2022年考博英语-中国科学院考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第75期

《2022年考博英语-中国科学院考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第75期》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年考博英语-中国科学院考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第75期（33页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、2022年考博英语-中国科学院考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题Learning is unique and dependent on many factors, many of them internal and （ ）to the individual.问题1选项A.intrinsicB.narrativeC.primitiveD.emphatic【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。intrinsic “本质的，固有的”；narrative “叙事的”；primitive “原始的”；emphatic “强调的”。句意：学习非常独特，取决于多种因素，这些因素对个体而言既是

2、内在的，也是与生俱来的。选项A符合句意。2. 单选题As a good photographer, you must develop an awareness of the world around you and the people who（ ） it.问题1选项A.innovateB.inhabitC.integrateD.inherit【答案】B【解析】考察动词辨析。innovate “改革”；inhabit “栖息”；integrate “使融人”；inherit “继承”。句意：作为一名优秀的摄影师，你必须形成一种意识，留意你所处的世界和栖息在这世界上的人们。选项B符合句意。3.

3、单选题The Santa Ana appeals court upheld an earlier jury verdict awarding $ 3. 2 million in damages to Alexis Sarti who suffered serious nerve damage after a food poisoning episode at a restaurant. （1）In April 2005, Sarti ate raw tuna at the Salt Creek Grille restaurant. Afterwards, she suffered from s

4、udden paralysis and double vision. She spent the next 49 days in the hospital, and had to drop out of college for more than a year and a half after the food poisoning incident, for medical care and therapy.（2）Muscles and spasms bother her on a daily basis, although she says shes used to these now. S

5、he has recovered somewhat since then. But strenuous activity is out of the question, and whats worse, she expects her situation to deteriorate as she gets older.Sarti filed a lawsuit against the restaurant, and claimed cross contamination of the tuna with a form of bacteria that exists in raw poultr

6、y.（3）The verdict was set aside by Superior Court Judge Derek W. Hunt. The 4th District Court of Appeal in Santa Ana has now overturned Judge Hunts ruling.In delivering his decision, Judge Hunt said he was constrained by a 35-year-old appellate decision that prohibits juries from assuming that cross

7、contamination in the restaurants was the result of faulty practices of handling.The Santa Ana appeals court seems to have disregarded that older appellate decision.（4）It has been cited for in roper food storage, cross contamination and incorrect handling on three separate instances.It was clear that

8、 the negligent food handling practices at this restaurant were responsible for a deadly cross contamination that resulted in Sards food poisoning.（5）Still, she has incurred more than a million dollars worth of medical bills, and expects to need more medical care in the future.问题1选项A.At the trial , S

9、ards attorneys argued that Salt Creek Grille has a record of poor handling practices in its kitchens.B.Sarti said medical bills totaled about $ 1 million and she wants to put aside another $ 1 million for future expenses.C.Sarti insists that the victory is a moral, rather than monetary one.D.Once a

10、high school cross country runner, Sarti today is unable to take part in sports like running, or other forms of extreme physical activity.E.Its a milestone decision that can now be cited across other food poisoning lawsuits.F.A jury handed down a verdict for $ 3. 2 million, and Salt Creek Grille, whi

11、ch also has branches inNew York and New Jersey, appealed.问题2选项A.At the trial , Sards attorneys argued that Salt Creek Grille has a record of poor handling practices in its kitchens.B.Sarti said medical bills totaled about $ 1 million and she wants to put aside another $ 1 million for future expenses

12、.C.Sarti insists that the victory is a moral, rather than monetary one.D.Once a high school cross country runner, Sarti today is unable to take part in sports like running, or other forms of extreme physical activity.E.Its a milestone decision that can now be cited across other food poisoning lawsui

13、ts.F.A jury handed down a verdict for $ 3. 2 million, and Salt Creek Grille, which also has branches inNew York and New Jersey, appealed.问题3选项A.At the trial , Sards attorneys argued that Salt Creek Grille has a record of poor handling practices in its kitchens.B.Sarti said medical bills totaled abou

