2022年考博英语-西南政法大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第91期

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1、2022年考博英语-西南政法大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题Nine of the ten campuses of the University of California led by Berkeley once again made it into an annual ranking of the worlds leading universities. Alls well in California higher education, it might seem.But that is not what Pat Brown or Clark Kerr would

2、 say, were they alive today. They were, respectively, governor of the state and president of the University of California in 1960, when California adopted a “master plan that became an international model. Their aim was not only to have excellent public universities, but to give the states populatio

3、n nearly universal and free access to them. Some pupils would so-called community colleges for a two-year vocational programme, others one of the (now 23) campuses of the California State University, and the best might go to a UC campus.In order to assure access for all, tuition charges were banned

4、only “fees” for some costs other than education were allowed. Most funding was to come from taxpayers. The premise was that higher education was a public good for the state, which was nursing its own future entrepreneurs and taxpayers. As Mr. Kerr put it, the universities were “bait” to be hung in f

5、ront of industry, with drawing power greater than low taxes or cheap labor.That consensus has been overturned. In 1990, the state paid 78% of the cost of educating each student. That ratio dropped to 47% last year, and will fall even more during the current academic year, after the latest round of b

6、udget cuts, overseen by Jerry Brown, the current governor and son of Pat Brown. In some ways, California has now inverted the priorities of the older Browns era. Spending on prisons passed spending on universities in around 2004.This has led to concerns that public universities might lose their exce

7、llence. It takes money to attract the best professors, and the best students follow them. An alternative to worse public universities, however, is quasi-privatized ones. That seems to be the route taken in California.Thus students will this year, for the first time, pay more for tuition than the sta

8、te gives in funding. This follows years of tuition fee increases far steeper than the average at American public universities. A place at a UC campus can easily now cost $13,000, or $31000 including housing, given Californias high costs.To raise other revenues, the various campuses also admit ever m

9、ore out-of-state students (who pay three times more) and, target rich graduates for more donations. Led by the business and law schools, they behave increasingly like private universities, in other words. This strategy retains pockets of excellence. But it also runs counter to the philosophy of the

10、master plan, by pricing ever more Californian families out of a place. The state now ranks 41st in the number of college degrees awarded for every 100 of its high school graduates.1.Pat Brown and Clark Kerr attempted to set up excellent public universities, as well as（ ）.2.What does Mr. Kerr imply b

11、y saying “bait” to be hung in front of industry (Line4, Para. 3)?3.What is the concern on the public universities since the state spending on universities has dropped?4.Campuses in California receive students from other states for the purpose of（ ）.5.What can we infer from the passage about higher e

12、ducation in California?问题1选项A.building an international model of universities around the worldB.competing with the so-called community colleges in the stateC.offering common and free access to universities to the states populationD.providing a two-year vocational program for the states population问题2

13、选项A.The universities foster to-be elites for industryB.The tuition fees are banned in the universitiesC.The higher education is a state welfareD.The universities are more attractive than low taxes or cheap labor.问题3选项A.To be unable to attract the best professorsB.To be unable to maintain their excel

14、lenceC.To be high-pricedD.To be quasi-privatized问题4选项A.getting more donationsB.behaving like private universitiesC.making up shortage of graduatesD.improving other earnings问题5选项A.Children from Californian families cant obtain the education due to the high costs.B.It has moved towards private univers

15、ities along with its development.C.It is only nursing its own future entrepreneurs and taxpayers.D.It produces fewer company founders, inventors and taxpayers.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。根据关键词“Pat Brown and Clark Kerr”定位到第二段的内容“Their aim was not only to have excellent public universitie

16、s, but to give the states population nearly universal and free access to them.他们的目标不仅是拥有优秀的公立大学，而且要让该州的人口几乎可以免费进入这些大学。”选项C符合原文。2.判断推理题。根据关键词“bait”所在句子的上文“The premise was that higher education was a public good for the state, which was nursing its own future entrepreneurs and taxpayers.前提是高等教育是全州的一种公

17、共利益，为未来培养自己的企业家和纳税人。”也就是说，大学是挂在工业面前的“诱饵”指的是大学培养工业精英。选项A符合原文。3.细节事实题。根据倒数第三段首句“This has led to concerns that public universities might lose their excellence.”这导致人们担心公立大学可能会失去它们的优势。也就是无法保持自己的优势，选项B符合原文。4.细节事实题。根据最后一段第一句“To raise other revenues, the various campuses also admit ever more out-of-state st

