2022年考博英语-华中科技大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第91期

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1、2022年考博英语-华中科技大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Early in the sixteenth century, Francis Bacon proposed that science consisted in the elevation of the authority of experiment and observation over that of reason, intuition, and convention. Bacon thought that as more and more reliable and precise particular fac

2、ts, accumulate, they can be classified and generalized, resulting in an ever-expanding hierarchy of useful “axioms”. This is what he meant by “induction”.Although many people today continue to regard the collection of facts and their arrangement by induction into theories as the heart of scientific

3、method, Bacons conception of what facts and theories are and of the relationship between them was hopelessly unrealistic even in his own time. The most important early scientific discoveries such as those made by Galileo about the movement of the earth, by Keppler about the elliptical shape, of plan

4、etary orbits, and later by Newton about the “force” of gravitycould never have been made if Bacons rules had prevailed.Determined to avoid all premature speculations, Bacon proposed that data gathering be carried out by illiterate assistants with no interest in whether an experiment turned out one w

5、ay or another. Plain facts, properly arranged, would automatically lead to certain knowledge of the universe. Nothing could be more misrepresentative of the actual problem-solving techniques of the scientific method. That plain facts do not speak for themselves is evident from Bacons own acceptance

6、of the errors contained in what appeared to be the most “obvious” of facts. For Bacon, that the earth did not move was a fact because it could be seen not to move; and for Bacon it was a fact that life was being spontaneously generated because maggots always developed in putrid flesh and frogs appea

7、red after every rain.What is clear is that the great breakthroughs of Newton, Darwin, or Marx could never have been achieved solely on the basis of Baconian fact gathering. Facts are always unreliable without theories which guide their collection and which distinguish between superficial and signifi

8、cant appearances.21.According to Bacon, facts （ ）.22.Data collection should be performed by illiterate assistants, （ ） .23.According to Bacon, knowledge can be obtained （ ）.24.Spontaneous generation of life （ ） .问题1选项A.are determined by observationsB.can only be understood through logical reasoningC

9、.have a hierarchyD.are gathered by illiterate assistants问题2选项A.according to Bacon, as it led to speculationB.according to Bacon, to prevent theories from being formulated on insufficient dataC.was a notion Bacon strongly opposedD.was a notion rejected on the grounds that it led to premature speculat

10、ions问题3选项A.by subjecting theories to rigorous logical analysisB.not through political or religious dogmas, but through reasonC.by observation aloneD.through the inductive method问题4选项A.was a known fact in Bacons timeB.is verified by maggots in putrid fleshC.is more apparent than realD.is a speculatio

11、n which has no basis in observation【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C【解析】21.细节推断题。根据“Francis Bacon proposed that science consisted in the elevation of the authority of experiment and observation over that of reason, intuition, and convention.（培根（Francis Bacon）提出，科学在于提高实验和观察的权威，而不是理性、直觉和惯例的权威。）”即可合理推断得出本题答案。22

12、.细节事实题。根据题干关键词“illiterate assistants” “data collection”，可将信息点定位至原文第二段第一句，“Although many people today continue to regard the collection of facts and their arrangement by induction into theories as the heart of scientific method, Bacons conception of what facts and theories are and of the relationship

13、 between them was hopelessly unrealistic even in his own time.（尽管今天许多人仍然把收集事实并把它们归纳成理论作为科学方法的核心，但是培根关于事实和理论是什么以及它们之间的关系的概念，即使在他那个时代也是完全不切实际的。）”从而得出本题答案。23.细节推断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第一段第二句和第三句。 “Bacon thought that as more and more reliable and precise particular facts, accumulate, they can be classified

14、 and generalized, resulting in an ever-expanding hierarchy of useful axioms. This is what he meant by induction.（培根认为，随着越来越可靠和精确的特定事实的积累，它们可以被分类和概括，从而形成一个不断扩大的有用的公理层次结构。这就是他所说的归纳法。）”从而得出本题答案。24.细节推断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文最后一段最后一句，“Facts are always unreliable without theories which guide their collection

15、 and which distinguish between superficial and significant appearances.（若没有理论指导事实的收集，没有理论区分表面现象和重要现象，那么事实总是不可靠的。）”从而可进行合理推断得出本题答案。2. 写作题You are required to write about 200 words on the following topic: “ Is it better to set up a bridge or a wall between China and the west? ”【答案】In recent years, with