14、t $ 1 million and she wants to put aside another $ 1 million for future expenses.C.Sarti insists that the victory is a moral, rather than monetary one.D.Once a high school cross country runner, Sarti today is unable to take part in sports like running, or other forms of extreme physical activity.E.I

15、ts a milestone decision that can now be cited across other food poisoning lawsuits.F.A jury handed down a verdict for $ 3. 2 million, and Salt Creek Grille, which also has branches inNew York and New Jersey, appealed.问题4选项A.At the trial , Sards attorneys argued that Salt Creek Grille has a record of

16、 poor handling practices in its kitchens.B.Sarti said medical bills totaled about $ 1 million and she wants to put aside another $ 1 million for future expenses.C.Sarti insists that the victory is a moral, rather than monetary one.D.Once a high school cross country runner, Sarti today is unable to t

17、ake part in sports like running, or other forms of extreme physical activity.E.Its a milestone decision that can now be cited across other food poisoning lawsuits.F.A jury handed down a verdict for $ 3. 2 million, and Salt Creek Grille, which also has branches inNew York and New Jersey, appealed.问题5

18、选项A.At the trial , Sards attorneys argued that Salt Creek Grille has a record of poor handling practices in its kitchens.B.Sarti said medical bills totaled about $ 1 million and she wants to put aside another $ 1 million for future expenses.C.Sarti insists that the victory is a moral, rather than mo

19、netary one.D.Once a high school cross country runner, Sarti today is unable to take part in sports like running, or other forms of extreme physical activity.E.Its a milestone decision that can now be cited across other food poisoning lawsuits.F.A jury handed down a verdict for $ 3. 2 million, and Sa

20、lt Creek Grille, which also has branches inNew York and New Jersey, appealed.【答案】第1题:E第2题:D第3题:F第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.联系上下文。本文第一段第一句概述了 Santa Ana案件的审判结果。而选项中只有E是总结这一审判结果的历史意义。2.联系上下文。本文第二段主要介绍了 Sarti在食品中毒后所受到的身体机能方面的损伤。选项中只有D是关于她身体所受的伤害。3.联系上下文。此空格下文的中心词“verdict”前面的定冠词the使用，提示读者该词不是第一次出现在此处，而选项中只有F选项里出现了

21、“a verdict”。4.联系上下文。本空格下文中用到指代词“it”，而且是做“cite”的宾语，所以该代词可能指“供词”、“记录”等文件。5.联系上下文。本题空白后的句子大意为：不包括今后的治疗，受害者Sarti目前已经承受了 100多万美元的医疗费用。这句话暗指她这次胜诉与其说是金钱方面的胜诉，不如说是道义上的胜诉。4. 单选题Under the umbrella of the independent spirit, millions of immigrants came to this country seeking shelter from intolerance, prejudic

22、e, and （ ）.问题1选项A.persistenceB.permanenceC.perspectiveD.persecution【答案】D【解析】考察名词辨析。persistence 坚持；permanence持久；perspective远景，观点； persecution迫害；句意：在独立精神的庇护下，成千上万的移民来到这个国家。他们在这里寻求庇护，远离褊狭、偏见和迫害。选项D符合句意。5. 单选题The Egyptians used to believe that literacy was divine. Scholars no longer _ that theory, but w

23、hy ancient civilizations developed writing was a mystery for a long time.问题1选项A.embraceB.involveC.formulateD.comprehend【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. embrace 接受，采纳 B. involve 包含，牵涉C. formulate 制订，规划 D. comprehend 理解，领悟【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】空格处和下文的“theory（理论）”构成动宾逻辑，表示学者们不再怎么样这一理论，该理论指的是上一句的“埃及人过去一度认为读写能力是一种天赐技能（litera

