2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第24期

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1、2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题Astrophysicists wrestling with the study of a new kind of star, the flat, two-dimensional” configurations known as accretion disks have recently gained new insights into the behavior of these stars. Accretion disks exist in a variety of situations where ma

2、tters swirl around a compact star such as a white dwarf star or a neutron star. Accretion disks are also suspected of playing a part in more exotic situations, in which the central object is imagined to be a super massive black hole, the ultimate form of collapsed matter, rather than a compact star.

3、 The modeling of accretion disks is still in its infancy, a situation analogous to the days when ordinary stars were modeled by using elementary scaling laws without benefit of knowledge of the nuclear processes that power the stars. Similarly, the basic physics of the power by which accretion disks

4、 radiate, thought to originate in a form of turbulent friction, is known only at the crudest level.Accretion disks were first defined in the context of Cataclysmic variables. In these systems, matter from the outer layers of an ordinary star is attracted by the gravitational influence of a nearby or

5、biting white dwarf star, the matter lost from the ordinary star cannot strike the surface of the tiny white dwarf directly but settles into an orbit around the star. The viscosity in the disk thus formed causes heating, radiation, and a slow spiraling of disk matter onto the surface of the white dwa

6、rf.The rapid advances made in X-ray astronomy in the past decade have identified a second type of system in which accretion disks occur. In such a system, an accretion disk whirls about a neutron stat rather than a white dwarf. The inner reaches of the accretion disk extend deeply into the gravitati

7、onal potential of the neutron star where very rapid motion is the rule. The energy released by friction and the actual raining of the material from the disk onto the surface of the neutron star is so great that radiation is given off in a powerful flood of x-rays. And in at least one case, X-ray ast

8、ronomers believe that the object in the center of an accretion disk is a black hole, suggesting that a third system may exist.It had been assumed that portions of accretion disks would be unstable and that, as a result, clumping of their matter into rings would occur. There is no evidence from obser

9、vation, however, that accretion disks do, in fact, suffer from these instabilities. In recent work, Abramowicz has shown that added gravitational effects due to general relativity may alter the expected Newtonian gravitational relationships in such a way that the disk remains stable, indicating that

10、 it is possible that these predicted instabilities do not occur. Further progress toward understanding accretion disks will involve defining and proposing solutions to restricted problems just as was done in this case and was done and continues to be done for ordinary stars. Abramowicz work is a val

11、uable example of the care that must be taken before reaching conclusions regarding accretion disks.1.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with （ ）.2.The passage suggests which of the following about current scientific knowledge of the nuclear processes of ordinary stars?3.The passage sug

12、gests that Abramowicz work was motivated by which of the following assumptions?4.According to the passage, some accretion disks originated in（ ） .5.It can be inferred from the passage that the significance of Abramowicz work is that it（ ）.问题1选项A.comparing Abramowicz work to the work of earlier astro

13、physicistsB.Defining the conditions under which accretion disks can be observedC.Providing information about accretion disks and discussing significant new workD.Exploring the question of whether a black hole can ever be the central object of an accretion disk问题2选项A.Its pattern of development has be

14、en analogous to that of developments in x-ray astronomy.B.It has contributed to a more accurate modeling of ordinary stars.C.Its role in the explanation of turbulent friction has been significant.D.It lags behind knowledge of scaling laws.问题3选项A.The quantity of energy released by accretion disks can

15、 be as large as it is only if the disks are stable.B.Improved techniques in X-ray astronomy would reveal any instabilities occurring in accretion disks.C.The lack of observational evidence of instabilities in accretion disks suggests that predictions of their occurrence might be wrong.D.Known method

16、s of observing accretion disk surrounding compact stars and black holes do not permit the observation of the matter in accretion disks.问题4选项A.an increase in heat and radiation around an ordinary starB.a powerful flood of x-rays emitted by a neutron starC.the turbulent friction on the surface of a co

17、mpact starD.The accumulation of matter removed from an ordinary star问题5选项A.suggests a resolution of a discrepancy between a theoretical prediction and actual observationB.opens a new area for exploration in the field of x-ray astronomyC.proves that scaling laws cannot be applied to accretion disksD.

