2022年考博英语-重庆大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第89期

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1、2022年考博英语-重庆大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题I have said that all branches of knowledge are connected together, because the subject-matter of knowledge is intimately united in itself . Hence it is that the Sciences, into which our knowledge may be said to be cast, have multiple bearings on one another, and

2、an internal sympathy, and admit, or rather demand, comparison and adjustment. They complete, correct, and balance each other. This consideration, if well-founded, must be taken into account, not only as regards the attainment of truth, which is their common end, but as regards the influence which th

3、ey exercise upon those whose education consists in the study of them. I have already said that to give undue prominence to one is to be unjust to another; to neglect or supersede these is to divert those from their proper objects. It is to unsettle the boundary lines between science and science, to

4、disturb their action, to destroy the harmony which binds them together. Such a proceeding will have corresponding effect when introduced into a place of education. There is no science but tells a different tale, when viewed as a portion of a whole, from what it is likely to suggest when taken by its

5、elf, without the safeguard, as I may call it, of others.Let me make use of an illustration. In the combination of colors, very different effect are produced by a difference in their selection and juxtaposition; red, green, and white change their shades, according to the contrast to which they are su

6、bmitted. And, in like manner, the drift and meaning of a branch of knowledge varies with the company in which it is introduced to the student. If his reading is confined simply to one subject, however such division of labor may favor the advancement of a particular pursuit, a point into which I do n

7、ot here enter, certainly it has a tendency to contract his mind. If it is incorporated with others, it depends on those others as to the kind of influence that it exerts upon him. Thus the Classics, which in English are the means of refining the taste, have in France sub-served the spread of revolut

8、ionary and deistical doctrines. . In a like manner, I suppose, Arcesilas would not have handled logic as Aristotle, nor Aristotle have criticized poets as Plato; yet reasoning and poetry are subject to scientific roles.It is a great point then to enlarge the range of studies which a University profe

9、sses, even for the sake of the students; and, though they cannot pursue every subject which is open to them, they will be the gainers by living among those and under those who represent the whole circle. This I conceive to be the advantage of a seat of universal learning, considered as a place of ed

10、ucation. An assemblage of learned men, zealous for their own sciences, and rivals of each other, are brought, by familiar intercourse and for the sake of intellectual peace, to adjust together the claims and relations of their respective subjects of investigation. They learn to respect, to consult a

11、nd to aid each other. Thus is created a pure and clear atmosphere of thought, which the student also breathes, though in his own case he only pursues a few sciences out of the multitude. He profits by an intellectual tradition, which is independent of particular teachers, which guides him in his cho

12、ice of subjects, and duly interprets for him those which he chooses.He apprehends the great outlines of knowledge, the principles on which it rests, the scale of its parts, its lights and its shades, its great points and its little, as he otherwise cannot apprehend them. Hence it is that his educati

13、on is called “Liberal”. A habit of mind is formed which lasts through life, of which the attributes are, freedom, equitableness, calmness, moderation, and wisdom; or what in a former discourse I have ventured to call a philosophical habit. This then I would assign as the special fruit of the educati

14、on furnished at a University, as contrasted with other places of teaching or modes of teaching. This is the main purpose of a University in its treatment of its students.1. The main idea of the first paragraph is that（ ）.2.By the Sciences (line 2), the author means（ ）.3.The word “exercise” in line 7

15、 most nearly means（ ）.4.By using the word safeguard in line 13, the author suggests that（ ）.5.The purpose of the second paragraph is to（ ）.6.The word apprehends as used in lines 39 means（ ）.7.Which of the following best describes the authors idea of a liberal education?8.The author believes that a u

16、niversity should（ ）. have faculty representing a wide range of subjects and philosophies. teach students how to see the relationships among ideas. teach students to understand and respect other points of view. teach students liberal rather than conservative ideals问题1选项A.each science should be studie

17、d independentlyB.the sciences are interrelatedC.the boundary lines between each of the sciences should be clearerD.it is difficult to attain a proper balance among the sciences问题2选项A.the physical sciences onlyB.educational methodologiesC.the physical and social sciencesD.all branches of knowledge, i

