2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第17期

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1、2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题Her panic was transient, and ceased when she began to speak.问题1选项A.beyond descriptionB.unnoticedC.passing quicklyD.vague【答案】C【解析】考查形容词和词组辨析。transient“短暂的；路过的”；A选项beyond description“无法形容，难以形容”；B选项unnoticed“被忽视的；不引人注意的；未被注意的”；C选项passing quickly“飞逝的”；D选项vagu

2、e“模糊的；含糊的”。句意：她的惊慌是暂时的，一开口就停止了。由题干中的“ceased when she began to speak一开口就停止了”可推知transient在这里有“短暂的”的意思，因此C选项正确。2. 单选题Many people think of deserts as（ ）regions, but numerous species of plants and animals have adapted to life there.问题1选项A.remoteB.virginC.alienD.barren【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项remote“遥远的；偏僻的；疏远

3、的”；B选项virgin“纯洁的；未经利用的，处于原始状态的”；C选项alien“外国的；性质不同的；不相容的”；D选项barren“贫瘠的；不生育的；无益的”。句意：尽管很多人认为沙漠是不生育的地区，但是许多动植物物种却已适应了那里的生活。由关键词“deserts沙漠”的对应知“不生育的”符合语境，因此D选项正确。3. 单选题These two firms are so big and powerful that they monopolize between them the production and sale of cigarettes in this country.问题1选项A.

4、governB.influenceC.superviseD.dominate【答案】D【解析】考查副词辨析。横线单词monopolize意为“垄断；独占；拥有的专卖权”；A选项“govern”意为“管理；支配；统治；控制”；B选项“influence”意为“影响；改变；支配”；C选项“supervise”意为“监督；管理；指导；主管”；D选项“dominate”意为“控制；支配；占优势；在中占主要地位”。句意：这两家公司势力巨大，垄断了这个国家香烟的生产和销售。由题干可知，These two firms are so big and powerful（两家公司势力巨大）所以可推测出这两家公司在

5、这个国家的香烟生产和销售中占据主导地位。由此可知，monopolize在此处最可能是“垄断”的意思，四个选项中dominate具有“在中占主要地位”的意思，与此相近。因此D选项符合题意。4. 单选题The reference she made to her friend, the poet, was interesting but too（ ）for anyone to appreciate.问题1选项A.drasticB.dullC.obscureD.distinct【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项drastic“激烈的；猛烈的”；B选项dull“钝的；迟钝的；无趣的；呆滞的”；C选

6、项obscure“昏暗的；晦涩的；不清楚的；隐蔽的”；D选项distinct“明显的；独特的；清楚的；有区别的”。句意：她对她诗人朋友的提及尽管令人关注，但是却太晦涩而没有人能理解。根据句中“but too但是却太”可知“晦涩的”符合语境，因此C选项正确。5. 不定项选择题The age at which young children begin to make moral discrimination about harmful actions committed against themselves or others has been the focus of recent resear

7、ch into the moral development of children. Until recently, child psychologists supported pioneer developmentalist Jean Piaget in his hypothesis that because of their immaturity, children under age seven do not take into account the intentions of a person committing accidental or deliberate harm, but

8、 rather simply assign punishment for transgressions on the basis of the magnitude of the negative consequences caused. According to Piaget, children under age seven occupy the first stage of moral development, which is characterized by moral absolutism (rules made by authorities must be obeyed) and

9、imminent justice (if rules are broken, punishment will be meted out). Until young children mature, their moral judgments are based entirely on the effect rather than the cause of a transgression. However, in recent research, Kensey found that six-year-old children not only distinguish between accide

10、ntal and intentional harm, but also judge intentional harm as naughtier, regardless of the amount of damage produced. Both of these findings seem to indicate that children, at an earlier age than Piaget claimed, advance into the second stage of moral development, moral autonomy, in which they accept