18、udents.为了增加其他收入，各个校区还招收了越来越多的外州学生。”选项D符合原文。5.判断推理题。根据最后一段第二句“Led by the business and law schools, they behave increasingly like private universities, in other words.换句话说，在商学院和法学院的领导下，它们（州立大学）的行为越来越像私立大学。”选项B符合原文。选项A和C表述均不正确，选项D在文中没有提及。2. 单选题Mr. Chen often（ ） his speech.问题1选项A.tumblesB.stumblesC.rumb

19、lesD.fumbles【答案】D【解析】形近词辨析题。A选项tumble“摔倒”；B选项stumble“踌躇”；C选项rumble“隆隆作响”；D选项fumble“笨手笨脚地做；笨嘴拙舌地说话”。句意：陈先生经常在演讲的时候笨嘴拙舌地说话。选项D符合语境。3. 单选题How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social stati

20、stics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same consequences today as it did in the 1930s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of substance, and when there were no countervailing social pro

21、grams for those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness. Earnings a

22、nd income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multiple earners, relatively affluent families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are the elderly or handicapped or h

23、ave family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclud

24、e the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several ti

25、mes the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffers. For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part

26、-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in kind

27、 transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job creation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of a

28、greement in this debate that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one of their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.1.What does the “labor market problems” refer to?2.The author contrasts the 1930s with the present in order

29、 to show that（ ）.3.The authors purpose in citing those who are repeatedly unemployed during a year is most probably to show that（ ）.4.According to the passage, one factor that causes our society to overestimate the degree of economic hardship is the（ ）.问题1选项A.A The overall causes of povertyB.Deficie

30、ncies in the training of the work forceC.Trade relationships among producers of goodsD.Shortage of jobs providing adequate income问题2选项A.more people were employed in the 1930sB.social programs are more needed now.C.unemployment now has less severe effectsD.now there is a greater proportion问题3选项A.ther

31、e are several factors that cause the payment of low wages to some members of the labor forceB.unemployment statistics can underestimate the hardship the poor workers sufferC.recurrent unemployment in the labor market can cause hardships for individual workersD.a majority of those who are jobless at

32、any time does not suffer severe hardship问题4选项A.recurrence of periods of unemployment for a group of low-wage workers.B.fact that unemployment counts do not include those who work for low wagesC.establishment of a system of record keeping that makes it possible to compile poverty statisticsD.prevalen

33、ce of secondary earners among low-wage workers and the unemployed【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:C【解析】1.语义题。根据关键词“labor market problems”定位到第一段第一句“有多少人因为劳动力市场问题而遭受不幸呢?”下文随即指出“Unemployment does not have the same consequences today. 如今失业不会带来同样的后果。”由此可知，这里的劳动市场问题指的是失业，选项D符合原文。2.判断推理题。根据下文“不断增加的财富、不止一个收入者的家庭增多、失业

34、人群中中等收入者的优势日益显现，以及社会福利保障的改善，这些都毫无疑问地减轻了失业的后果。”由此可推断，作者是想表达现在的失业问题所带来的影响没有那么严重。选项C正确。3.作者意图题。根据题干可以定位到第二段的内容，本段的中心句为段落首句“Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship. 然而，我们的社会统计数据在许多方面低估了与劳动力市场相关的困难程度。”接下来进行举例说明。由此可知，作者提到那些一年内多次失业的人，是为了表

35、明统计数据低估了贫困工人所遭受的苦难，所以选项B正确。4.判断推理题。原文第一段指出社会统计数据在许多方面夸大了困难的程度，然后在第一段最后一句指出，计算在贫困统计之内的人大部分是年老者、残疾人或者由于家庭负担不能进入劳务市场者，因此这些贫困统计数据根本就不能精确地反映出劳动力市场所存在的问题。由此可推断，之所以会高估经济困难的程度，是因为建立了记录系统，使得编撰贫穷统计数据成为可能，这些数据不一定是真实情况的反映，所以选项C正确。4. 单选题This book was a work of such（ ）that it took 20 years to write.问题1选项A.magnitu

36、deB.extentC.degreeD.amount【答案】A【解析】名词辨析题。A选项magnitude“大小，量级”；B选项extent“程度，范围”；C选项degree“程度，等级”；D选项amount“数量，总额”。句意：这本书是如此庞大的一个作品，以致于花了20年才写成。选项A更符合语境。5. 单选题A comprehensive market system should be established to（ ）the flow of talent, funds and materials.问题1选项A.sufficeB.necessitateC.facilitateD.fabric

