2022年考博英语-中国地质大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第45期

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1、2022年考博英语-中国地质大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 填空题The （1）between Beijing and Tianjin is about 120 kilometers. On （2）, the intercity high-speed train（3） 30 minutes to transport passengers from one city to the other. Urban geographers predict that the two cities will （4）grow together to form one huge metropo

2、lis.【答案】distance; average; needs; soon; gradually【解析】1.语义题。句意: 北京和天津的距离是120公里。因此第一空填distance。2.固定搭配。on average 平均,大体。3.语义题。句意: 一般来说，城际高速列车需要（花费）30 分钟时间将乘客从一个城市运到另一个城市。第三空需要填谓语动词表示 “花费,需要”。4.语义题。此空后面有动词grow，因此此空为一个副词修饰grow，gradually符合句意。2. 单选题With traffic constantly on the increase in the streets of

3、Beijing, the metro is the best way to get around the city during rush hours，however the crowds in the metro trains are now also a problem.问题1选项A.get around the cityB.constantly on the increaseC.get around the cityD.hours，howeverE.没有错误【答案】D【解析】句子连接错误。however后面加逗号。however在句子中表示然而,表示转折时,通常用逗号与句子其他成分隔开。

4、3. 填空题（1） to the Canadian media, there is widespread （2）of the governments plan to reform higher education. Angry （3）against the measure have been organized in several major cities.【答案】1.according;2.criticism;3.people【解析】1.固定搭配。According to 根据。2.语义题。第二空填名词，由后面的关键信息Angry和against可知填criticism (批评)符合题意。

5、3.语义题。第三空为主语的一部分,谓语动词为organized (组织), 同时受Angry修饰，结合上下文可以填people。4. 单选题The border guards made us to get out of the car while they checked itfor drugs, weapons and other forbidden items.问题1选项A.border guards made us toB.get out of the carC.while they checked it for drugsD.other forbidden itemsE.没有问题【答案

6、】A【解析】介词误用。去掉to。make “使得；进行”为使役动词,后面一般跟动词原形。5. 填空题This afternoon were meeting with（1） E.U. environmental official and some Australian specialists to talk about how to（2） groundwater pollution in the Tianjin area.【答案】1.an2.prevent【解析】1.语法题。考查不定冠词。第一个空格后的“official官员”为单数知第一个空格应填一个不定冠词a 或an,再由EU的发音“，i:

7、ju:中第一个字母为元音发音知第一个空应填“an”。2.语义题。句意: 探讨天津地区地下水污染防治对策6. 填空题Next month there is an important scientific conference in Berlin that I have agreed to（1）. Im scheduled to leave Beijing on the 12th and（2） on the 18th. Ive been asked to give a 20- （3）presentation explaining our current research. I look（4） to

8、 this conference, （5）will give me an （6）to meet other researchers in my field. The only thing that Im （7）about is my spoken English, especially when I give the presentation. Ive（8） a coach who is now helping me to（9） my pronunciation and delivery.【答案】1.attend2.back3.minute4.forward5.which6.opportuni

9、ty7.worried8.hired9.improve【解析】1.固定搭配。attend a conference 参加会议。2.语义题。根据前文中的leave Beijing on the 12th可知“on the 18th”表示“ 18日返回”。3.语义题。a 20- minute presentation 20分钟的演讲。4.固定搭配。look forward to 期盼,期待。5.语法题。考查定语从句关系词。此处为一个非限制性定语从句，故填入的引导词为which。6.语义题。Give me an opportunity 给我提供机会。7.固定搭配。be worried about 为

10、担心。8.语义题。宾语a coach “教练”可以推断出谓语动词可以用hire(聘请)，由于是现在完成时，故需要用hired。9.语义题。improve表示“提高发音和表达”。7. 单选题1. Getting too little sleep for several nights in a row disrupts hundreds of genes that are essential for good health, including those linked to stress and fighting disease. Tests on people who slept less t