16、 the development of science and technology, and with the change of peoples idea, the world is globalized increasingly. People are confronted with a new international life that exchanges between people, whether it is business trade or social activities, become more than before. The same situation win

17、ds up between countries. In my opinion, it is better to set up a bridge between China and the west.A bridge not only makes life more convenient; it could also be a symbol of communication, understanding and friendship. There are various factors badly needed to build a “bridge” for China and the west

18、. Firstly, China needs to know more about the west, and the west needs to know more about China. For any country in the world, the past always holds the key to the present and the present is always rooted in the past. Furthermore, only when we know where a country has come from, could we possibly un

19、derstand why the country is what it is today, and only then could we realize in which direction it is heading.As far as I am concerned, China and the west enable to take measures to build a bridge in this respect. For one thing, the need of both sides to build a bridge of common cultural prosperity

20、links the two major civilizations of China and the west. China represents the Eastern civilization in an important way, while the west is the birthplace of the Western civilization. For another, they both need to build a bridge of economic growth and prosperity. China is one of the most important ma

21、jor economies in the world and the west has many big markets. We must uphold open market, speed up negotiations on the investment agreement, and actively explore the possibility of a free trade area. Last but not least, they both need to build a bridge of reform and progress. Both China and the west

22、 are pursuing reforms that are unprecedented in human history, and both are sailing uncharted waters. We need to respect each others path of reform and draw upon each others reform experience. And we need to promote world development and progress through our reform efforts.In conclusion, building a

23、bridge has advantages and we should set up a bridge with the west.3. 单选题Feminist critics have long debated the extent to which gender plays a role in the creation and interpretation of texts. Androgynist poetics, rooted in mid-Victorian womens writing, contends that the creative mind is sexless, but

24、 from the 1970s on, many feminist critics rejected the idea of the genderless, mind, finding that the imagination cannot evade conscious or unconscious structures of gender which is part of culture-determination where separating imagination from the self is impossible.The Female Aesthetic, expressin

25、g a unique female consciousness in literature, spoke of the “female vernacular, the Mother Tongue, a powerful but neglected womens culture”. Virginia Woolf discusses how a woman writer seeks within herself “the pools, the depths, the dark places where the largest fish slumber”, inevitably colliding

26、against her own sexuality to confront “something about the body, about the passions”. Accessible to men and women alike, but representing female sexual morphology, this method sought a way of writing which literally embodied the female, thereby fighting the subordinating, linear style of classificat

27、ion or distinction.It must be admitted that there are problems with the Female Aesthetic that feminist critics themselves recognized. For instance, they avoided defining exactly what constituted their writing style, as any definition would then categorize it and safely subsume it as a genre under th

28、e linear patriarchal structure its very restlessness and ambiguity defied identification as part of its identity. Some feminists and women writers could feel excluded by the surreality of the Female Aesthetic and its stress on the biological forms of female experience, which also bear close resembla

29、nce to essentialism. Men may try their hand at writing womans bodies, but according to the feminist critique, only a woman whose very biology gave her an edge could read these texts successfully a position which, worst of all, risked marginalization of womens literature and theory.Later, Gynocritics

30、 attempted to resolve some of these problems, by agreeing that womens literature lay as the central concern for feminist criticism but rejecting the concept of an essential female identity and style, while simultaneously seeking to revise Freudian structures by emphasizing a Pre-Oedipal phase wherei

31、n the daughters bond to her mother inscribes the key factor in gender identity. Matriarchal values dissolve intergenerational conflicts and build upon a female tradition of literature rather than the struggle of Oedipus and Lais at the crossroads. Lastly and most promising in its achievement of a de

32、licate balance are developments of an over-arching gender theory, which considers gender, both male and female, as a social construction built on biological differences. Gender theory proposes to explore ideological inscription and the literary effects of the sex/gender system, opening up the litera

33、ry theory stage and bringing in questions of masculinity into feminist theory. Taking gender as a fundamental analytic category brings feminist criticism from the margin to the center, though it risks depoliticizing the study of women.30.Which of the following titles best summarizes the content of t

34、he passage?31.The author specifically mentions all of the following issues that have been considered in the evolution of feminist literary criticism EXCEPT（ ） .32.The author refers to “the largest fish” (Paragraph 2) primarily in order to （ ） .33.According to the passage, the greatest risk posed by

35、the feminist theories, like the FemaleAesthetic, which posit the existence of an “essential” or non-constructed gender is in （ ） .34.It can be inferred that the author would define the “delicate balance” mentioned in the last paragraph as the equilibrium between（ ）.35.It can be inferred from the pas

