2022年考博英语-中国科学院考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第46期

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1、2022年考博英语-中国科学院考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题The junior（ ）was impatient for promotion but knew that he would only get it by stepping into a dead mans shoes.问题1选项A.executiveB.explosiveC.captiveD.addictive【答案】A【解析】考察形近词辨析。executive 总经理；执行官；explosive 爆炸物，炸药； captive俘虏；addictive 使人上瘾的。句意：这位初级执行官急不可耐地想要提升，但

2、是他很清楚他只能等待填补死人的空缺。选项A符合句意。2. 单选题Culture is transmitted largely by language and by the necessity for people in close contact to cooperate. The more extensive the communications network, the greater the exchange of ideas and beliefs and the more alike people becomein toleration of diversity if nothing

3、 else. Members of a culture or a nation are generally in closer contact with one another than with members of other cultures or nations. They become more like each other and more unlike others. In this way, there develops “ national character”，which is the statistical tendency for a group of people

4、to share values and follow similar behavior patterns.Frequently, the members of one culture will interpret the “national characteristics” of another group in terms of their own values. For example, the inhabitants of a South Pacific island may be considered “lazy” by citizens of some industrialized

5、nations. On the other hand, it may be that the islanders place a great value on social relationships but little value on “productivity”，and crops grow with little attention. The negative connotation of the label “lazy” is thus unjustified from the point of view of the island culture.Stereotypes, suc

6、h as “lazy”，“inscrutable,” and “dishonest” give people the security of labels with which to react to others in a superficial way, but they are damaging to real understanding among members of different cultures. People react more to labels than to reality. A black American Peace Corps volunteer, for

7、instance, is considered and called a white man by black Africans. The “we-they” distinction applies to whatever characteristic the “ wes have and the “ theys do not haveand the characteristics attributed to the “theys” are usually ones with a negative value.The distinction becomes most obvious in ti

8、mes of conflict. For this reason, it is often suggested the only thing that might join all men together on this planet would be an invasion from outer space. “We”，the earthlings, would then fight “them”，the outsiders.Given the great diversitiesreal and imaginedamong people of the world, is there any

9、 foundation for hope that someday all men might join together to form a single and legitimate world government? The outcome will probably depend on the political evolution of mankind.1.What makes people more tolerant of diversity between different groups?2.“National character” is built among people

10、who（ ）.3.To some industrialized nations, the mentioned South Pacific islanders are（ ）.4.With stereotypes, people tend to（ ）.5.What is true about the black American Peace Corps volunteer?6.It is possible to form a single and legitimate world government only when（ ）.问题1选项A.Extensive communications.B.L

11、anguage development.C.Close cooperation.D.Direct interactions.问题2选项A.like each otherB.share the same valuesC.speak the same languageD.think in the same way问题3选项A.idleB.carefreeC.inefficientD.well-organized问题4选项A.react to each other on a regular basisB.see different cultures in different waysC.take t

12、heir own culture as the best of allD.describe other cultures with labels问题5选项A.He was wronged by his fellow African Americans.B.He was considered as a distinguished volunteer.C.He was discriminated against by the whites.D.He was excluded from the black Africans.问题6选项A.people are willing to abandon t

13、heir “national character”B.people of different nations hold similar political viewsC.human beings as a whole have one common enemyD.human beings are able to contact beings in outer space.【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:D第6题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第一段第二句。“The more extensive the communications netw

14、ork, the greater the exchange of ideas and beliefs and the more alike people become（交际网络越广泛，思想和信仰的交流就越多，人与人之间的相似之处也就越多。）”，从而得出本题答案。2.细节事实题。根据题干信息。可将信息点定位至原文第一段最后一句。 “In this way, there develops national character, which is the statistical tendency for a group of people to share values and follow sim

15、ilar behavior patterns（这样，就形成了“民族性”，这是一群人分享价值观和遵循相似行为模式的统计趋势）”，即可得出本题答案。3.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第二段。“For example, the inhabitants of a South Pacific island may be considered lazy by.（例如，南太平洋岛屿的居民可能被认为是“懒惰的”）”，从而得出本题答案。4.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第三段第一句。根据 “give people the security of labels with which