24、cy was divine）”。由but可知，此处存在转折的逻辑关系，下文说到“古代文明为什么会发展书写能力（writing）一直是一个谜（mystery）”，说明虽然学者们不认同这一理论，但他们还不清楚为什么古代文明为什么会发展书写能力。embrace指接受一个想法、建议、信念等，因此A选项embrace“接受，采纳”最符合题意。【干扰项排除】B选项involve“包含，牵涉”指包括某人或某物作为某事物的一部分，不符合题干的语义逻辑；C选项formulate“制订，规划”指精心制作或准备，特别注意细节，不符合题干的语义逻辑；D选项comprehend“理解，领悟”指充分理解某事物，此处说的是

25、学者不接受、认同这一理论，而不是不能理解理论的内涵。【句意】埃及人过去一度认为读写能力是一种天赐技能。虽然学者们不再接受这一理论，但古代文明为什么会发展书写能力一直是一个谜。6. 不定项选择题There are few habits as infuriating as someone making us wait. But, despite what may be running through your mind as youre kept waiting again, its unlikely your friends and colleagues are just being selfi

26、sh. A look into the psychology of lateness offers a glimpse into a mind that may be malfunctioning. But theres also more than one fix.Perceptions of unpunctual people are almost always negativeeven if misguided.“It is easy to perceive them as disorganised, chaotic, rude and lacking in consideration

27、for others,” says Harriet Mellotte, a cognitive behavioural therapist and a clinical psychologist in training in London. “Outside of my clinical practice, others being late is something that can particularly get under my skin!”But, many late people are at least somewhat organised and want to keep fr

28、iends, family and bosses happy. The punctually-challenged are often excruciatingly aware and ashamed of the damage their lateness could do to their relationships, reputations, careers and finances.“While there are those who get a charge out of keeping others waiting, if youre typical, you dislike be

29、ing late,” Diana DeLonzor writes in her book Never Be Late Again. “Yet tardiness remains your nemesis.”Some excuses, particularly for acute lateness, are fairly universally acceptedan accident or illness, for example. But others arent so easy to swallow. Some late people will pass it off as a sympto

30、m of being big-thinking and concerned with loftier matters than time-keeping, as an endearing quirk, a mark of doing ones best work under pressure, or having the body clock of a night owl rather than a lark.Joanna, a teacher in London who didnt want her surname used, says her reputation for being un

31、punctual can sometimes be attributed to a difference in opinion. “A friend will ask me to come over, and theyll say come any time from seven,” she says. “But if I do turn up at eight or later, theyre annoyed.”Being consistently late might not be your fault. It could be your type. The punctually-chal

32、lenged often share personality characteristics such as optimism, low levels of self-control, anxiety, or a penchant for thrill-seeking, experts say. Personality differences could also dictate how we experience the passing of time.48. The word “infuriating” in Paragraph 1 most probably means _.49. Wh

33、ich one of the following is NOT true about unpunctual people?50. According to Harriet Mellotte, unpunctual people who are not his patients _.51. According to Diana DeLonzor, unpunctual people _.52. Which of the following excuses for being late is LESS acceptable?53. What does the author think of con

34、sistent unpunctuality?问题1选项A.annoyingB.excitingC.surprisingD.terrifying问题2选项A.They are selfish.B.They are undesirable.C.They are unfriendly.D.They suffer from some mental illness.问题3选项A.make him understand them betterB.irritate him very muchC.offer him a different perspective about latenessD.are lik

35、ely to be successful in their careers问题4选项A.feel ashamed of being lateB.find it hard to change their habit of being lateC.may get pleasure by keeping others waitD.do not expect others to be punctual问题5选项A.Doing work more efficiently under pressure.B.Claiming oneself to be a morning person.C.Explaini