11、han six hours a night for a week revealed substantial changes in the activity of genes that govern the immune system, metabolism, sleep and wake cycles, and the bodys response to stress, suggesting that poor sleep could have a broad impact on longterm wellbeing.2. The changes, which affected more th

12、an 700 genes, may shed light on the biological mechanisms that raise the risk of a host of ailments, including heart disease, diabetes, obesity, stress and depression, in people who get too little sleep. The surprise for us was that a relatively modest difference in sleep duration leads to these kin

13、ds of changes, said Professor Dijk, director of the Surrey Sleep Research Centre at Surrey University, who led the study. “Its an indication that sleep disruption or sleep restriction is doing more than just making people tired.”3. Previous studies have suggested that people who sleep less than five

14、 hours a night have a 15% greater risk of death from all causes than people of the same age who get a good nights sleep. In one survey of workers in Britain more than 5% claimed to sleep no more than five hours a night. Another survey published in the US in 2010 found that nearly 30% of people claim

15、ed to sleep no more than six hours a night.4. Professor Dijks team asked 14 men and 12 women, all healthy and aged between 23 and 31 years, to live under laboratory conditions at the sleep centre for 12 days. Each volunteer visited the centre on two separate occasions. During one visit, they spent 1

16、0 hours a night in bed for a week. In the other, they were allowed only six hours in bed a night. At the end of each week, they were kept awake for a day and night, or around 39 to 41 hours. Using EEG (electroencephalography) sensors, the scientists found that those on the 10 hours-per-night week sl

17、ept around 8.5 hours a night, while those limited to six hours in bed each night got on average 5 hours and 42 minutes of sleep.5. The time spent asleep had a huge effect on the activity of genes, picked up from blood tests on the volunteers, according to a report in the US journal Proceedings of th

18、e National Academy of Sciences. Among the sleep-deprived, the activity of 444 genes was suppressed, while 267 genes were more active than in those who slept for a longer time.6. Changes in genes that control metabolism might trigger or exacerbate conditions such as diabetes or obesity, while disrupt

19、ion of other genes, such as those that govern the bodys inflammatory response, might have an impact on heart disease. Additional genes that were affected have been linked to stress and aging. Sleep loss also had a dramatic effect on genes that govern the bodys biological clock, suggesting that poor

20、sleep might trigger a vicious cycle of worsening sleep disruption. The tests showed that people who slept for 8.5 hours a night had around 1, 855 genes whose activity rose and fell over a 24-hour cycle. But in the sleep-deprived, nearly 400 of these stopped cycling completely. The remainder rose and

21、 fell in keeping with the biological clock, but over a much smaller range. There is a feedback link between what you do to your sleep and how that affects your circadian clock. That will be very important in future investigations,” said Dijk.7. The researchers did not check how long it took for gene

22、s to return to their normal levels of activity in the sleep-deprived volunteers, but they hope to do so in later studies. Though scores of genes were disrupted in the sleep-deprived, the scientists cannot say whether those changes are a harmless short term response to poor sleep, a sign of the body

23、adapting to sleep-deprivation, or are potentially harmful to health.8. James Home, professor of psychophysiology at Loughborough Universitys Sleep Research Centre, said: The potential perils of sleep debt in todays society and the need for eight hours of sleep a night are often overplayed and can ca

24、use undue worry. Although this important study seems to support this concern, the participants had their sleep suddenly restricted to an unusually low level, which must have been somewhat stressful We must be careful not to generalize such findings to, say, habitual six-hour sleepers who are happy w

25、ith their sleep. Besides, sleep can adapt to some change, and should also be judged on its quality, not simply on its total amount.”1.Based on what is reported in text A, Prof. Dijk seems to have chosen the volunteers for his sleep experiments （ ）.2.The research described in text A（ ） .3.The use of

26、the verb to claim in paragraph 3 indicates that the researchers （ ）.4.When the sleep researchers whose work is the focus of text A needed to find out how much sleep their human experimental subjects were getting, they（ ） .5.According to text A, Dr Dijks research indicates that obesity（ ） .6.Prof. Ho