11、 social rules but view them as more arbitrary than do children in the first stage.Kenseys research raises two key questions for developmental psychologists about children under age seven: do they recognize justifications for harmful actions, and do they make distinctions between harmful acts that ar

12、e preventable and those acts that have unforeseen harmful consequences? Studies indicate that justifications excusing harmful actions might include public duty, self-defense, and provocation. For example, Nesdalc and Rule concluded that children were capable of considering whether or not an aggresso

13、rs action was justified by public duty; five year olds reacted very differently to “Bonnie wrecks Anns pretend house” depending on whether Bonnie did it “so somebody wont fall over it” or because Bonnie wanted “to make Ann feel bad.” Thus, a child of five begins to understand that certain harmful ac

14、tions, though intentional, can be justified: the constraints of moral absolutism no longer solely guide their judgments.Psychologists have determined that during kindergarten children learn to make subtle distinctions involving harm. Darley observed that among acts involving unintentional harm, six-

15、year-old children just entering kindergarten could not differentiate between foreseeable, and thus preventable, harm and unforeseeable harm for which the perpetrator cannot be blamed. Seven months later, however, Darley found that these same children could make both distinctions, thus demonstrating

16、that they had become morally autonomous.1. Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole?2. Darley found that after seven months of kindergarten six year olds acquired the ability of（ ）.3. According to the passage, Piaget and Kensey would not have agreed on（ ）.4. The term “public duty

17、”（in line 5 of paragraph 2）in the context of the passage means（ ）.5. Kenseys findings support which of the following conclusions about six-year-old children?问题1选项A.An outline for future research.B.An expanded definition of commonly misunderstood terms.C.An analysis of a dispute between two theorists

18、.D.A discussion of research findings in an ongoing inquiry.问题2选项A.differentiating between foreseeable and unforeseeable harmB.identifying with the perpetrator of a harmful actionC.justifying harmful actions that result from provocationD.evaluating the magnitude of negative consequences resulting fro

19、m the breaking of rules问题3选项A.the kinds of excuses children give for harmful acts they commitB.the age at which children begin to discriminate between intentional and unintentional harmC.the intentions children have in perpetrating harmD.the circumstances under which children punish harmful acts问题4选

20、项A.the necessity to apprehend perpetratorsB.the responsibility to punish transgressorsC.an obligation to prevent harm to anotherD.the assignment of punishment for harmful action问题5选项A.They have the ability to make autonomous moral judgments.B.They regard moral absolutism as a threat to their moral a

21、utonomy.C.They do not understand the concept of public duty.D.They make arbitrary moral judgments.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。结合选项和题干可知，本题需从全文整体分析。第一段中Kensey和Piaget两人提出了有关儿童心理发展的不同观点，随后的二三段都是在对Kensey的观点进行讨论和论证。A选项“An outline for future research”意为“未来研究的大纲”，原文并未提及未来研究的大纲；B选项“An expande

22、d definition of commonly misunderstood terms”意为“对常见误解术语的扩展定义”，原文不是对误解术语的扩展定义，是提出了两个不同观点；C选项“An analysis of a dispute between two theorists”意为“对两个理论家之间争论的分析”，原文二三段主要论证了Kensey的观点，并没有就两者的争论进行分析；D选项“A discussion of research findings in an ongoing inquiry”意为“对正在进行的调查中研究结果的讨论”，符合原文，此处指的就是对Kensey研究结果的讨论。因此

23、D选项符合题意。第2题:事实细节题。由seven months of kindergarten定位到文章最后一段最后一句“Seven months later, however, Darley found that these same children could make both distinctions, thus demonstrating that they had become morally autonomous”，然而，七个月后，达利发现，同样是这些孩子已经可以做出两种区分，从而表明他们在道德上是自发的。由此可知，进入幼儿园七个月后，孩子们已经能区别可预见和不可预见的伤害。A