18、ncluding the physical and social sciences and the humanities问题3选项A.removeB.competeC.imposeD.arrange问题4选项A.each science has its own specific safety guidelinesB.it is not safe to study the sciencesC.the more one knows, the safer one will feelD.one should choose a second area of specialization as a bac

19、kup in case the first does not work out问题5选项A.compare and contrast different branches of knowledgeB.develop the idea presented in the previous paragraphC.state the main idea of the passageD.present an alternative point of view问题6选项A.understandsB.capturesC.fearsD.believes问题7选项A.In-depth specializatio

20、n in one area.B.An emphasis on the arts rather than the sciences.C.Abroad scope of knowledge in several disciplines.D.Training for a scientific career.问题8选项A.I and II onlyB.I, II, and IIIC.I and IVD.IV only【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:A第5题:B第6题:A第7题:A第8题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。根据文章第一段，“I have said that all branches

21、 of knowledge are connected together, because the subject-matter of knowledge is intimately united in itself”，作者认为所有的知识分支都是相互联系的，因为知识的主题本身是紧密相连的。此句为第一段的中心句，可判断出第一段的中心思想为科学知识之间是相互联系的。选项B符合题意。2.判断推理题。根据文章第一段，“Hence it is that the Sciences, into which our knowledge may be said to be cast, have multiple

22、 bearings on one another, and an internal sympathy, and admit, or rather demand, comparison and adjustment.”，我们的知识所涉及的各种科学，彼此之间有多重关系，有一种内在承认，要求，比较和调整关系。可判断出这里的sciences指各种科学知识分支，包括自然科学、人文科学和社会科学。选项D符合题意。3.词义题。根据章第一段，“the influence which they exercise upon those whose education consists in the study o

23、f them.”，which引导的定语从句修饰先行词influence，构成搭配关系exercise upon the influence “对造成影响”。Remove “移除”；compete “竞争”； impose “强加”；arrange “安排”。选项C符合题意。4.词义题。根据第一段最后一句，“There is no science but tells a different tale, when viewed as a portion of a whole, from what it is likely to suggest when taken by itself, witho

24、ut the safeguard, as I may call it, of others.”，当把每种科学看成整体的一部分时，在其他学科并未采取保护措施的情况下，每一门科学都是不同的。可判断出作者提到的safeguard意思是每种科学都有自己特定的保护措施。选项A符合题意。5.判断推理题。根据文章第二段第一句，“Let me make use of an illustration.”，可知第二段的目的是进行相关的例证，下文主要用大量的例子来证明了第一段的观点科学的知识分支是相互联系的，但是各科学之间有各自的保护措施，使其内容存在差别。可判断出第二段的目的在于发展和继续探讨第一段提出的观点。选

25、项B符合题意。6.词义题。根据文章最后一段，“He apprehends the great outlines of knowledge, the principles on which it rests, the scale of its parts, its lights and its shades, its great points and its little, as he otherwise cannot apprehend them.”，apprehends后接的内容为知识的原则、范围、亮点、重点等，能与知识的这些方面构成一致意思的为apprehends “理解”。 Unders

26、tands “理解”；captures “捕捉”；fears “恐惧”；believes “相信”。相信A符合题意。7.判断推理题。根据文章最后一段第一二句，“He apprehends the great outlines of knowledge, the principles on which it rests, the scale of its parts, its lights and its shades, its great points and its little, as he otherwise cannot apprehend them. Hence it is that

27、 his education is called Liberal.”，他的教育被称为“Liberal”，要理解知识的概要、基础原则、范围、亮点与不足、重点与次重点，否则就不能真正理解知识。可判断出他所谓的“liberal education”必须要对知识有深入的了解，也就是某一领域的专业理解。选项A符合题意。8.细节事实题。根据文章第三段， “It is a great point then to enlarge the range of studies which a University professes, even for the sake of the students; and,

28、though they cannot pursue every subject which is open to them, they will be the gainers by living among those and under those who represent the whole circle.”，至于大学教育，要扩大学生学习和研究的范围，尽管学生们不能追求所有开放的主题，但是却能受到代表某个知识专业领域的人的影响，并且受益。可判断出作者认为大学应该拥有代表广泛学科和哲学领域的教职工。根据下文， “.to adjust together the claims and rela

