2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试名师点拨押题密卷86（含答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试名师点拨押题密卷（含答案详解）1. 单选题Maybe the saddest defect of autumn in America is the fact the country is so large that some regions do not get to experience itSouthern California, for one.问题1选项A.regretB.faultC.worryD.feature【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. regret 懊悔，遗憾 B. fault 缺陷，毛病C. worry 担心，忧虑 D. feat

2、ure 特色，特征【答案】B【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】defect的意思为“缺点，缺陷”，指的是美国秋天的缺点是，有的地方没有秋天，fault与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】也许美国秋天最可悲的缺点就是，美国幅员辽阔，以至于一些地区无法体验到秋天比如南加州。2. 填空题The overemphasis on the exterior elevation in its former design resulted in the closeness and _ of the interior space. (regular)【答案】irregu

3、larity【解析】【考查点】名词。【解题思路】根据关键词and，可知横线处和closeness都是名词，结合语境，过分强调建筑的外部立面致使建筑不规则，irregularity意思为“不规则（或无规律）的事物”，符合语境。【句意】在原有设计中过分强调建筑的外部立面，导致室内空间的封闭和不规则。3. 填空题“The IAEA should positively clarify relevant problems by cooperating with Iran in a fair and _ manner” and “Iran should be flexible and sincere wh

4、en cooperating with the IAEA,” Xinhua reported, citing Hong. (person)【答案】impersonal【解析】【考查点】形容词。【解题思路】根据横线前的and，可知fair和横线处表示并列，所以横线处应为形容词，并且意思和fair对应，impersonal意思为“非指个人的，客观的”，符合语境。【句意】新华社援引洪磊的话说：“国际原子能机构应该以公平、客观的方式与伊朗合作，积极澄清有关问题。伊朗在与国际原子能机构合作时，应该灵活、真诚。”4. 单选题In her long, but ultimately triumphant ca

5、reer, she has been forced to smuggle birth control supplies under her clothing.问题1选项A.forcefulB.insightfulC.successfulD.influential【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. forceful 强有力的，坚强的 B. insightful 有深刻了解的，富有洞察力的C. successful 获得成功的，有成就的 D. influential 有很大影响的，有支配力的【答案】C【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】triumphant的意思为“大获全胜的，巨大成功的”，这里指她

6、在职业生涯中取得巨大成功，successful与之词义相近，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】在她漫长但最终成功的职业生涯中，她曾被迫在衣服下走私节育用品。5. 单选题Dr. Goebbels wrote that “we do not belong to those dreamers and illusionists who prophesy the collapse of the British Empire tomorrow”.问题1选项A.swearB.condemnC.predictD.crave【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. swear 咒骂，诅

7、咒 B. condemn 谴责，指责C. predict 预言 D. crave 渴望，热望【答案】C【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】prophesy的意思为“预告，预言”，指的是我们不是空想家和魔术师，对大英帝国的未来进行预言，predict与之词义相近，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】戈培尔博士写道，我们不是那种预言大英帝国明天就要瓦解的空想家和魔术师。6. 填空题The subject of food, like all topics in which the human race has a large and inescapable interest

8、, is something but a simple piece of business. Cooking and eating give rise to a great many horror tales and strange behavior. A B C D【答案】B something but改为anything but【解析】【考查点】固定搭配。【解题思路】anything but意思为“根本不，绝不”，这里指的是食物不是一件简单的事情。【句意】食物这个话题，就像所有人类有宏大而不可回避的兴趣话题一样，绝不是一件简单的事情。做饭和吃饭引申出许多恐怖故事和怪异行为。7. 填空题As

9、 the intelligence of robots increases to match humans and as their cost declines through economies of scale we may use them to expand our frontiers, first on earth through their ability to withstandenvironments, harmful to ourselves. A B C D【答案】A humans改为that of humans【解析】【考查点】代词指代。【解题思路】根据语境，A部分指的是

10、机器智能和人工智能相当，the intelligence of robots和A部分意思对应，结构也应对应，用that指代the intelligence，因此A部分应为that of humans。【句意】随着机器人的智能达到与人类相当的水平，以及它们的成本通过规模经济降低，我们可以利用它们来拓展我们的疆域，首先是在地球上，借用它们抵御对我们有害的环境的能力。8. 填空题Much of what is best in Rootsthe story of his family traces back over seven generations was writtenout of this m

11、ans own sufferings and despair. He is close to tears as he tells the story. A B C D【答案】B traces back改为traced back【解析】【考查点】非谓语动词。【解题思路】根据was written，可知动作已完成，trace是非谓语动词，用过去分词traced表示动作已发生。【句意】根讲述了他的家族七代人的故事，其中最精彩的部分是他用自己的痛苦和绝望写成的。当他讲述这个故事时，几乎要流泪了。9. 填空题Too often we believe what accounts for others su