24、选项“differentiating between foreseeable and unforeseeable harm”，意为“区分可预见和不可预见的伤害”，与原文相符；B选项“identifying with the perpetrator of a harmful action”意为“辨认有害行为的作恶者”，原文未提及；C选项“justifying harmful actions that result from provocation”意为“为因挑衅而导致的有害行为辩护”，原文是这不是Darley的研究发现，是针对Kensey观点的研究结果；D选项“evaluating the ma

25、gnitude of negative consequences resulting from the breaking of rules”意为“评估因违反规则而产生的负面后果的大小”，原文中这是Piaget的观点，不是Darley的发现。因此A选项符合题意。第3题:判断推理题。结合选项和题干可知，本题需逐个分析各个选项。A选项“the kinds of excuses children give for harmful acts they commit”意为“孩子们为他们所做的有害行为找的种种借口”，这只是针对Kensey观点的研究结果，但不代表二者就此有分歧；B选项“the age at

26、which children begin to discriminate between intentional and unintentional harm”意为“儿童开始区分故意伤害和无意伤害的年龄”，与原文相符，原文第一段第四句，然而， Kensey发现，6岁的儿童能区分意外伤害和故意伤害。由此可推测这就是两者观点的不同之处；C选项“the intentions children have in perpetrating harm”意为“孩子们实施伤害的意图”，原文两者争论的重点不是孩子实施伤害的意图，而是孩子究竟何时开始辨别有意与无意的伤害；D选项“the circumstances

27、under which children punish harmful acts”意为“儿童惩罚有害行为的情形”，这是Nesdalc和Rule的研究发现，不是Piaget与Kensey之间的分歧。因此B选项符合题意。第4题:判断推理题。由public duty定位到文章第二段第三句“For example, Nesdalc and Rule concluded that children were capable of considering whether or not an aggressors action was justified by public duty”，例如，Nesdalc

28、和Rule的结论是，儿童有能力考虑侵犯者的行为是否符合公共义务；五岁的孩子对邦妮破坏了安的假房子的反应非常不同，这取决于邦妮这么做是为了防止别人摔倒，还是因为邦妮想让安难过。由此可知，这个事例是对公共义务的解释，所以公共义务就是防止他人受损害的义务，如防止他人摔倒。A选项“the necessity to apprehend perpetrators”意为“逮捕罪犯的必要性”，与原文不符，原文未提及逮捕罪犯；B选项“the responsibility to punish transgressors”意为“惩罚犯规者的责任”，原文Nesdalc和Rule的结论中儿童并没有对犯规者进行惩罚；C选

29、项“an obligation to prevent harm to another”意为“防止损害他人的义务”，与原文相符；D选项“the assignment of punishment for harmful action”意为“对有害行为的惩罚分配”，该结论中并没有谈到惩罚。因此C选项符合题意。第5题:判断推理题。由Kenseys findings定位到文章第一段最后一句“Both of these findings seem to indicate that in which they accept social rules but view them as more arbitra

30、ry than do children in the first stage”，这两项发现（Kensey的发现）似乎都表明，儿童比皮亚杰所说的更早进入道德发展的第二阶段，即道德自主。由此可知，儿童已经能自主做出道德判断。A选项“They have the ability to make autonomous moral judgments”意为“他们有能力自主做出道德判断”，符合Kensey的理论；B选项“They regard moral absolutism as a threat to their moral autonomy”意为“他们把道德绝对主义看作是对他们道德自主权的威胁”，原文

31、未提及道德绝对主义；C选项“They do not understand the concept of public duty”意为“他们不理解公共义务的概念”，与原文不符，就Nesdalc和Rule的结论而言，孩子已经理解公共义务的概念；D选项“They make arbitrary moral judgments”意为“他们武断地做出道德判断”，与原文不符，原文是进入道德自主阶段的儿童认为规则武断，而不是儿童武断地做出道德判断。因此A选项符合题意。6. 单选题Was it the prosperity of an acquisitive society prepared to forsak