16、 to react to others（给人们安全的标签，让他们对他人做出反应）”，即可得出本题答案。5.细节推断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第三段第三句。根据“A black American Peace Corps volunteer, for instance, is considered and called a white man by black Africans.（例如，美国和平队的黑人志愿者被非洲黑人认为是白人，并被称为白人。）” 即可得出本题答案。6.细节推断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文最后一段。“The outcome will probably dep

17、end on the political evolution of mankind.（其结果可能将取决于人类的政治演变。）”从而得出本题答案。3. 单选题Glaeser _ his interest in urban areas directly to his youth in New York City, where he lived until he went to college at age 17.问题1选项A.attributedB.conductedC.devotedD.contributed【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. attributed 归因于，归功于 B. condu

18、cted 实施，执行C. devoted 献身，致力 D. contributed 贡献，捐赠【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】空格处和下文的“his interest in urban areas（他对城市地区的兴趣）”构成动宾逻辑，表示格莱泽怎么样这份兴趣，空格处还需要能够和下文的to进行搭配。由后半句句意“他在那里一直生活到（lived until）17岁上大学”可知，因为他的青年时代一直都生活在纽约这样的大城市，所以他会对城市地区感兴趣，换言之，他对城市地区有兴趣的原因是在纽约生活的经历。attribute sth. to sth.是固定搭配，意为“把归因于”，指认为某事物是另一事物的结

19、果，因此A选项attributed“归因于，归功于”最符合题意。【干扰项排除】B选项conducted“实施，执行”指组织或进行特定的活动，不能和“interest（兴趣）”进行搭配；C选项devoted“献身，致力”，devote oneself to sb./sth.指把大部分时间、精力等投入到某人或某物中，不符合题干的语义逻辑；D选项contributed“贡献，捐赠”，contribute sth. to sth.指赠予钱或物品以帮助某人，不符合题干的语义逻辑。【句意】格莱泽将他对城市地区的兴趣直接归功于他在纽约的青年时代，他在那里一直生活到17岁上大学。4. 翻译题I have su

20、ggested that self-actualizers can be defined as people who are no longer motivated by the needs for safety, belongingness, love，status, and self-respect because these needs have already been satisfied. Why then should a love-gratified person fall in love?（1）Certainly not for the same reasons that mo

21、tivate the love-deprived person, who falls in love because he needs and craves love, because he lacks it, and is impelled to make up this deficiency.Self-actualizers have no serious deficiencies to make up and must now be looked upon as freed for growth，maturation, development，in a word, for the ful

22、fillment and actualization of their highest individual and species nature. What such people do emanates from growth and expresses it without striving.（2）They love because they are loving persons，in the same way that they are kind, honest, natural, i.e., because it is their nature to be so spontaneou

23、s, as a strong man is strong without willing to be, as a rose emits perfume, as a cat is graceful, or as a child is childish. Such epiphenomena are as little motivated as is physical growth or psychological maturation.There is little of the trying, straining, or striving in the loving of the self-ac

24、tualizer that so dominates the loving of the average person. In philosophical language, it is an aspect of being as well as of becoming and ban be called B-love, that, love for the Being of the other.（3）A paradox seems to be created at first sight by the fact that self-actualizing people maintain a

25、degree of individuality, of detachment, and autonomy that seems at first glance to be incompatible with the kind of identification and love that I have been describing above. But this is only an apparent paradox. （4）As we have seen, the tendencies to detachment and to need identification and to prof

26、ound interrelationships with another person can coexist in healthy people. The fact is that self-actualizing people are simultaneously the most individualistic and the most altruistic and social and loving of all human beings. The fact that we have in our culture put these qualities at opposite ends

27、 of a single continuum is apparently a mistake that must now be corrected. These qualities go together and the dichotomy is resolved in self-actualizing people.（5）We find in our subjects a healthy selfishness, a great self-respect, a disinclination to make sacrifices without good reason.【答案】1. 当然和那些

28、缺爱的人爱上别人的原因不一样。他爱上别人是因为他需要爱，他渴望爱；因为他缺乏爱，所以他必须要弥补这个缺失。2. 他们去爱是因为他们是有爱的人，正如同他们善良、诚实、自然一样，这些都是他们自然流露出的天性。一个强壮的人无须刻意追求强壮，正如玫瑰散发芳香，猫咪生性优雅，而孩童天然单纯。3. 初看之下自相矛盾之处在于：自我实现的人要确保某种程度的个性、超脱和独立自主，而在看上去似乎和我上面一直在描述的那种爱和认同感的特点不相吻合。4. 如我们所知，在健康的人身上，超脱的性情、需要认同感的偏好以及想和另一个人有深度关系的倾向是可以共存的。5. 我们发现，在我们的试验对象身上有一种健康的自我中心主义、一