27、mes remarks (paragraph 8)（ ） .问题1选项A.primarily from among university undergraduates with a great deal of free time.B.from an age group in which physical growth had ended and major undetected health problems were unlikely to be present.C.from a random assortment of British people.D.from among the peo

28、ple most likely to suffer from interrupted sleep or other sleeping problems.问题2选项A.usefully confirms the work of earlier researchers but offers little that is new.B.offers biological clarification of research done earlier.C.contradicts the results of earlier research.D.is pioneering work of a kind n

29、ever done before.问题3选项A.are sure that the sleep data are accurate.B.have no reason not to believe that the sleep data are correct.C.think that there is little reason to accept the sleep data.D.cannot be absolutely sure that the sleep data are accurate.问题4选项A.used technical means to work out how much

30、 the volunteers had really slept.B.watched the sleeping volunteers in the lab to see how long they slept.C.estimated the figures by averaging sleep data arrived at by various means.D.relied on statements made by the volunteers used in the experiments.问题5选项A.is the direct result of getting too little

31、 sleep.B.may be the direct result of not getting enough sleep.C.may result from or be worsened by alterations in the genes of people who get too little sleep.D.cannot be shown to have any reasonable direct or indirect connection with sleeping patterns.问题6选项A.caution readers not to conclude too much

32、from Prof. Dijks findingsB.emphasize the importance for all human beings of getting 8 hours of sleep nightlyC.warn that dangerous stress is the inevitable result of getting too little sleepD.underline the importance and value of Prof. Dijks research【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:C第6题:A【解析】1.推理判断题。题干意思“

33、基于文章A中的陈述，教授Dijk为自己的睡眠实验选择的自愿者似乎 ”定位至第四段“Professor Dijks team asked 14 men and 12 women, all healthy and aged between 23 and 31 years.教授 Dijk 的团队要求身体都健康且年龄介于23至31岁的14位男人和12位女人”,由此可知知B项“来自身体发育已停止且不太可能有主要的未被发现的健康问题的年龄群体”正确。2.细节事实题。由第二段中 “The changes, which affected more than 700 genes, mayshed light o

34、n the biological mechanisms that raise the risk of a host of ailments, including heart disease, diabetes, obesity, stress and depression, in people who get too little sleep.这些对超过700个基因有影响的变化可能让人明白睡觉过少的人患上如心脏病、糖尿病、肥胖、压力和抑郁等疾病风险增加的生物学机制。”及 第三段中 “Previous studies have suggested that people who sleep le

35、ss than five hours a night have a 15% greater risk of death from all causes than people of the same age who get a good nights sleep.先前的研究显示，每晚睡眠少于5小时的人相比睡好觉的同龄人死于各种原因的风险增加了 15%。”的对应关系知B项“为 早些时候的研究提供了生物学上的阐明”正确。3.词义题。claim本意指“要求；声称”及它在第三段的主语分别是“英国工人”和“在美国接受调研的人”,由此推测claim这个词的使用表明研究者对睡眠对声称的睡眠数据不能确定，由此

36、知D项“不能完全确定这些睡眠数据是精确的”正确。4.细节事实题。第四段指出: Using EEG (electroencephalography) sensors, the scientists found that those on the 10 hours-per-night week slept around 8.5 hours a night，.(通过使用脑电图传感器，科学家发现每晚睡觉十个小时的人每晚大约睡觉8.5个小时。由此可知A项“用技术方式去算出志愿者们真正睡眠时间是多久”正确。5. C细节事实题。第二段的第一句指出: 这些对超过700个基因有影响的变化可能让人明白睡觉过少的人

37、患上如心脏病、糖尿病、肥胖、压力和抑郁等疾病 风险增加的生物学机制。第六段: Changes in genes that control metabolism might trigger or exacerbate conditions such as diabetes or obesity,.控制新陈代谢的基因发生的变化可能会引发或加剧如糖尿病或肥胖等情况,可知c项“可能被睡觉很少的人的基因变化引起或恶化”正确。6.细节事实题。根据题干定位至第八段: We must be careful not to generalize such findings to, say, habitual si