12、ccess is some special secret or a lucky break. But rarely success is so mysterious. A B C D【答案】D success is改为is success【解析】【考查点】倒装。【解题思路】表示否定意义的副词或连词放在句首时，用部分倒装，句子的一般陈述句语序为success is so mysterious，此时is应该提前，因此D部分应为is success。【句意】我们常常相信别人的成功是某种特殊的秘密或幸运的突破。但成功很少如此神秘。10. 填空题What is good is thought to be

13、 _ and what is evil is thought to be harmful, but defining good and evil remains a central question of ethics. (benefit)【答案】beneficial【解析】【考查点】形容词。【解题思路】根据横线前面的be，以及表示并列结构的and，可知横线所在内容为形容词，beneficial“有益的”符合语境，指的是善被认为是有益的。【句意】善被认为是有益的，恶被认为是有害的，但定义善恶仍然是伦理学的中心问题。11. 填空题Although personality change is _

14、difficult, sometimes people can change the most dysfunctional aspects of their feelings and behavior. (exceed)【答案】exceedingly【解析】【考查点】副词。【解题思路】在is _ difficult中，is和difficult是系动词和表语，横线所在内容修饰形容词difficult，应该为副词，exceedingly“极其”符合语境，指的是性格的改变极其困难。【句意】虽然性格的改变极其困难，但有时人们可以改变他们的感觉和行为中最不正常的方面。12. 单选题The more wo

15、men and minorities make their way into the ranks of management, the more they seem to want to talk about things formerly judged to be best left unsaid. The newcomers also tend to see office matters with a fresh eye, in the process sometimes coming up with critical analyses of the forces that shape e

16、veryones experience in the organization.Consider the novel views of Harvey Coleman of Atlanta on the subject of getting ahead. Coleman is black. He spent 11 years with IBM, half of them working in management development, and now serves as a consultant to the likes of AT&T. Coca-Cola, Prudential, and

17、 Merch. Coleman says that based on what hes seen at big companies, he weighs the different elements that make for long-term career success as follows: performance counts a mere 10%, image, 30%; and exposure, a full 60%. Coleman concludes that excellent job performance is so common these days that wh

18、ile doing your work well may win you pay increases, it wont secure you the big promotion. He finds that advancement more often depends on how many people know you and your work, and how high up they are.Ridiculous beliefs? Not to many people, especially many women and members of minority races who,

19、like Coleman, feel that the scales (障眼物) have dropped from their eyes. “Women and blacks in organizations work under false beliefs,” says Kaleel Jamison, a New York-based management consultant who helps corporations deal with these issues. “They think that if you work hard, youll get aheadthat someo

20、ne in authority will reach down and give you a promotion.” She adds, “Most women and blacks are so frightened that people will think theyve gotten ahead because of their sex or color that they play down their visibility.” Her advice to those folks: learn the ways that white males have traditionally

21、used to find their way into the spotlight.1. According to the passage, “things formerly judged to be best left unsaid” (Para. 1) probably refers to “_”.2. To achieve success in your career, the most important factor, according to the passage, is to _.3. The reason why women and blacks play down thei

22、r visibility is that they _.4. The best title for this passage would be _.问题1选项A.criticisms that shape everyones experienceB.the opinions which contradict the established beliefsC.the tendencies that help the newcomers to see office matters with a fresh eyeD.the ideas which usually come up with new

23、ways of management in the organization问题2选项A.perform well your tasks given by your superiorsB.project a favorable image to the people around youC.work as a consultant to your superiorsD.let your superiors know how good you are问题3选项A.know that someone in authority will reach down and give them a prom

24、otionB.want to give people the impression that they work under false beliefsC.dont want people to think that their promotions were due to sex or colorD.believe they can get promoted by reason of their sex or color问题4选项A.Role of Women and Minorities in ManagementB.The Importance of Being VisibleC.Job

25、 Performance and AdvancementD.Sex and Career Success【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B【解析】第1题:【选项释义】According to the passage, “things formerly judged to be best left unsaid” (Para. 1) probably refers to “_”. 根据文章，“以前认为最好不要说的事情”（第一段）可能指的是“_”。A. criticisms that shape everyones experience A. 形成每个人的经验的批判B. the op

26、inions which contradict the established beliefs B. 与既定信念相矛盾的观点C. the tendencies that help the newcomers to see office matters with a fresh eye C. 有助于新人用新眼光看待办公室事务的倾向D. the ideas which usually come up with new ways of management in the organization D. 在组织中通常会产生新型管理方式的想法【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词j

27、udged to be best left unsaid定位到第一段第一句，该处讲到“她们似乎就越想谈论以前认为最好不要说的事情（things formerly judged to be best left unsaid）”，结合该段第二句“新人倾向于用全新的眼光（fresh eye）来看待公司的事务，在这过程中，有时会对形成组织中每个人经验的力量进行批判性分析（critical analyses）。”，可知这里不能说的是和新观点相反的，并且之前在大环境中普遍赞同的观点，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“形成每个人的经验的批判”：对应第一段第二句，该处讲到“有时会对形成组织中每个人经验的力