18、proposes a new system of classification of stars【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.文章第一句为中心句，根据“Astrophysicists wrestling with the study of a new king of star, the flat, two-dimensional” Configurations known as accretion disks have recently gained new insights into the behavior of these stars. 天体物理学

19、家们正在努力研究一种新的恒星之王扁平的“二维”吸积盘，最近对这些恒星的行为有了新的认识。”确定本文主要介绍吸积盘及最新研究。C选项符合题意。2.根据文章第一段倒数第二句“The modeling of accretion disks is still in its infancy, a situation analogous to the days when ordinary stars were modeled by using elementary scaling laws without benefit of knowledge of the nuclear processes that

20、 power the stars. 吸积盘的建模仍处于初级阶段，类似于普通恒星使用基本尺度定律建模的日子，而不需要了解恒星的核反应过程。确定 B 选项它有助于对普通恒星进行更精确的建模。正确。选项A,C不符作者suggest的意思，D项表达表达有误，作者只是用吸积盘建 模和普通星体在元素标度律建模方面两者具有一致性而没有比较两者之间是谁落后谁的问题。3.根据文章倒数第二段头两句The rapid advances made in X-ray astronomy in the past decade have identified a second type of system in which

21、 accretion disks occur. In such a system, an accretion disk whirls about a neutron stat rather than a white dwarf. 在过去的十年里，x射线天文学的快速发展已经确定了吸积盘发生的第二种类型的系统。在这样的系统中，一个吸积盘围绕一个中子stat旋转，而不是一个白矮星。，即Abramowicz has shown that indicating that it is possible that these predicted instabilities do not occur,理论与实

22、际的不相符合，即可选出正确答案为C选项由于缺乏关于吸积盘不稳定性的观测证据，这表明对其发生的预测可能是错误的。符合题意。A，D选项表达没有错误，但不符合作者的 suggest； B选项表述错误。4.根据文章第二段第二句:“In these systems, matter from the outer layers of an ordinary star is attracted by the gravitational influence of a nearby orbiting white dwarf star, the matter lost from the ordinary star

23、cannot strike the surface of the tiny white dwarf directly but settles into an orbit around the star. 在这些系统中，来自普通恒星外层的物质受到附近环绕白矮星的引力影响而被吸引，普通恒星失去的物质不能直接撞击微小白矮星的表面，而是进入围绕恒星的轨道。” 确定 D 选项正确。5.文章最后一句 “Abramowicz work is a valuable example of the care that must be taken before reaching conclusions regard

24、ing accretion disks. 阿布拉莫维奇的工作是一个很有价值的例子，说明在得出关于吸积盘的结论之前必须小心谨慎。 ” 表明 Abramowicz是理论与实际不符的，所以A选项建议解决理论预测与实际观测之间的差异符合题意。2. 翻译题While it is true that living organisms are profoundly affected by their environment, it is equally important to remember that many organisms are also capable of altering their h

25、abitat significantly, sometimes limiting their own growth. The influence of the biological component of an ecosystem is often greater in fresh waters than in marine or terrestrial systems, because of the small size of many freshwater bodies. Many of the important effects of organisms are related to

26、their physiology, especially growth and respiration. By their growth many species can deplete essential nutrients within the system, thus limiting their own growth or that of other species.【答案】尽管确实环境对生物有巨大影响，但是同样重要的是，我们要记住很多生物也能有能力去改变它们的居住环境，有时甚至限制了自身的生长。由于许多淡水水体的体积较小，淡水生态系统的生物成分的影响往往比海洋或陆地系统的影响大。生物

27、的很多重要影响都与它们的生理有关，特别是与生长和呼吸有关。由于自身的生长，很多物种耗尽了系统中的基本营养物质，从而限制了自身的生长或者其它物种的生长。3. 翻译题To our view, the future belongs to those who will know how to perceive the mysterious borderline which separates the ugly from the beautiful. This philosophy has dominated most of the great civilizations of the past and

28、 is fundamentally our own western way of looking at the world.I am confident that with a better understanding of each other, there will be also a corresponding modification of our attitudes toward the achievements of the Japanese people.It is only through stronger ties among all of us, through the r

29、ealization of a truly triangular world of cooperative effort in which the United States, Europe, and Japan will be able to reinforce their respective ties, that one will be capable of planning the general scenario of the 21st century, and this within a broader picture of international cooperation am