36、sage that the author would most likely describe the evolution of feminist literary theory as （ ）.问题1选项A.A Historical Overview of Feminist Literary CriticismB.Establishing New Feminist Concepts of GenderC.The Precarious Feminist Compromise in Politics and ArtD.A New Theory of Literary Criticism问题2选项A

37、.the place of women in the literary canonB.the question of culture in determining genderC.the role of Freud in theorizing gender identityD.the effect of biological differences on textual style问题3选项A.suggest a refuge from the long history of sexist literary criticismB.offer a sense of political purpo

38、se that can only be awakened through literatureC.articulate the possibility for escape from the confines of gendered identityD.reference a unique feminist identity that must be extracted somehow from the body问题4选项A.creating a dead-end for feminist literary criticism by attacking the notion of an and

39、rogynist poeticsB.reinforcing sexist notions that women cannot emulate the literary style of menC.pushing feminist writing out of the mainstream by arguing that men are unable to fully comprehend womens writingD.relying too heavily on the theories of Freud, under which identity is the product of bio

40、logy问题5选项A.establishing ties between generations of women writers and fighting patriarchal influenceB.assigning the proper weight to the concept of gender as socially constructed and biologically inheritedC.actively fighting and passively documenting the literary effects of the sex/gender systemD.av

41、oiding marginalization on the political fringes and de-politicization in the political mainstream问题6选项A.a gradual movement from the idea of genderless writing to a writing that originates in the womans bodyB.a shift between adversarial criticism to more tolerant varieties of criticismC.a regular flu

42、ctuation between the idea of genderless and gendered writing that gradually settles on a compromiseD.a more or less constant pursuit of the goal of establishing a unique niche for womens literature【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:D第4题:C第5题:B第6题:C【解析】30.主旨大意题。通读全文，发现作者的写作脉络都是围绕“Feminist Literary Criticism”, 原文首段是说F

43、eminist critics have long debated the extent to which gender plays a role in the creation and interpretation of texts.（女权主义评论者在性别对创造力和演绎能力的作用上存在争议）文第二段是说The Female Aesthetic, expressing a unique female consciousness in literature,（女性审美在文学上表达出一种独特的女性意识）；原文第三段是说It must be admitted that there are probl

44、ems with the Female Aesthetic that feminist critics themselves recognized.（女权主义评论者认识到并且承认女性审美存在一些问题）；原文第四段是说Later, Gynocritics attempted to resolve some of these problems（女性评论者试着解决其中的一些问题）。可见，全文应为“女性文学评论的历史概述”。即可得出本题答案。31.细节判断题。选项A可定位至第二段第一句；选项B可定位至第三段；选项C可定位至第四段，选项D文中未提及。从而得出本题答案。32.细节推断题。根据题干信息，将信

45、息点定位到原文第二段第二句Virginia Woolf discusses how a woman writer seeks within herself “the pools, the depths, the dark places where the largest fish slumber”, inevitably colliding against her own sexuality to confront “something about the body, about the passions”（弗吉尼亚伍尔夫（Virginia Woolf）探讨了一位女作家如何在自己内心寻找“池塘

46、、深处、最大的鱼睡觉的黑暗地方”，不可避免地与自己的性欲发生冲突，以面对“有关身体和激情的某些东西”。）根据“own sexuality”,“ the body”,“the passions”等信息判定“the largest fish”指的是选项D。从而得出本题答案。试题答案 D33.信息推断题。根据题干关键词“the greatest risk”，将信息点定位到原文第三段最后一句Men may try their hand at writing womans bodies, but according to the feminist critique, only a woman whose

47、 very biology gave her an edge could read these texts successfully a position which, worst of all, risked marginalization of womens literature and theory.（女性主义批评认为只有女性才能够解读女性写作的文本，而这一立场带来的最大的风险是将女性文学与理论边缘化）即可得出本题答案。34.细节事实题。根据题干关键词“delicate balance”，将信息点定位到原文最后一段第三句“Lastly and most promising in its

48、achievement of a delicate balance are developments of an over-arching gender theory, which considers gender, both male and female, as a social construction built on biological differences.（最后，在实现微妙的平衡方面最有希望的是一种包罗万象的性别理论的发展，该理论认为性别，包括男性和女性，是建立在生理差异基础上的社会结构。）根据“considers gender” “social construction b