36、ng that he/she eats slowly.D.Having an accident.问题6选项A.It is understandable.B.It is time wasting.C.It damages friendship.D.It deserves our sympathy.【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:B第5题:A第6题:A【解析】48. 【选项释义】The word “infuriating” in Paragraph 1 most probably means _. 第1段中的“infuriating”一词很可能是指_。A. annoying A. 烦

37、人的B. exciting B. 激动的C. surprising C. 令人惊讶的D. terrifying D. 可怕的【考查点】词汇推断题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词infuriating可以定位到文章第1段第1句“很少有比有人让我们等待更infuriating的习惯了。”，第2句又说“你的朋友和同事不太可能只是因为自私（selfish）”，由此可知别人迟到，让我们一直等待，通常会让我们觉得别人很自私，说明这是一种令人恼火的习惯。因此A选项“烦人的”正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“激动的”和C选项“令人惊讶的”没有文章中体现的消极意义，属于反向干扰；D选项“可怕的”程度过深，属于推理过度。4

38、9. 【选项释义】Which one of the following is NOT true about unpunctual people? 关于不守时的人，以下哪一项不是真的？A. They are selfish. A. 他们是自私的。B. They are undesirable. B. 他们是不受欢迎的。C. They are unfriendly. C. 他们是不友好的。D. They suffer from some mental illness. D. 他们患有某种精神疾病。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词unpunctual people可以定位到文章第2段

39、“对不守时的人（unpunctual people）的看法几乎总是负面的（negative）”，说明不守时的人在别人心目中都是负面的形象，但文章中没有提到他们患有精神疾病。因此D选项“他们患有某种精神疾病。”不符合原文。【干扰项排除】A选项“他们是自私的。”，由文章第1段第2句“你的朋友和同事不太可能只是因为自私（selfish）”可知，人们普遍认为不守时的人是自私的，符合原文，排除A，属于反向干扰；B选项“他们是不受欢迎的。”，不守时的人在文章中的形容词“无组织、混乱、粗鲁、不为他人着想”都是贬义的，说明他们不受人欢迎，符合原文，排除B，属于反向干扰；C选项“他们是不友好的。”，由文章中“粗

40、鲁（rude）、不为他人着想（lacking in consideration）”可知，人们认为不守时的人待人不友好，符合原文，排除C，属于反向干扰。50. 【选项释义】According to Harriet Mellotte, unpunctual people who are not his patients _. 根据哈里特梅洛特的说法，不守时的人如果不是他的病人，会_。A. make him understand them better A. 使他更了解他们B. irritate him very much B. 让他非常恼火C. offer him a different pers

41、pective about lateness C. 为他提供一个关于迟到的不同观点D. are likely to be successful in their careers D. 有可能在事业上获得成功【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词Harriet Mellotte可以定位到文章第3段第3句“在我的临床工作之外（Outside），别人迟到会让我特别生气（get under my skin）”，说明哈里特梅洛特认为那些除了他病人之外的不守时的人，会让他非常生气。因此B选项“让他非常恼火”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“使他更了解他们”，C选项“为他提供一个关于迟到的不同观点”和D

42、选项“有可能在事业上获得成功”在文章中均没有提及，属于无中生有。51. 【选项释义】According to Diana DeLonzor, unpunctual people _. 根据戴安娜德隆佐的说法，不守时的人_。A. feel ashamed of being late A. 为迟到而感到羞耻B. find it hard to change their habit of being late B. 发现很难改变他们迟到的习惯C. may get pleasure by keeping others wait C. 可能通过让别人等待而获得快乐D. do not expect oth

43、ers to be punctual D. 不期望别人守时【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词Diana DeLonzor可以定位到文章第5段第1、2句“戴安娜德隆佐在她的书永不迟到中写道：虽然有些人从让别人等待中得到好处，但如果你是典型的这种人，你不会喜欢迟到。然而，迟到仍然是你的宿敌。”，说明戴安娜德隆佐认为不守时的人很难改变自己迟到的习惯。因此B选项“发现很难改变他们迟到的习惯”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“为迟到而感到羞耻”出现在上一段，不是戴安娜德隆佐的观点，属于张冠李戴；C选项“可能通过让别人等待而获得快乐”，文章中提到有些人从让别人等待中得到好处，并不代表他们从中能获得