30、ong all civilized people of this planet.【答案】我们认为，未来属于那些知道如何感知美和丑之间的神秘界线的人。在过去的大部分时间里，这种观点一直是主流，而且也是我们西方看待世界的主要方式。我相信，如果我们能更好地彼此理解，我们对待日本人民取得的成就的态度就会发生相应的改变。只有通过我们之间的密切合作，在美国、日本和欧洲之间建立真正的三角合作关系， 加强彼此的联系，我们才能规划21世纪的宏伟蓝图，要做到这一点，需要这个星球上所有文明民族的共同合作。4. 翻译题The supposed “consensus” on man-made global warmin

31、g is facing an inconvenient challenge, after the release of new temperature data showing the planet has not warmed for the past 15 years. The figures suggest that we could even be heading for a mini ice age to rival the 70-year temperature drop that saw frost fairs held on the Thames in the 17th Cen

32、tury. Based on readings from more than 30.000 measuring stations, the data was issued last week without fanfare by the Met Office and the University of East Anglia Climatic Research Unit. It confirms that the rising trend in world temperatures ended in 1997. Meanwhile, leading climate scientists yes

33、terday told The Mail on Sunday that, after emitting unusually high levels of energy throughout the 20th Century, the sun is now heading towards a grand minimum in its output, threatening cold summers, bitter winters and a shortening of the season available for growing food. Solar output goes through

34、 11-year cycles, with high numbers of sunspots seen at their peak. We are now at what should be the peak of what scientists call Cycle 24 which is why last weeks solar storm resulted in sightings of the aurora borealis further south than usual. But sunspot numbers are running at less than half those

35、 seen during cycle peaks in the 20th Century.Analysis by experts at NASA and the University of Arizona derived from magnetic-field measurements 120,000 miles beneath the suns surface suggest that cycle 25, whose peak is due in 2022, will be a great deal weaker still. According to a paper issued last

36、 week by the Met Office, there is a 92 percent chance that both cycle 25 and those taking place in the following decades will be as peak as, or weaker than the Dalton minimum” of 1790 to 1830. In this period, named after the meteorologist John Dalton, average temperatures in parts of Europe fell by

37、2C. However, it is also possible that the new solar energy slump could be as deep as the “Maunder minimum (after astronomer Edward Maundeo, between 1645 and 1715 in the coldest part of the Little Ice Age when, as well as the Thames frost fairs, the canals of Holland froze solid.【答案】新的气温数据显示，地球在过去15年

38、没有变暖。这一数据发布之后，人为造成全球变暖的所谓“共识” 面临棘手的挑战。数据显示，我们可能即将经历小冰河期，堪比那次70年的降温期。在17世纪，泰晤士河都冰冻了。上周，英国气象局和东安格利亚大学气候研究中心悄无声息地发布了来自3万多个测量站的读数，确认全球气温上升趋势终止于1997年。昨日主流气候科学家对星期日邮报称，太阳在整个20世纪释放出异乎寻常的高能量，现在正走向其输出能量的“最低值”，人类将面临冷夏、凛冬以及粮食种植季节缩短。太阳活动周期为11年，在高峰期会出现大量太阳黑子。我们现在正处于科学家所称“第24个周期”中的高峰期，这就是为什么上周太阳风暴会导致比往常更偏南的位置出现北极

39、光。但是，太阳黑子的数量还不到20世纪太阳活动周期峰值的一半。 美国国家航空航天局和亚利桑那大学的专家对太阳表面以下12万英里处的磁场测量数据进行了分析，结果表明，第25个太阳活动周期的峰值将于2022年到来，其强度仍将大大减弱。据英国气象局上周发布的一份报告，第25个太阳活动周期和随后几十年的周期，有92%的几率达到或弱于1790年至1830年的“道尔顿最低点”。在以气象学家约翰道尔顿命名这段时期中，欧洲部分地区的平均气温下降了2摄氏度。然而，这次新的太阳能量暴跌也有可能达到“蒙德最低点”(以天文学家爱德华蒙德的名字命名)的幅度，也就是1645年到1715年的“小冰河期”最冷的时候，那时荷兰

40、的运河、泰晤士河都冰封冻结了。 5. 翻译题Why did humans evolve to walk upright? Perhaps because its just plain easier. Make that energetically less costly, in science-speak Bipedalism-walking on two feet-is one of the defining characteristics of being human, and scientists have debated for years how it came about. In