37、ate【答案】C【解析】动词辨析题。A选项suffice“使满足”；B选项necessitate“使成为必需”；C选项facilitate“促进，帮助”；D选项fabricate“伪造”。句意：应该建立完善的市场体系促进人才、资金和物资的流动。选项C符合句意。6. 单选题The city signed a/an（ ）contract with Italy in order to make full use of their natural resources and capital.问题1选项A.unusualB.influentialC.residentialD.reciprocal【答案】

38、D【解析】形容词辨析题。A选项unusual“不寻常的”；B选项influential“有影响的，有势力的”；C选项residential“住宅的”；D选项reciprocal“互惠的”。句意：为了充分利用其自然资源和资本，该市与意大利签订了互惠合约。选项D符合句意。7. 单选题The（ ） wind in this area is from the northeast.问题1选项A.prevailingB.controllingC.reigningD.persisting【答案】A【解析】形容词辨析题。A选项prevailing“盛行的，流行的”；B选项controlling“控制欲强的”；

39、C选项reigning“统治的”；D选项persisting“坚持”。句意：这个地区盛行的风来自东北方向。选项A符合句意。8. 单选题Each month 5 Yuan is（ ）from my salary for house-repairing payment.问题1选项A.excludedB.expelledC.compelledD.docked【答案】D【解析】动词辨析题。A选项exclude“排除”；B选项expel“驱逐，开除”；C选项compel“强迫”；D选项dock“使靠码头，从（工资）中扣除（一部分的钱）”。句意：每个月从我的工资中扣去5元用于修房子。选项D符合句意。9.

40、单选题You must be very careful. The work（ ）precision.问题1选项A.retailsB.repelsC.retainsD.entails【答案】D【解析】形近词辨析题。A选项retail“零售，详述”；B选项repel“击退，抵制”；C选项retain“保持，固定”；D选项entail“使需要，要求”。句意：你必须非常小心，这项工作对精确性要求极高。选项D符合句意。10. 单选题My brother is a painter and works in a（ ）.问题1选项A.studioB.stallC.senateD.stage【答案】A【解析】名

41、词辨析题。A选项studio“工作室，画室”；B选项stall“货摊”；C选项senate“参议院”；D选项stage“舞台”。句意：我的兄弟是个画家，在一个画室工作。选项A符合语境。11. 单选题To（ ）the risk of theft, install a good alarm system.问题1选项A.decreaseB.minimizeC.limitD.eliminate【答案】D【解析】动词辨析题。A选项decrease“减少，降低”；B选项minimize“最小化”；C选项limit“限制”；D选项eliminate“消除，排除”。句意：为了消除被盗的风险，安装一个好的报警系

42、统。选项D符合句意。12. 翻译题Translate the following sentences into English夫妻财产同样属于共同财产。刑法不得溯及既往。法院驳回了原告的诉讼主张。他对债务负主要责任。本合同的任何改动或修正必须作为书面方能产生效力。【答案】Marital property is also part of the common property.The criminal law shall not be retroactive.The court rejected the plaintiffs claim.He was mainly responsible for

43、 the debt.Any changes or modification of this contract must be written in order to be effective.13. 翻译题Put the following passages into Chinese:The compromise alleged distasteful to those who are reserved as to the worth of arbitration is not the honorific type. Properly, it is the invidious compromi

44、se. This means not considering the merits of the matter, but recognizing the outer limits and splitting the difference. This would be an improper use of an arbitrators powers. Where it occurs, arbitration fails.An example may serve to distinguish between the distasteful invidious compromise and the

45、seeming honorific compromise that may arise in an arbitration. The assumed matter concerns a buyer, who contracted for certain goods, which he received, but which he believes are inferior from the ordered merchandise. He can use the goods, but believes the full price should not be paid. He opines th

46、at a price allowance of one dollar per unit should be made. The manufacturer-seller disputes the claim of inferiority. In an arbitration hearing the arbitrator may find there was a deficiency, but not to the extent claimed. For reasons of the facts presented, he may award a 50% per unit reduction, o

47、r 50 cents per unit allowance, in a compromise, that is the invidious compromise, the decision would not consider the facts, but would consider only the wish to resolve the matter. An invidious compromise award at the same 50% per unit reduction would bear no relation to the degree of inferiority an

48、d potential of use. The purpose of arbitration is not to please all parties to some extent; it is to reach a decision with due regard to all facts and circumstances presented in the Hearing.【答案】对那些对仲裁价值持保留意见的人来说，所谓的令人反感的妥协不是“尊敬的妥协”。确切的说，它是“不公正的妥协”。这意味着不考虑事情的优点，但却认识到外在限制且拆分这其中的区别。这便是仲裁人权利的不当使用。一旦这种情况