32、e children, or the depression which accounted for the inter-war population trends?问题1选项A.inquisitiveB.curiousC.greedyD.abnormal【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。acquisitive“贪婪的；想获得的”；A选项inquisitive“好奇的；好问的”；B选项curious“好奇的，有求知欲的；古怪的”；C选项greedy“贪婪的；贪吃的”；D选项abnormal“反常的，不规则的；变态的”。句意：是一个准备抛弃孩子的贪婪社会的繁荣，还是萧条导致了战争期间的人口趋势？a

33、cquisitive的动词形式为acquire，而acquire有“获得”的意思，可推测出acquisitive在这里有“贪婪的”的意思，因此C选项正确。7. 单选题One（ ）needed when making a cake is flour, another is sugar.问题1选项A.containerB.ingredientC.contentD.equivalent【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项container“集装箱；容器”；B选项ingredient“原料；要素；组成部分”；C选项content“内容，目录；满足；容量”；D选项equivalent“等价物，相等物”

34、。句意：制作蛋糕所需的一种原料是面粉，另一种原料是糖。根据句中“making a cake制作蛋糕”可知“原料”符合语境，因此B选项正确。8. 单选题I found this very profitable in diminishing the intensity of narrow-minded prejudice.问题1选项A.lesseningB.reflectingC.removingD.increasing【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。diminish（其现在分词为diminishing）“使减少；使变小”；A选项lessen（其现在分词为lessening）“减少；使缩小，使减轻

35、”；B选项reflect（其现在分词为 reflecting）“反映；反射；反省”；C选项remove（其现在分调为removing）“移动，迁移；调动”；D选项increase（其现在分词为increasing）“增加，加大”。句意：我发现这对于减少狭隘的偏见非常有益。根据句中“very profitable非常有利可图”与“the intensity of narrow-minded prejudice偏见的强度”可知diminish在这里的意思为“减少”，因此A选项正确。9. 单选题（ ） both sides accept the agreement （ ） a lasting pea

36、ce be established in this region.问题1选项A.Only if, willB.If only, wouldC.Should, willD.Unless, would【答案】A【解析】语法题only if的用法。当only if位于句首时，其主句的谓语动词要部分倒装，根据四个选项，其谓语动词都提前了，而只有only if在句首，才部分倒装。句意：只有双方都接受这项协议，才能在这个地区建立持久的和平。因此A选项正确。10. 单选题The accepted criteria of adequate diet have been challenged by new di

37、scoveries in nutrition.问题1选项A.formationsB.componentsC.standardsD.ingredients【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。criteria“标准，条件”；A选项formation“形成；组成，（军）队形”；B选项component“成分；组件”；C选项standard“标准；水准”；D选项ingredient“原料；要素；组成部分”。句意：公认的充足饮食的标准受到营养学上的新发现的挑战。根据句中“adequate diet适当饮食”与“nutrition营养学”可知criteria在这里的意思为标准，因此C选项正确。11. 单选题A

38、bove the trees are the hills,（ ）magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface.问题1选项A.whereB.of whoseC.whoseD.which【答案】C【解析】语法题whose引导的非限定性定语从句。whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，在从句中作定语。whose通常指人，也可指动物或无生命的事物。主句为“Above the trees are the hills”，从句的主语应为“山的绮丽景色”，原句为the river faithfully reflects the hills

39、magnificence on the surface。句意：在树林的高处是山，其壮丽的景色完全映照在河面上。因此C选项正确。12. 单选题Man often wonders how the earth evolved from a hot, violent birth to the celebrated watery planet that _in pictures from space.问题1选项A.stands forB.stands byC.stands upD.stands out【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项“stands for”意为“代表；意味着”；B选项“stands