49、uilt on biological differences”即可得出本题答案。35.信息归纳题。本文主要关于女性文学评论的历史发展，根据原文第一段第一句Feminist critics have long debated the extent to which gender plays a role in the creation and interpretation of texts.（长期以来，女权主义批评家一直在争论性别在文本的创作和解释中所起的作用。），最后一段的“a delicate balance”即可得出本题答案。4. 单选题Painter Frida Kahlo (19101

50、954) often used harrowing images derived from her Mexican heritage to express suffering caused by a disabling accident and a stormy marriage. Suggesting much personal and emotional content, her worksmany of them self-portraitshave been exhaustively psychoanalyzed, while their political content has b

51、een less studied. Yet Kahlo was an ardent political activist who in her art sought not only to explore her own roots, but also to champion Mexicos struggle for an independent political and cultural identity.Kahlo was influenced by Marxism, which appealed to many intellectuals in the 1920s and 1930s,

52、 and by Mexican nationalism. Interest in Mexicos culture and history had revived in the nineteenth century, and by the early 1900s, Mexican indigenista tendencies ranged from a violently anti-Spanish idealization of Aztec Mexico to an emphasis on contemporary Mexican Indians as the key to authentic

53、Mexican culture. Mexican nationalism, reacting against contemporary United States political intervention in labor disputes as well as against past domination by Spain, identified the Aztecs as the last independent rulers of an indigenous political unit. Kahlos form of Mexicanidad, a romantic nationa

54、lism that focused upon traditional art uniting all indigenistas, revered the Aztecs as a powerful pre-Columbian society that had united a large area of the Middle Americas and that was thought to have been based on communal labor, the Marxist ideal.In her paintings, Kahlo repeatedly employed Aztec s

55、ymbols, such as skeletons or bleeding hearts that were traditionally related to the emanation of life from death and light from darkness. These images of destruction coupled with creation speak not only to Kahlos personal battle for life, but also to the Mexican struggle to emerge as a nationby impl

56、ication, to emerge with the political and cultural strength admired in the Aztec civilization. Self-portrait on the Border between Mexico and the United States (1932), for example, shows Kahlo wearing a bone necklace, holding a Mexican flag, and standing between a highly industrialized United States

57、 and an agricultural, preindustrial Mexico. On the United States side are mechanistic and modem images such as smokestacks, light bulbs, and robots. In contrast, the organic and ancient symbols on the Mexican sidea blood-drenched Sun, lush vegetation, an Aztec sculpture, a pre-Columbian temple, and

58、a skull alluding to those that lined the walls of Aztec templesemphasize the interrelation of life, death, the earth, and the cosmos.Kahlo portrayed Aztec images in the folkloric style of traditional Mexican paintings, thereby heightening the clash between modem materialism and indigenous tradition;

59、 similarly, she favored planned economic development, but not at the expense of cultural identity. Her use of familiar symbols in a readily accessible style also served her goal of being popularly understood; in turn, Kahlo is viewed by some Mexicans as a mythic figure representative of nationalism

60、itself.31.Which one of the following best expresses the main point of the passage?32.Which one of the following statements concerning psychoanalytic and political interpretations of Kahlos work would the author be most likely to agree?33.Which one of the following stances toward the United States do

61、es the passage mention as characterizing Mexican nationalists in the early twentieth century?34.In the context of the passage, which one of the following phrases could best be substituted for the word romantic（Paragraph 2, Line 7） without substantially changing the authors meaning?35.The passage imp

62、lies that Kahlos attitude toward the economic development of Mexico was（）.问题1选项A.The doctrines of Marxist ideology and Mexican nationalism heavily influenced Mexican painters of Kahlos generation.B.Kahlos paintings contain numerous references to the Aztecs as an indigenous Mexican people predating E

63、uropean influence.C.An important element of Kahlos work is conveyed by symbols that reflect her advocacy of indigenous Mexican culture and Mexican political autonomy.D.The use of Aztec images and symbols in Kahlos art can be traced to the late nineteenth-century revival of interest in Mexican histor

64、y and culture.问题2选项A.The psychoanalytic interpretations of Kahlos work tend to challenge the political interpretations.B.Political and psychoanalytic interpretations are netplementary approaches to Kahlos work.C.Recent political interpretations of Kahlos work are causing psychoanalytic critics to revise their own interpretations.D.Unlike the political interpretations, the psychoanalytic interpretations make use of biographical facts of Kahlos life.问题3选项A.Opposition to United States involvement in internal Mexican affairs.B.Desire to decrease emigration of the