29、tions of their respective subjects of investigation. They learn to respect, to consult and to aid each other.”，学生们能够调整他们各自的研究学科之间的关系，并且他们要学会尊重、协商和互相帮助。可判断出作者认为大学应该教学生们去正确看待各种思想之间的关系并且尊重其他人的观点和看法。所以I, II和III都是作者认为一所大学应该具备的要求。选项B符合题意。2. 单选题How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems? T

30、his is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when income and ea

31、rnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, an

32、d improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earner, rela

33、tively affluent families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.Yet there are also many ways our so

34、cial statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capaci

35、ty for self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month re

36、ally suffer. For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and

37、 dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously a

38、s a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions, and, hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job creation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in this debatethat the existing poverty, em

39、ployment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one of their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.1. Which of the following is the principal topic of the passage?2.The author uses “labor market problems” in lines 1 to refer to which of the following?3.The au

40、thor contrasts the 1930s with the present in order to show that（ ）.4.Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author?5.The authors purpose in citing those who are repeatedly unemployed during a twelve-month period is most probably to show that（ ）.6.The author states

41、 that the mitigating effect of social programs involving income transfers on the income level of low-income people is often not felt by（ ）.7.According to the passage, one factor that causes unemployment and earnings figures to over-predict the amount of economic hardship is the（ ）.8.The conclusion s

42、tated in lines 15-19 about the number of people who suffer as a result of forced idleness depends primarily on the point that（ ）.9.Which of the following, if true, is the best criticism of the authors argument concerning why poverty statistics cannot properly be used to show the effects of problems

43、in the labor market?问题1选项A.What causes labor market pathologies that result in sufferingB.Why income measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of povertyC.Where the areas of agreement are among poverty, employment, and earnings figuresD.How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree o

44、f hardship caused by low wages and insufficient employment opportunities问题2选项A.The overall causes of povertyB.Deficiencies in the training of the work forceC.Trade relationships among producers of goodsD.Shortages of jobs providing adequate income问题3选项A.more people were unemployed in the 1930sB.unem

45、ployment now has less severe effectsC.social programs are more needed nowD.there now is a greater proportion of elderly and handicapped people among those in poverty问题4选项A.Innovative programs using multiple approaches should be set up to reduce the level of unemployment.B.A compromise should be foun

46、d between the positions of those who view joblessness as an evil greater than economic control and those who hold the opposite view.C.New statistical indices should be developed to measure the degree to which unemployment and inadequately paid employment cause suffering.D.Consideration should be giv

47、en to the ways in which statistics can act as partial causes of the phenomena that they purport to measure.问题5选项A.there are several factors that cause the payment of low wages to some members of the labor forceB.unemployment statistics can underestimate the hardship resulting from joblessnessC.recur

48、rent inadequacies in the labor market can exist and can cause hardships for individual workersD.a majority of those who are jobless at any one time do not suffer severe hardship问题6选项A.the employed poorB.dependent children in single-earner familiesC.workers who become disabledD.retired workers问题7选项A.

49、recurrence of periods of unemployment fora group of low-wage workersB.possibility that earnings may be received from more than one job per workerC.establishment of a system of record-keeping that makes it possible to compile poverty statisticsD.prevalence, among low-wage workers and the unemployed,

50、of members of families in which others are employed问题8选项A.in times of high unemployment, there are some people who do not remain unemployed for longB.the capacity for self-support depends on receiving moderate-to-high wagesC.those in forced idleness include, besides the unemployed, both underemploye

51、d part-time workers and those not actively seeking workD.at different times during the year, different people are unemployed问题9选项A.A short-term increase in the number of those in poverty can indicate a shortage of jobs because the basic number of those unable to accept employment remains approximate

52、ly constant.B.For those who are in poverty as a result of joblessness, there are social programs available that provide a minimum standard of living.C.Poverty statistics do not consistently agree with earnings statistics, when each is taken as a measure of hardship resulting from unemployment.D.The