44、快乐，典型的这类人不会喜欢迟到，属于曲解原文；D选项“不期望别人守时”在文章中没有提及，属于无中生有。52. 【选项释义】Which of the following excuses for being late is LESS acceptable? 以下哪种为迟到找的借口是较难接受的？A. Doing work more efficiently under pressure. A. 在压力下做工作更有效率。B. Claiming oneself to be a morning person. B. 声称自己是个早起的人。C. Explaining that he/she eats slow

45、ly. C. 解释他/她吃得很慢。D. Having an accident. D. 发生意外。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词excuses可以定位到文章第6段，本段第2、3句说到“但其他的就没那么容易消化了（arent so easy to swallow）。有些人会把迟到当作格局宏大（big-thinking）、关心比守时更高深的事情的表现，有些人把迟到当作一种可爱的怪癖（an endearing quirk），还有一些人则把迟到看作压力之下才能把事情做得更好的标志（a mark of doing ones best work under pressure），或者自认为是

46、夜猫子型生物钟，而非百灵鸟型（having the body clock of a night owl rather than a lark）。”，由此可知声称自己在压力之下才能把更好地工作这一借口是不太容易让人接受的。因此A选项“在压力下做工作更有效率。”正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“声称自己是个早起的人。”和C选项“解释他/她吃得很慢。”在文章中没有提及，属于无中生有；D选项“发生意外。”，由第6段第1句“有些借口，尤其是对于严重迟到的借口，是相当普遍令人接受的，比如意外（accident）或疾病。”可知，发生意外是能够轻松让人接受的借口，属于反向干扰。53. 【选项释义】What does

47、 the author think of consistent unpunctuality? 作者如何看待习惯性迟到？A. It is understandable. A. 它是可以理解的。B. It is time wasting. B. 它是浪费时间的。C. It damages friendship. C. 它损害了友谊。D. It deserves our sympathy. D. 它值得我们同情。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词consistent unpunctuality可以定位到文章最后1段第1句“经常迟到（consistently late）可能不是你的错。你

48、可能就是这种类型的人（your type）。”，说明作者认为习惯性迟到是可以理解的，因为人的性格特征之间存在差异。因此A选项“它是可以理解的。”正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“它是浪费时间的。”，C选项“它损害了友谊。”和D选项“它值得我们同情。”在文章中均没有提及，属于无中生有。7. 单选题The nationality of the minority groups in that country is still （ ）.问题1选项A.at largeB.at issueC.at riskD.at leisure【答案】B【解析】考查介词短语辨析。at large “详尽的”；at issue

49、 “争议中的”；at risk “处于危险中”；at leisure “从容地”。句意：在那个国家，少数民族的国籍问题仍然_。根据句意可知选项B符合题意。8. 单选题Google is not the only search utility in town, but it comes with such a(n) （ ）collection of tools to focus your search that it is the engine of choice for many of us.问题1选项A.comparableB.formidableC.innumerableD.compati

50、ble【答案】B【解析】考察形容词辨析。comparable “可比较的”；formidable “强大的”；innumerable “无数的”；compatible “兼容的”。句意：谷歌并非唯一的搜索工具，不过，它有强大的工具集合，使其能够强化搜索能力，因此谷歌是大多数人选择使用的搜索引擎。选项B符合句意。9. 单选题I am cautiously （ ） that a new government will be concerned and aware about the environment.问题1选项A.optimisticB.hostileC.cynicalD.doubtful【