29、种伟大的自我尊重，以及一种对动不动就自我牺牲的厌恶。5. 单选题Bill was sitting and daydreaming so his mother told him to _ down to earth and to do his homework.问题1选项A.goB.comeC.narrowD.boil【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. go 去，走 B. come 来，到C. narrow 变窄，缩小 D. boil 沸腾，烧开【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】本句的主干部分是“Bill was sitting and daydreaming（比尔正坐着做白日梦）”，so引导了一

30、个结果状语从句，说明导致的结果是妈妈叫他去做某事，和“daydreaming（白日梦）”相对立的应该是面对现实。come down to earth是固定搭配，意为“回到现实，面对现实”，因此B选项come“来，到”最符合题意。【干扰项排除】A选项go“去，走”，go down to指延续至，一直到某处；C选项narrow“变窄，缩小”，narrow down to指缩小到某个范围；D选项boil“沸腾，烧开”，boil down to指归结为，归根结底；均不能和“earth（土地）”构成固定搭配。【句意】比尔正坐着做白日梦，所以他妈妈叫他面对现实，去做家庭作业。6. 单选题She was k

31、een to _ a cause, and has become an advocate against child obesity.问题1选项A.make upB.give upC.take upD.raise up【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. make up 组成，编造 B. give up 放弃，让出C. take up 从事，开始工作 D. raise up 举起，抬起【考查点】动词词组辨析。【解题思路】空格处和下文的“a cause（事业）”构成动宾逻辑，be keen to do sth.是固定搭配，意为“热衷于做某事”，表示她热衷于怎么样这项事业。后半句说到“已经成为反对儿

32、童肥胖的倡导者（become an advocate）”，由此可知，这项事业指的是反对儿童肥胖，她应该是从事着反对儿童肥胖的工作并热衷于此。take up指从事某项工作，因此C选项take up“从事，开始工作”最符合题意。【干扰项排除】A选项make up“组成，编造”指将不同的部分组合在一起或为了欺骗和娱乐而编造故事，不能和“cause（事业）”进行搭配；B选项give up“放弃，让出”指停止尝试做某事或拥有某物，与题干语义相矛盾，应该是“从事工作”而不是“放弃工作”；D选项raise up“举起，抬起”指把某物举起或移动到更高的水平，侧重于物理意义上的抬高，不能和“cause（事业）”

33、进行搭配。【句意】她热衷于从事这项事业，并且已经成为反对儿童肥胖的倡导者。7. 单选题（ ） of organic foods-a term whose meaning varies greatly-frequently proclaim that such products are safer and more nutritious than others.问题1选项A.CaptivesB.AddictsC.ContestantsD.Advocates【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。captive “俘虏”；addict “吸毒成瘾的人；入迷的人”；contestant “竞争者”；ad

34、vocate “拥护者”。句意：有机食品这个术语的意义至今多样，它的_宣称这类食品比其他食品更加安全，更加有营养。选项D符合题意。8. 单选题Its nice to have close friends and family you can （ ）， but it lifts a huge weight off your shoulders when you know that you could survive on your own if you had to.问题1选项A.cope withB.count onC.conform toD.commit to【答案】B【解析】考查动词短语辨

35、析。cope with “处理，应付”；count on “指望，依赖”；conform to “符合，遵照”；commit to “交付，致力于”。句意为：有亲密的朋友和家人可以依靠固然很好，但是当你知道在不得已的情况下，你可以独立生活，那时你便会卸下一身重担。选项B符合句意。9. 单选题His aim is to persuade the country to abandon its nuclear plan or at least to modify it and throw it open to （ ）.问题1选项A.scrutinyB.confirmationC.prospectD.