40、 by”意为“支持；袖手旁观；准备；站在旁边”；C选项“stands up”意为“站起来；坚持；竖立；站得住脚；拥护”；D选项“stands out”意为“突出；杰出；坚持到底；坚决反对”。句意：人们常常想知道地球是如何从一个炙热、狂暴的诞生演变成这个著名的含水星球，并从太空照片中脱颖而出的。由题干可知，in pictures from space（在太空照片中），说明从太空层面来看，地球与其他星球截然不同，是个含水的星球，由此脱颖而出。因此D选项符合题意。13. 单选题Neither of them thought highly of him and they both tried to（

41、）him in his work.问题1选项A.hamperB.supportC.assistD.encourage【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项hamper“妨碍；束缚；使困累”；B选项support“支持；扶持，帮助；供养”；C选项assist“帮助；促进”；D选项encourage“鼓励；支持”。句意：他们俩人都看不起他，且都试图在他的工作上妨碍他。根据句中“Neither of them thought highly of him他们俩人都看不起他”可知“妨碍”符合语境，因此A选项正确。14. 单选题When dusts in the sky are at levels whe

42、re little air is in motion, they do not _for many years.问题1选项A.dismissB.disguiseC.disgraceD.disperse【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“dismiss”意为“解散；解雇；开除；让离开；不予理会”；B选项“disguise”意为“掩饰；假装；隐瞒”；C选项“disgrace”意为“使失宠；给丢脸；使蒙受耻辱”；D选项“disperse”意为“分散；使散开；传播”。句意：当天空中的尘埃处于没有空气流动的高度时，它们要很多年才会消散。由题干可知，dusts in the sky are at le

43、vels where little air is in motion（天空中的尘埃处于没有空气流动的高度），没有空气流动尘埃自然也不能飘动，所以要等很多年尘埃才能消散。因此D选项符合题意。15. 单选题The police refused to（ ）the clues they were working on.问题1选项A.exhibitB.discloseC.exposeD.discern【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项exhibit“展览；显示；提出（证据等）”；B选项disclose“公开；透露”；C选项expose“揭露；使曝光；显示”；D选项discern“识别；领悟，认识”。

44、句意：警方拒绝透露他们正致力于的线索。根据句中“The police警方”可知“透露”符合语境，因此B选项正确。16. 单选题To absorb a younger workforce, many companies offered retirement plans as incentives for older workers to retire and make way for the younger ones who earned lower salaries.问题1选项A.rewardsB.opportunitiesC.motivesD.stimuli【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。i

45、ncentive“激励；奖励；诱因”；A选项reward“奖励；奖赏”；B选项opportunity（其复数形式为 opportunities）“时机，机会”；C选项motive“动机，目的”；D选项stimuli（其为stimulus的复数形式）“激励；刺激；促进因素”。句意：为了吸收更年轻的劳动力，许多公司推出了退休计划，以激励年龄较大的员工退休，为工资较低的年轻员工让路。根据句中“retirement plans退休计划”可知incentive在这里的意思应为“激励”，因此D选项正确。17. 不定项选择题How is communication actually achieved? It

46、 depends, of course, either on a common language or on known convention, or at least on the beginnings of these. But often, especially with original artists and thinkers, the problem is in one way that of creating a language, or creating a convention, or at least of developing the language and conve

47、ntions to the point where they are capable of bearing their precise meaning. In literature, in music, in the visual arts, in the sciences, in social thinking, in philosophy, this kind of development has occurred again and again. It often takes a long time to get through, and for many people it will

48、remain difficult. But we need never think that it is impossible; creative energy is much more powerful than we sometimes suppose. While a man is engaged in this struggle to say new things in new ways, he is usually more than ever concentrated on the actual work, and not on its possible audience. Man

49、y artists and scientists share this fundamental unconcern about the ways in which their work will be received.In this sense it is true that it is the duty of society to create conditions in which such men can live. For whatever the value of any individual contribution, the general body of work is of

50、 immense value to everyone. But of course things are not so formal, in reality. There is not society on the one hand and these individuals on the other. In ordinary living, and in his work, the contributor shares in the life of his society, which often affects him both in minor ways and in ways some