41、the latest attempt to find an explanation, researchers trained five chimpanzees to walk on a treadmill while wearing masks that allowed measurement of their oxygen consumption.The chimps were measured both while walking upright and while moving on their legs and knuckles. That measurement of the ene

42、rgy needed to move around was compared with similar tests on humans and the results are published in this weeks online edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.It turns out that humans walking on two legs uses only one-quarter of the energy that chimpanzees use while knuckle-walkin

43、g on four limbs. And the chimps, on average, use as much energy using two legs as they did when they used all four limbs.However, there was variability among chimpanzees in how much energy they used, and this difference corresponded to their difference gaits and anatomy. We think about the evolution

44、 of bipedalism as one of first events that led hominids（原始人）down the path to being human.【答案】人类为何进化到了直立行走的姿态？可能这是因为直立行走要容易得多。用科学术语来说，直立行走能“节省能量”。用两条腿走路是人类的基本特征之一，多年来，科学家们在这一特征的形成问题上一直争论不休。在这项最新研究中，研究人员让五只大猩猩戴着可测算氧气消耗量的面罩在跑步机上行走。研究人员对大猩猩在直立行走和四肢着地行走时消耗的氧气量分别进行了测量，并将结果与人类的进行了对比。这些结果在本周国家科学院院刊的网络版上公布。测

45、算结果表明，人类用两条腿行走时消耗的能量仅为大猩猩四肢着地行走时所消耗能量的四分之一。平均来看，大猩猩两条腿行走时消耗的能量与四肢着地行走时的差不多。但行走时消耗能量的多寡在这些大猩猩中也存在差异。这与它们不同的步法和解剖学特征有关。我们认为双腿直立行走的进化是原始人向人类进化的最初阶段中的一步。6. 单选题Sleep is a funny thing. Were taught that we should get seven or eight hours a night, but a lot of us get by just fine on less, and some of us act

46、ually sleep too much. A study out of the University of Buffalo reported that people who routinely sleep more than eight hours a day and are still tired are nearly three times as likely to die of strokeprobably as a result of an underlying disorder that keeps them from snoozing soundly.Doctors have t

47、heir own special sleep problems. Residents are famously sleep deprived. When I was training to become a neurosurgeon, it was not unusual to work 40 hours in a row without rest. Most of us took it in stride, confident we could still deliver the highest quality of medical care. Maybe we shouldnt have

48、been so sure of ourselves. An article in the Journal of the American Medical Association points out that in the morning after 24 hours of sleeplessness, a persons motor performance is comparable to that of someone who is legally intoxicated. Curiously, surgeons who believe that operating under the i

49、nfluence is grounds for dismissal often dont think twice about operating without enough sleep.“I could tell you horror stories,” says Jaya Agrawal, president of the American Medical Student Association, which runs a website where residents can post anonymous anecdotes. Some are terrifying. “I was op

50、erating after being up for over 36 hours,” one writes. “I literally fell asleep standing up and nearly face planted into the wound.”“Practically every surgical resident I know has fallen asleep at the wheel driving home from work,” writes another. “I know of three who have hit parked cars. Another h

51、it a Jersey barrier on the New Jersey Turnpike, going 65 m.p.h.” “Your own patients have become the enemy,” writes a third, because they are “the one thing that stands between you and a few hours of sleep.”Agrawals organization is supporting the Patient and Physician Safety and Protection Act of 200

52、1, introduced last November by Representative John Conyers Jr. of Michigan. Its key provisions, modeled on New York States regulations, include an 80-hour workweek and a 24-hour work-shift limit. Most doctors, however, resist such interference. Dr. Charles Binkley, a senior surgery resident at the U

53、niversity of Michigan, agrees that something needs to be done but believes “doctors should be bound by their conscience, not by the government.”The U.S. controls the hours of pilots and truck drivers. But until such a system is in place for doctors, patients are on their own. If youre worried about

54、the people treating you or a loved one, you should feel free to ask how many hours of sleep they have had and if more-rested staffers are available. Doctors, for their part, have to give up their pose of infallibility and get the rest they need.21. We can learn from the first paragraph that _.22. Sp

55、eaking of the sleep problems doctors fact, the author implies that _.23. Paragraph 3 and 4 are written to _.24. By “doctors should be bound by their conscience, not by the government” (paragraph 5), Dr. Charles Binkley means that _.25. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?问题1选项A.p