53、elderly and handicapped categories include many who previously were employed in the labor market.【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C第5题:B第6题:A第7题:D第8题:C第9题:A【解析】1.主旨题。文章开头引出了整篇文章的话题“How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy quest

54、ions.”有多少人会因为劳务市场问题而遭受不幸？这是最关键但也是最有争议的社会政策问题之一。所以整篇文章的主题为劳务市场及就业问题。下文分析了这一问题的出现，并且提出由于社会统计数据的缺陷和不完善，使人们无法确定劳务市场问题的严重程度和因劳务市场问题而遭受不幸的具体人数。最后文章提出“As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of

55、 thousands or the tens of millions, and”，由于这些相互矛盾的证据，目前还不确定那些由于劳务市场问题而遭受严重损失的人数是数十万人还是数千万人由此可判断出本篇文章主要内容为：社会统计数据是如何模糊不清地反映出低工资和就业机会不足所造成的困难程度的。选项D符合题意。2.词义理解题。根据文章第四句“Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinn

56、ers, when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market.”，如今，失业不会像20世纪30年代那样带来可怕的后果，因为当时大多数失业者都是家里的主要经济支柱，当时收入通常更接近于温饱线，当时对于那些在劳务市场上失败的人，没有相应的解决措施。所以整篇文章提到的劳务市场问题主要是两个方面的问题，一是失业，二

57、是收入。所以选项D“提供丰厚收入的岗位的缺乏”符合文章意思。3.推断题。根据文章第一段 “In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930s”，可知作者认为在许多方面，社会统计数据夸大了劳务市场的困难程度。将20世纪30年代和现今进行对比，是为了说明失业所带来的后果不像20世纪30年代时那样严重。可推断出失业影响的严重程度有所降低。选项B符合

58、题意。4.推断题。根据文章最后一段“As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions”,作者提出的问题是“由于矛盾的统计数据，不确定因为劳务市场问题而遭受不幸的具体人数究竟是多少”。根据文章最后一句“There is only one area of agreemen

59、t in this debatethat the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one of their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.”，作者对这一问题所持有的观点是：现有的贫困、就业和收入统计数据不足以用来衡量劳务市场问题的后果严重性。可推断出作者针对这一问题，可能最恰当的提议是制定新的统计数据，以衡量劳务市场问题所造成的不幸程度。选项C符合题意。5.推断题。

60、根据文章第二段第一句“Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship.”，可知第二段作者提出的主要观点是我们的社会统计数据在许多方面低估了与劳务市场相关的困难程度。此句为第二段的中心句，其他部分都是围绕此句展开的论述，可推断出下文作者提到那些一年之内多次失业的人目的是为了说明失业统计数据可能低估了失业带来的困难。选项B符合题意。6.细节题。根据文章第二段最后一句“Finally, income transfers in our

61、 country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.”，我国的收入转移一直集中在老年人、残疾人和被赡养的人身上，而忽视了有工作

62、的穷人的需要，因此，现金和实物转移的急剧增长，并不一定意味着那些在劳务市场中遭受不幸的人得到了充分的保护。可判断出收入转移对低收入人群的缓解作用不惠及一些有工作的贫困者，选项A符合题意。7.细节题。根据文章第一段最后几句“Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multiple-e

63、arner, relatively affluent families.”，文章提到收入数据也夸大了困难的程度，下文便解释了原因，在数百万小时工资处于或低于最低工资水平的人中，绝大多数都有多份收入，而且家庭相对富裕。可判断出导致失业和收入数据高估经济困难程度的一个原因是在低收入和失业的人群中，普遍存在有工作的家庭的人。选项D符合题意。8.推断题。根据文章第二段“Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any m

64、onth, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer.”，对于被迫失业而受苦的人数，作者的结论为：由于一年中某段时间内失业的人数是某个月失业人数的几倍，因此那些被迫失业而受苦的人数可能等于或超过年平均失业人数，尽管在任何一个月里只有少数失业者真正受苦。下文就对这个结论进行了进一步说明，根据文章“For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job.”，对于被记入月失业人数中的人来说，有些人因为没有能力找