36、accusation【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。scrutiny “详细审查；监视”；confirmation “确认；证实”；prospect “前途；预期”；accusation “控告；指控”。句意：他的目标是说服这个国家放弃其核计划，或者至少对其进行改进，并且接受_。根据句意可知选项A符合题意。10. 单选题In this age of globalization, we need to abandon our historical idea of（ ）as a single religious or national alliance.问题1选项A.identityB.reg

37、istrationC.dignityD.qualification【答案】A【解析】考察名词辨析。identity 身份；registration登记，注册；dignity尊严 ；qualification资格。句意：在全球化时代下，我们需要摈弃视身份为单一的宗教或民族认同的历史观点。选项A符合句意。11. 填空题The British government turns its attention to the dire state of vocational training. Budget cuts are never pleasant. Yet the past few years ha

38、ve been particularly hard, says Gerry McDonald, the chief executive of New City College in east London. (71)Since 1990, funding for primary and secondary schools has soared. (72) But there has been no such increase in cash for further education, the mostly vocational courses for over-16s.On March 8t

39、h Philip Hammond, the chancellor, turned his attention to the sector. After announcing funding to pave the way for new selective grammar schools, he promised a big injection of cash for further education and confirmed a shake-up of the chaotic way in which it is organized. By 2022, colleges will get

40、 an additional 500m ($ 600m) a year, a 19% increase in the 16- to 19- year-old vocational-education budget.Britain has historically put little emphasis on further education. (73) That may help explain why productivity growth has stalled, and why British youngsters are less literate and numerate than

41、 their peers in other rich countries.Employers moan that skilled workers are scarce, especially in industries like engineering and IT. The sector has struggled with shoddy qualifications. The six in ten 18-year-olds who do not take A-levels, academic school-leaving qualifications, are poorly served

42、by a hotchpotch of some 13,000 courses of varying quality.In 2015, the government commissioned Lord Sainsbury to examine the state of technical education in England. (74) Many of the courses are too basic to be of much use. Mr. Hammond now aims to clear up this muddle.Following Lord Sainsburys recom

43、mendations, the government will introduce 15 subject areas, grouping together topics such as social care or transport and logistics. Students will work towards “T-levels” (for “technical”), developed with firms. (75) The extra funding will provide more work placements. And those who go on to take de

44、gree-equivalent qualifications will have access to loans to cover the cost of living.A. Universities have been given the right to raise their incomes by levying tuition fees on students.B. His institution is the result of a merger of three local colleges that have pooled resources in the past year p

45、artly to cut costs.C. His report, published in 2016, despaired that a wannabe plumber had to choose between 33 qualifications, offered at three different levels, by five awarding organizations.D. Organizations will compete for the right to award the qualification.E. In 2012 it placed 16th out of 20

46、member countries of the OECD in a ranking of the proportion of 20- to 45-year-olds who finished education with a vocational qualification.F. Some would rather the reforms offered a broader education to those going down a vocational path, with more of a focus on ensuring competency in maths and Engli

47、sh.【答案】71.B72.A73.E74.C75.D【解析】【选项释义】A. Universities have been given the right to raise their incomes by levying tuition fees on students. A. 大学被赋予通过向学生征收学费来提高收入的权利。B. His institution is the result of a merger of three local colleges that have pooled resources in the past year partly to cut costs. B

48、. 他的机构是由三所当地学院合并而成的，这些学院在过去的一年里集中了资源，部分原因是为了削减成本。C. His report, published in 2016, despaired that a wannabe plumber had to choose between 33 qualifications, offered at three different levels, by five awarding organizations. C. 他在2016年发表的报告中，对一个想当水管工的人必须在五个授予机构提供的三个不同级别的三十三个资格证书中做出选择感到绝望。D. Organizat

49、ions will compete for the right to award the qualification. D. 各组织将为授予学历的权利而竞争。E. In 2012 it placed 16th out of 20 member countries of the OECD in a ranking of the proportion of 20- to 45-year-olds who finished education with a vocational qualification. E. 2012年，在经合组织二十个成员国中，在完成教育并获得职业资格的二十至四十五岁的人的比

50、例排名中，它名列第十六位。F. Some would rather the reforms offered a broader education to those going down a vocational path, with more of a focus on ensuring competency in maths and English. F. 一些人希望改革能够为那些走上职业道路的人提供更广泛的教育，更加注重确保数学和英语的能力。71.【考查点】上下文关联。【解题思路】第一段说到“预算削减（Budget cuts）从来不是令人愉快的。”，介绍了英国职业培训方面预算削减的情况，