56、eople who sleep less than 8 hours a day are more prone to illnessB.poor sleep quality may be a sign of physical disorderC.stroke is often associated with sleepD.too much sleep can be as harmful as lack of sleep问题2选项A.doctors often need little sleep to keep them energeticB.doctors sleep is deprived b

57、y residentsC.doctors tend to neglect their own sleep problemD.sleep-deprived doctors are intoxicate问题3选项A.entertain the audience with some anecdotesB.discuss the cause of doctors sleep problemsC.show the hostility doctors harbor against their patientsD.exemplify the danger doctors face caused by lac

58、k of sleep问题4选项A.doctors should not abide by governments regulationsB.the government is interfering too muchC.the regulations about workweek and work shift are too specificD.law cannot force a doctor to sleep while his conscience can问题5选项A.Patients should control the hours of their doctors.B.Pilots

59、and truck drivers work in safer environments than that of doctors.C.Patients are facing more risks if their doctors are not adequately rested.D.People concerned have the right to remove their doctor from their positions.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】21.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段最后一句probably

60、 as a result of an underlying disorder that keeps them from snoozing soundly.（这可能是一种潜在的紊乱导致他们无法熟睡的结果。），说明潜在的紊乱可能导致人们睡眠质量不高，虽然睡眠时间长，但仍然感到疲惫。因此B选项“睡眠质量差可能是身体紊乱的表现”正确。A选项“每天睡眠时间少于8小时的人更容易患病”，原文说的是每天睡眠时间超过8小时但仍然感到疲倦的人更容易患病，所以A选项错误。C选项“中风常与睡眠有关”，D选项“睡眠时间过长与睡眠不足的危害一样大”在文中没有提及，所以C，D错误。22.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题

61、。由题干可以定位到文章第二段最后一句Curiously, surgeons who believe that operating under the influence is grounds for dismissal often dont think twice about operating without enough sleep.（令人好奇的是，那些认为醉酒做手术应该被免职的外科医生对于在睡眠不足的情况下做手术却很少认真思考。），说明医生们虽然认为醉酒做手术应该受到严惩，但却不会考虑自己在睡眠不足的情况下做手术的问题。因此C选项“医生往往忽视自己的睡眠问题”正确。A选项“医生需要很少的

62、睡眠就可以保持精力充沛”在文中没有提及，所以A错误。B选项“医生的睡眠被住院医生剥夺了”，原文说的是住院医生以缺少睡眠而著称，所以B错误。在D选项“睡眠不足的医生是喝醉了”，原文说的是一个人如果连续24小时不睡，那么到了早晨他的运动能力就和喝醉了酒的人差不多，并不是说睡眠不足的医生就是喝醉了，所以D错误。23【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。文章第二段指出医生睡眠不足以及医生对此缺乏重视的问题，接着在第三、四段举了几个例子I literally fell asleep standing up and nearly face planted into the wound.（我差不多站着睡着了

63、，而且我的脸几乎碰到了伤口。），Practically every surgical resident I know has fallen asleep at the wheel driving home from workI know of three who have hit parked cars. Another hit a Jersey barrier on the New Jersey Turnpike, going 65 m.p.h.（实际上我认识的每个外科住院医生都曾经有过在下班开车回家的路上在方向盘上睡着的经历我听说有三个人还曾经撞在停放好的汽车上。另一个人在纽约收费公路上行

64、驶时以65英里的时速撞上了一个收费站栏杆。），说明了睡眠不足的医生可能带来的危害。因此D选项“体现了医生因睡眠不足而面临的危险”正确。A选项“用一些趣闻轶事来娱乐读者”，B选项“讨论医生睡眠问题的原因”，C选项“表现出医生对患者的敌视态度”均不符合题意，所以A，B，C错误。24.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第五段第三句Most doctors, however, resist such interference.（不过，大多数医生讨厌这种干涉。），并进一步引用Charles Binkley医生的话进行论证doctors should be bound by their conscience, not by the government.（医生应该受到良心的约束，而不是政府的管制。），说明Charles Binkley也认为政府干预过多了。因此B选项“政府干涉太多”正确。A选项“医生不应该遵守政府的规定”，C选项“关于工作周和工作班次的规定过于具体化”，D选项“法律不能强迫医生睡觉，而他的良心却可以”均不符合题意，所以A，C，D错误。25.【试题答案】C【试题解析】观点态度题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一段最后一句Doctors, for their part, have