38、x-hour sleepers who are happy with their sleep(我们必须小心避免去推广这些发现，如不能将这些发现推广到习惯六小时睡眠而对自己睡眠满意人身上), 可知A项“告诫读者不要从教授Dijk的发现上推断太多”正确。8. 单选题Comparing with other Asian countries, China suffers from the greatest gap between its development needs and its actual water resources.问题1选项A.Comparing with otherB.fromC

39、.gap between itsD.its actual water resourcesE.没有问题【答案】A【解析】语法错误。考查非谓语动词。Comparing with other改为Compared with other,当表示被动时，非谓语动词需用过去分词的形式。9. 填空题A: Im quite（1） that youve accepted that new job in Shanghai. I（2） that you hated Shanghai!B: Not at all! I love the city. I worked there（3） three months about

40、 five years （4）and I really enjoyed the place back then.A: Well, Ill be（5） to see you go. Well miss you!B: Thanks. Thats very（6） of you to say. Ill miss the people in this office too.【答案】1.surprised2.thought3.for4.ago5.sorry6.kind【解析】1.语义题。由后面的 “hated讨厌”推测此处应表示 “我非常惊讶, 你已接受上海的新工作”。2.语义题。句意:我以为你讨厌上海。

41、3.语法题。考查介词。由后面的关键词“three months 3个月”知这里表示“在那里工作了3个 月”，故第三个空应填“for”。4.语义题。这里表示 “5年前”。5.语义题。句意: 很遗憾看到你走。6.固定搭配。Thats kind of you to do sth. 您真是太好了。10. 填空题These documents are all in Chinese. We need to（1） them translated（2） English in time （3）the meeting with the foreign businessmen（4） Friday.句意: 这些文件都

42、是汉语，我们需要在周五和外商开会前及时将他们翻译成英语。【答案】1.get2.into3.before4.on【解析】1.语法题。使役动词get在这里表示 “使翻译成”。2.固定搭配。Translateinto 将翻译成3.语义题。句意:在会议开始之前。4.语法题。考查介词。在具体的某天前用介词on。11. 填空题Small children need to be（ ） to look both ways before they cross the road.【答案】told【解析】语义题。句意: 小孩子需要被吿知横穿马路前要看两边/需要告知小孩过马路要看两边。因此tell符合句意, 空格处应

43、用动词的过去分词形式和前面的be动词一起表被动。12. 单选题The Earths atmosphere recorded the huge decline in the population of the Western Hemisphere in the 150 years following the arrival of Columbus from Spain in 1492. Soldiers, officials, settlers and merchants from Eurasia and slaves from Africa unwittingly introduced com

44、mon diseases such as smallpox (天花)，measles (麻疹)and influenza to which the inhabitants of the Americas possessed no immunity. Scholarly estimates of the total number of deaths from disease vary widely, but the number may have exceeded 50 million and certainly wiped out 75% or more of native Americans

45、. This rapid depopulation of the hemisphere allowed forests to grow in former farmlands. By 1610 the growth of all those trees had sucked enough carbon dioxide (CO2) out of the sky to cause a drop of at least seven parts per million in atmospheric concentrations of the most prominent greenhouse gas

46、and start a little ice age.Based on that dramatic shift, Simon Lewis and Mark Maslin, British ecologists working at University College London, believe 1610 should be considered the starting date of a new geologic epoch currently under discussion among earth scientists: the Anthropocene, or recent ag

47、e of humanity. Lewis and Maslin dub the decrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide the Orbis Spike from the Latin for world, because since 1492 human civilization has progressively globalized. In a paper published this month in Nature, they argue that human impacts on the planet have been dramatic enoug

48、h to warrant formal recognition of the Anthropocene epoch and that the Orbis Spike should serve as the marker of its opening.The Anthropocene is not a new idea. As far back as the 18th century the first scientific attempt to lay out a chronology of Earths geologic history ended with a human epoch. B