49、出现，仲裁就会失败。一个例子可以区分可能发生于仲裁时的令人反感的“不公正的妥协”和看上去“尊敬的妥协”。假定事关一个用合约订购了某种商品的买家，尽管收到了商品，但他认为这些商品比订购的质量差。尽管他可以使用这些商品，但是他认为自己不应该付全款。他认为每单位该商品应该给1美元的补贴。但厂商即卖家质疑产品劣质的声称。在仲裁吋，仲裁人可能会发现该商品有缺陷，但没有达到买家声称的程度。鉴于提出的事实的原因，他可能裁决会每单位50%的降价或每单位50美分的补贴。在妥协里，这就属于“不公正的妥协”，仲裁决定没有考虑事实，而仅考虑去解决问题的愿望。一个裁决给予同样每单位减少50%的“不公正的妥协”与产品缺陷

50、度和可用度不会有关系。仲裁的目的不是去在某种程度上取悦每一方，而是去充分考虑听证会上提出的所 有事实和情况而做出决定。14. 单选题Oscar Wilde said that work is the refuge of people who have nothing better to do. If so, Americans are now among the worlds saddest refugees. Factory workers in the United States are working longer hours than at any time in the past h

51、alf-century. America once led the rich world in cutting the average working week-from 70 hours in 1850 to less than 40 hours by the 1950s. It seemed natural that as people grew richer they would trade extras earnings for more leisure. Since the 1970s, however, the hours clocked up by American worker

52、s have risen to an average of 42 this year in manufacturing.Several studies suggest that something similar is happening outside manufacturing: Americans are spending more time at work than they did 20 years ago. Executives and lawyers boast of 80-hour weeks. On holiday, they seek out fax machines an

53、d phones as eagerly as Germans bag the best sun-loungers. Yet working time in Europe and Japan continues to fall. In Germanys engineering industry the working week is to be trimmed from 36 to 35 hours next year Most Germans get six weeks paid annual holiday, even the Japanese now take three weeks. A

54、mericans still make do with just two.Germany responds to this contrast with its usual concern about whether peoples aversion to work is damaging its competitiveness. Yet German workers, like the Japanese, seem to be acting sensibly: as their incomes rise, they can achieve a better standard of living

55、 with fewer hours of work. The puzzle is why America, the worlds richest country, sees things differently. It is a puzzle with sinister social implications. Parents spend less time with their children who may be left alone at home for longer. Is it just a coincidence that juvenile crime is on the ri

56、se?Some explanations for Americas time at work fail to stand up to scrutiny. One blames weak trade unions that leave workers open to exploitation. Are workers being forced by cost-cutting firms to toil harder just to keep their jobs? A recent study by two American economists, Richard Freeman and Lin

57、da Bell, suggests not: when asked, Americans actually want to work longer hours. Most German workers, in contrast, would rather work less.Then, why do Americans want to work harder? One reason may be that the real earnings of many Americans have been stagnant or falling during the past two decades.

58、People work longer merely to maintain their living standards. Yet many higher skilled workers, who have enjoyed big increases in their real pay, have been working harder too. Also, one reason for the slow growth of wages has been the rapid growth in employment-which is more or less where the argumen

59、t began.Taxes may have something to do with it. People who work an extra hour in America are allowed to keep more of their money than those who do the same in Germany. Falls in marginal tax rates in America since the 1970s have made it all the more profitable to work longer.None of these answers rea

60、lly explains why the century-long decline in working hours has gone into reverse in America but not elsewhere (though Britain show signs of following Americas lead). Perhaps cultural differences - the last refuge of the defeated economists- are at play. Economists used to believe that once workers e

61、arned enough to provide for their basic needs and allow for a few luxuries, their incentive to work would be eroded, like lions relaxing after a kill. But humans are more susceptible to advertising than lions. Perhaps clever marketing has ensured that “basic needs” - for a shower with built-in TV, f

62、or a rocket-propelled carexpand continuously. Shopping is already one of Americas most popular pastimes. But it requires moneyhence more work and less leisure. Or try this, the television is not very good, and baseball and hockey keep being wiped out by strikes. Perhaps Wilde was right. Maybe Americ

63、ans have nothing better to do.1.In the United States, working longer hours is（ ）.2.According to the third paragraph, which might be one of the consequences of working longer hours?3.Which of the following is the cause of working longer hours stated by the writer?问题1选项A.confined to the manufacturing industryB.a traditional practice in some sectorsC.prevalent in all sectors of societyD.favored by the economists问题2选项A.Rise in employees working efficiencyB.Rise in the number of yo