51、答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。optimistic “乐观的”；hostile “敌对的”；cynical “愤世嫉俗的”；doubtful “可疑的”。句意：对于新政府是否会关注环境问题，我持谨慎的_态度。 根据关键信息cautiously可知选项A符合题意，“乐观态度”。10. 单选题He was a molecular biologist with good hands, impressive ingenuity, and（ ） capacities.问题1选项A.intuitiveB.accidentalC.fragileD.diligent【答案】A【解析】考察形容词辨析。 “

52、intuitive”直觉的； “accidental” 偶然的； “ fragile” 易碎的； “diligent” 勤奋的；句意：他是一名分子生物学家，有灵巧的双手、令人钦佩的创造力和直觉判断力。选项A符合句意。11. 单选题Judges must be firm, fair and（ ）in their application of the law.问题1选项A.normalB.virtualC.consistentD.incessant【答案】C【解析】考察形容词辨析。normal “正常的”；virtual “虚拟的”；consistent “一致的”；incessant “持续不断

53、的”。句意：法官在实施法律时，必须做到坚定、公正、一致。选项C符合句意。12. 单选题He makes an （ ） case that the oceans forgotten corners have become too dangerous to neglect.问题1选项A.eminentB.eligibleC.eloquentD.animated【答案】C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。eminent “杰出的；有名的”；eligible “合格的；合适的”；eloquent “雄辩的；有说服力的”；animated “生机勃勃的；活跃的”。句意：他用一个_案例证明被遗忘的海洋角落已经变

54、得非常危险，不应该被忽视。根据句意可知选项C符合题意。13. 单选题Studies have proved that smart people tend to be smart across different kinds of（ ） .问题1选项A.institutionsB.occasionsC.charactersD.realms【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。institution “机构，制度”；occasion “场合，机会”；character “性格，角色”；realm “领域，范围”。句意为：研究表明，聪明的人容易在各个不同的领域都表现得很聪明。选项D符合句意。14. 单选题

55、It seems like only yesterday that we were extolling the virtues of such socially produced wonders as Linux and Wikipedia. These communal endeavors heralded a utopian age of unparalleled access to systems and information at little or no cost, and converted Web 2.0 from a mere collection of technologi

56、es to a system of liberation and empowerment.But the road to Utopia all too often ends up detouring through the business district, and Web 2. 0 has been no exception. By offering the means of production free to their users, other leviathan sites, such as Facebook, Twitter, and , have generated enorm

57、ous amounts of content at almost no expense. Even better, this content is a gold mine for targeted advertising.Over in Utopia, the workers who generated all those articles, photos，tweets, and videos would get a cut of the profits they helped to generate. In the business district, however, users reta

58、in their amateur status, while the companies they labor for rake in billions. Worse, contributors dont even own the content they create. The smallest of the small print in the terms of use, which you must agree to in order to get an account, states that the company can use your content as it sees fi

59、t.To Nicholas Carr, this smacks of exploitation rather than emancipation, and he coined a term for it: digital sharecropping. Just like the farm laborers of old age who worked the land but didnt own it, digital sharecroppers grow the product that earns Web 2.0 companies their profits, but they relin

60、quish ownership. Heck, even the most put-upon sharecropper earned a share of the crop he worked so hard to cultivate; todays digital serfs work on their profiles, timelines, and feeds for free, with targeted ads their only “compensation.”To be sure, no one on these sites sees their uploading of post

61、s, photos, and videos as “work.” But this ad hoc content creation isnt enough for many companies, so now theyre outright asking nonemployees to contribute. This was preceded by crowdsourcing，which involves obtaining labor, products, or content from people outside the company, particularly from a lar

62、ge group of customers or amateurs who work for little pay. A good example is the phenomenon of microwork, a short, simple task that a company crowdsources for a small fee, particularly to workers in the underdeveloped world.1. Linux and Wikipedia are mentioned as（ ）.2. Facebook and Twitter have produced information at little cost by（ ）.3. In the web 2.0 business world, the companies（ ）.4. What do the digital sharecroppers and farmers have in common?5. In Paragraph 4，the word “relinquish” is clo