49、y the 19th century the idea was commonplace, appearing as the Anthropozoic (human life rocks) or the *Era of Man in geology textbooks. But by the middle of the 20th century, the idea of the Holocene (the term means entirely recent in Greek designates the most recent period, dating from 11,700 years

50、ago, when the glaciers (冰河)of the last ice age receded) had come to dominate, recognizing humans as an important element of the current epoch, but not the defining one.That idea is no longer adequate, according to scientists ranging from geologists to climatologists. Human impacts have simply grown

51、too large: some scientists point to the flood of nitrogen (N) released into the world by the invention of the Haber-Bosch processfor wresting the vital nutrient from the air to support agriculture, others emphasize the fact that modem people now move more earth and stone than all the worlds rivers p

52、ut together.Researchers have advanced an array of proposals for when this putative new epoch might have begun. Some link it to the start of the mass extinction of large mammals （卩甫孚L 动物）such as woolly mammoths and giant kangaroos some 50,000 years ago or the advent of agriculture around 10,000 years

53、 ago. Others say the Anthropocene is much more recent and to the beginning of the uptick in atmospheric CO2 concentrations after the invention of an effective coal-burning steam engine.The most prominent current proposal connects the dawn of the Anthropocene to that of the nuclear age: long-lobed ra

54、dionuclide （放射性同位素）leave a long-lived record in the rock. The boom in human population and consumption of everything from copper to maize （玉米）after 1950 or so, known as the Great Acceleration, roughly coincides with this nuclear marker. So does the advent of plastics and other remnants of industrial

55、 society, dubbed ”technofossils by Jan Zalasiewicz of the University of Leicester, the geologist who heads the group that is pushing for addition of the Anthropocene to the standard geologic time scale. The radionuclides can then serve as what geologists call a Global Stratotype Section and Point, m

56、ore commonly known as a “golden spike.” Perhaps the most famous such golden spike is the thin layer of iridium（Ir） a found in pock exposed near El Kef, Tunisia; it pinpoints the asteroid impact that terminated the age of the dinosaurs and ended the Cretaceous about 65 million years ago.Lewis and Mas

57、lin reject this radionuclide spike because it is not tied to a *world- changing event-at least not yetalthough it is a clear signal in the rock. On the other hand, their Orbis Spike in 1610 reflects both the most recent CO2 low point and the redistribution of plants and animals around the world asso

58、ciated with the Age of Discovery and the rise of world empires, a true changing of the world. Much like the golden spike that marks the end of the dinosaurs, the proposed Orbis Spike itself would be tied to the low point of atmospheric CO? concentrations around 1610, as recorded in ice cores, where

59、tiny trapped bubbles betray past atmospheres. Further geologic evidence will come from the appearance of maize pollen in sediment cores taken in Europe and Asia at that time, among other indicators that will complement the CO2 record. Therefore, scientists looking at ice cores, mud or even rock will

60、 find this epochal shift in the future.The CO2 drop coincides with what climatologists call the Little Ice Age. That cooling event may have been tied to regenerated forests and other plants growing on some 50 million hectares of land abandoned by humans after the mass death brought on by disease and

61、 warfare, Lewis and Maslin suggest. And it wasnt just the death of millions of aboriginal Americans. The enslavement （or death） of many millions of Africans for labor in the new lands may also have added to the climate impact. The population of the regions of western Africa most affected by the New

62、World slave trade did not begin to recover until the end of the 19th century. In other words, from 1600 to 1900 areas of that region may have been regrowing forest, enough to reduce atmospheric CO?, just like the regrowth of the Amazon and the great North American woods, although this hypothesis rem

63、ains in some dispute.However delimited, the new designation would mean we are living in a newAnthropocene epoch, part of the Quaternary period, which started more 2.5 million years ago with the advent of the cyclical growth and retreat of massive glaciers. The Quaternary is part of the Cenozoic (rec

64、ent life”)era that began 66 million years ago and is, in turn, part of the Phanerozoic (revealed life) eon, which started 541 million years ago and encompasses all of complex life that has ever lived on this planet. In the end, the Anthropocene might supplant the Holocene. It is designated an epoch, unlike other interglacial, beca