51、times so deep that he is not even aware of them. His ability to make his work public depends on the actual communication system: the language itself, or certain visual or musical or scientific conventions, and the institutions through which the communication will be passed. The effect of these on hi

52、s actual work can be almost infinitely variable. For it is not only a communication system outside him; it is also, however original he may be, a communication system which is in fact part of himself. Many contributors make active use of this kind of internal communication system. It is to themselve

53、s, in a way, that they first show their conceptions, play their music, and present their arguments. If one mind has grasped it, then it may be open to other minds.The historian is also continually struck by the fact that men of this kind felt isolated at the very time when in reality they were begin

54、ning to get through. This can also be noticed in our own time, when some of the most deeply influential men feel isolated and even rejected. The society and the communication are there, but it is difficult to recognize them, difficult to be sure.1. Creative artists and thinkers achieve communication

55、 by （ ）.2. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that （ ）.3. A common characteristic of artists and scientists involved in creative work is that （ ）.4. According to the passage, which of the following statements is INCORRECT?5. It is implied at the end of the passage that highly original indiv

56、iduals feel isolated because they （ ）.问题1选项A.depending on shared conventionsB.fashioning their own conventionsC.adjusting their personal feelingsD.elaborating a common language问题2选项A.philosophical thinking contributes to the formulation of conventionsB.human creativity is sometimes underestimatedC.d

57、evelopment in literature follows similar ways to that of sciencesD.the role of conventions in communication is not well recognized问题3选项A.they care about the possible reaction to their workB.public response is one of the primary conceitsC.they are keenly aware of public interest in their workD.they a

58、re indifferent toward response to their work问题4选项A.Individual contributions combined possess great significance to the public.B.Good contributors dont neglect the use of internal communication system.C.Everyone except those original people comes under the influence of society.D.Knowing how to commun

59、icate is universal among human beings.问题5选项A.fail to acknowledge and use an acceptable form of communicationB.actually differ from other individuals in the same periodC.have little in common with the society of the timeD.refuse to admit parallels between themselves and the society【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D

60、第4题:C第5题:A【解析】第1题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第一段中“But often, especially with original artists and thinkers, the problem is in one way that of creating a language, or creating a convention, or at least of developing the language and conventions to the point where they are capable of bearing their precise meaning.

61、 但通常，特别是对原创艺术家和思想家来说，问题在某种程度上是创造一种语言，或创造一种惯例，或至少是发展语言和惯例，使它们能够承载它们的精确意义。”可知B项“形成他们自己的习俗”与原文相符。A项“根据共享的约定”，原文并没有相关表达；C项“调整他们的个人情感”，原文并没有相关表达；D项“阐述共同的语言”，原文并没有相关表达。因此B选项正确。第2题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第一段第六句“But we need never think that it is impossible; creative energy is much more powerful than we sometimes su

62、ppose. 但是我们永远不要认为它是不可能的；创造力比我们有时想象的要强大得多。”可知B项“人类的创造力有时被低估了”与原文相符。A项“哲学思维有助于惯例的形成”，原文并没有相关表达；C项“文学的发展遵循与科学的发展相似的方式”，原文并没有相关表达；D项“习俗在沟通中的作用没有得到很好的认可”，原文并没有相关表达。因此B选项正确。第3题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第一段最后一句“Many artists and scientists share this fundamental unconcern about the ways in which their work will be rec

63、eived. 许多艺术家和科学家都有这种根本的不关心他们的作品会以何种方式被接受的想法。”可知D项“他们对别人对他们工作的反应漠不关心”与原文相符。A项“他们关心对他们工作的可能反应”，原文并没有相关表达；B项“公众的反应是主要的自负之一”，原文并没有相关表达；C项“他们强烈地意识到公众对他们工作的兴趣”，原文并没有相关表达。因此D选项正确。第4题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第二段第五句“In ordinary living, and in his work, the contributor shares in the life of his society, which often affects him both in minor ways and