51、B选项中的“cut costs（削减成本）”和上文的“Budget cuts（预算削减）”相对应。因此B选项“他的机构是由三所当地学院合并而成的，这些学院在过去的一年里集中了资源，部分原因是为了削减成本。”正确。72.【考查点】上下文关联。【解题思路】本段说到“对中小学（primary and secondary schools）的资助大幅增加。但是用于继续教育（further education）的资金却没有增加。”，介绍了政府对不同类型学校的资金资助情况，A选项中的“Universities（大学）”也属于一种学校类型。因此A选项“大学被赋予通过向学生征收学费来提高收入的权利。”正确。73

52、.【考查点】上下文关联。【解题思路】上文说到“英国历来很少重视（put little emphasis on）继续教育。”，E选项中的“在二十个成员国中名列第十六位”就是这一情况带来的结果。因此E选项“2012年，在经合组织二十个成员国中，在完成教育并获得职业资格的二十至四十五岁的人的比例排名中，它名列第十六位。”正确。74.【考查点】上下文关联。【解题思路】上文说到“2015年，政府委托塞恩思伯里勋爵调查英格兰的技术教育状况。”，C选项中的“His report, published in 2016（他在2016年发表的报告）”和上文的“2015年”相对应。因此C选项“他在2016年发表的报

53、告中，对一个想当水管工的人必须在五个授予机构提供的三个不同级别的三十三个资格证书中做出选择感到绝望。”正确。75.【考查点】上下文关联。【解题思路】下文说到“而那些继续获得同等学历（qualifications）的人将获得贷款以支付生活成本。”，由此可知空格处应该再说为学生提供学历，D选项中的“award the qualification（授予学历）”和上文的“go on to take degree-equivalent qualifications（继续获得同等学历）”相对应。因此D选项“各组织将为授予学历的权利而竞争。”正确。12. 单选题Many foreign students h

54、ave the （ ）belief that British English is somehow more pure and perfect than American English.问题1选项A.indistinctB.subjectiveC.erroneousD.communistic【答案】C【解析】考察形容词辨析。indistinct “不清楚的，模糊的”；subjective “主观的”；erroneous “错误的”；communistic “共产主义的”。句意：英式英语较美式英语更加纯正、更加完美。根据常识，这一观点是错误的。选项C符合句意。13. 不定项选择题No doub

55、t you know several folks with perfectly respectable IQs who repeatedly make poor decisions. The behavior of such people tells us that we are missing something important by treating intelligence as if it encompassed all cognitive abilities. I coined the term “dysrationalia”, meaning the inability to

56、think and behave rationally despite having adequate intelligence, to draw attention to a large domain of cognitive life that intelligence tests fail to assess. Although most people recognize that IQ tests do not measure every important mental faculty, we behave as if they do. We have an implicit ass

57、umption that intelligence and rationality go togetheror else why would we be so surprised when smart people do foolish things?IQ tests do not measure dysrationalia, but there are ways to measure dysrationalia and ways to correct it. Decades of research in cognitive psychology have suggested two caus

58、es of dysrationalia. One is a processing problem, the other a content problem. Much is known about both of them.The processing problem comes about because we tend to be cognitive misers. When approaching a problem, we can choose from any of several cognitive mechanisms. Some mechanisms have great co

59、mputational power, letting us solve many problems with great accuracy, but they are slow, require much concentration and can interfere with other cognitive tasks. Others are comparatively low in computational power, but they are fast, require little concentration and do not interfere with other ongo

60、ing cognition. Humans are cognitive misers because our basic tendency is to default to the processing mechanisms that require less computational effort, even when they are less accurate.The second source of dysrationalia is a content problem. We need to acquire specific knowledge to think and act ra

61、tionally. Harvard cognitive scientist David Perkins coined the term “mindware” to refer to the rules, data, procedures, strategies and other cognitive tools (knowledge of probability, logic and scientific inference) that must be retrieved from memory to think rationally. The absence of this knowledg

62、e creates a mindware gapagain, something that is not tested on typical intelligence tests.My goal in proposing the term “dysrationalia” is to separate intelligence from rationality, a trait that IQ tests do not measure. The concept of dysrationalia, and the empirical evidence indicating that the con

63、dition is not rare, should help create a conceptual space in which we value abilities at least as important as those currently measured in IQ tests.60. People with “dysrationalia” often _.61. The author believes that IQ tests _.62. One cause of dysrationalia is that _.63. According to David Perkins, “mindware” means _.64. The author coined the term “dysrationalia” in order to _.65. An appropriate title of this passage could be _.问题1选项A.show little respect to others