意思是“下列哪个选项最好地说明了文章作者认为有必要的那一类立法？”。根据最后一段Rather, what is necessary is legislation remedying the difficulties that legitimate owners of works of art, and countries from which such works have been stolen, have in location and reclaiming these stolen

57、 works.（相反，需要的是用立法弥补艺术品的合法拥有者和被盗艺术品的国家已经找到并收回被盗艺术品的困难）可知，作者认为建立一项帮助艺术品合法拥有者和拥有国家找到并收回被盗品的法案是有必要的，所以B项“要求建立中央档案，收集和分发有关所有已报告的文化财产盗窃的资料的一项法律”符合题意。A项“要求博物馆将其出版的所有目录和学术期刊通知外国政府和文化机构的一项法律”， 内容与原文无关，A项不选；C项“规定建立国家仓库以储存作为诉讼主体的艺术品的一项法律”，储存作为诉讼主体的艺术品与帮助艺术品合法拥有者和拥有国家找到并收回被盗品不相干，C项错误；D项“设立国家基金，以协助博物馆承担在回收诉讼中自卫

58、的费用的一项法律”，根据第三段第一句However, because such reclamation suits have not yet been a problem, there is little basis for Burkes concern.（然而，因为这样的回收诉讼还没有成为一个问题，伯克的担心几乎没有根据）可知，关于广泛的回收诉讼还没有成为一个问题，设立国家基金是没有必要的，所以D项不选。因此该题选B。6. 单选题Martin from time to time offered remarks _ the effect that he was a wonderful scie

59、ntist and that he had a good command of psychology.问题1选项A.toB.inC.withD.for【答案】A【解析】考查介词辨析。A项to“对，向”，B项in“在里”；C项with“和”，D项for“为了，因为”。to the effect that表示“大意是，意思是”；句意：马丁不时的谈论，大意是说他是个出色的科学家，精通心理学。故正确答案为A。7. 单选题Heres a scenario you might recognize if youre a woman dating a social media butterfly: Youre

60、 sitting on the couch together silently watching TV. When you take a moment to peek at your Twitter feed, you see your significant other has been sharing a stream of personal thoughts about House of Cards with the Twitterverseeven though he hasnt uttered a word to you.Its no surprise that man tend t

61、o be more tight-lipped than women about their thoughts and feelings, but social media is creating a haven for some men to express themselves online in ways they dont in personand never would have before. From a relationship perspective, that can be a good and bad thing. Women can now turn to social

62、media to get more insight into what their partners think, but wheres the intimacy in that when those feelings are also being broadcast to hundreds of Facebook friends and thousands of Twitter followers.Recent data from Pew Research Center suggests that social media is making its way into relationshi

63、p more than ever, with 74% of couples surveyed saying the Internet has impacted their relationship in a good way. Women are more likely than men to use social media, with 71% of women participating compared with 62% of men, according to the latest report from Womens Media Center. However, what psych

64、ologists and researchers find especially interesting is that, while women are equally willing to share the thoughts they spew out into the digital ether with someone face to face, men are much less likely to do the same.Eva Buechel, a PhD candidate at the University of Miami who has studied why people share content online, has found that men and women who experience social anxiety, and therefore have a greater need to express their negative emotions and seek support, are equally likely to maintain a