28、量（forces that shape everyones experience）进行批判性分析（critical analyses）”，这里指的不是批判塑造经验，而是批判形成经验的力量，属于偷换概念；C选项“有助于新人用新眼光看待办公室事务的倾向”：对应第一段第二句，该处讲到“新人倾向于用全新的眼光来看待公司的事务（tend to see office matters with a fresh eye）”，这里描述的是这件事本身，而不是说要推动这件事，属于偷换概念；D选项“在组织中通常会产生新型管理方式的想法”：文中没有提到这些会产生新的管理方式，属于无中生有。第2题:【选项释义】To ac

29、hieve success in your career, the most important factor, according to the passage, is to _. 根据这篇文章，想要在你的职业生涯中取得成功，最重要的因素是_。A. perform well your tasks given by your superiors A. 出色完成上级交代的任务B. project a favorable image to the people around you B. 在周围人面前树立良好形象C. work as a consultant to your superiors C

30、. 做你上司的顾问D. let your superiors know how good you are D. 让你上司知道你有多优秀【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词the most important factor定位到第二段第一句，该处讲到“长期职业成功的不同要素（different elements）如下：业绩仅占10%，形象占30%，而曝光率高达60%（exposure, a full 60%）。”，结合该段第六句“晋升往往取决于（advancement more often depends on）有多少人了解（how many people know）你和

31、你的工作，以及他们的职位高低”，可知在事业成功上，让上司知道自己的优秀最重要，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“出色完成上级交代的任务”：对应第二段第一句“业绩仅占10%（performance counts a mere 10%）”，可知这不是最重要的因素，属于反向干扰；B选项“在周围人面前树立良好形象”：对应第二段第一句“形象占30%（image, 30%）”，可知这不是最重要的因素，属于反向干扰；C选项“做你上司的顾问”：对应第三段第三句“帮助企业处理这些问题的管理顾问（management consultant）卡列尔贾米森”，这里只是提到此人及其职业，和取得职业生涯的成功无关，属

32、于偷换概念。第3题:【选项释义】The reason why women and blacks play down their visibility is that they _. 女性和黑人减少自己曝光率的原因是他们_。A. know that someone in authority will reach down and give them a promotion A. 知道权威人士会向下视察，给他们升职B. want to give people the impression that they work under false beliefs B. 想给人一种他们抱着错误信念工作的印

33、象C. dont want people to think that their promotions were due to sex or color C. 不希望人们认为他们晋升是由于性别或肤色D. believe they can get promoted by reason of their sex or color D. 认为他们能因性别或肤色而晋升【答案】C【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词play down their visibility定位到第三段第五句，该处讲到“大多数女性和黑人害怕人们认为（so frightened that people will th

34、ink）他们是因为性别或肤色而晋升，因此他们减少了自己的曝光率（that they play down their visibility）。”，可知其原因是不希望别人认为他们只因为性别或肤色而晋升，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“知道会有上级向下视察，给他们升职”：对应第三段第四句，该处讲到“他们认为（They think）权威人士会向下视察，给你升职（someone in authority will reach down and give you a promotion）。”，这是在解释前一句提到的错误信念，而非减少曝光率的主要原因，属于张冠李戴；B选项“想给人一种他们在错误信念下工

35、作的印象”：对应第三段第三句，该处讲到“列尔贾米森说（says Kaleel Jamison），女性和黑人抱着错误的信念工作。”，这句话是别人对他们的评价，而非他们自己想要这样做，属于偷换概念；D选项“认为他们能因性别或肤色而晋升”：他们不希望别人认为自己因性别或肤色而晋升，自己也不认为这样的事情会发生，属于反向干扰。第4题:【选项释义】The best title for this passage would be _. 这篇文章最好的标题是_。A. Role of Women and Minorities in Management A. 女性和少数族裔在管理中的作用B. The Impo

36、rtance of Being Visible B. 被看见的重要性C. Job Performance and Advancement C. 工作表现与晋升D. Sex and Career Success D. 性别与事业成功【答案】B【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】第一段提出女性、少数族裔（women and minorities）和新人对于公司原有观点的冲击（talk about things formerly judged to be best left unsaid）；第二段点出自己和自己工作被上级看到（exposure, a full 60%）是在职场中成功最重要的因素；第三段

37、建议女性和黑人让自己成为焦点（find their way into the spotlight）。综上所述，这篇文章层层递进，最终要表达的是在职场中，成为焦点、被看到很重要，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“女性和少数族裔在管理中的作用”：文中没有提到女性和少数族裔在管理中如何发挥作用，属于无中生有；C选项“工作表现与晋升”和D选项“性别与事业成功”：只是文章的部分内容，不能概括全文，属于以偏概全。13. 单选题But as the winter went on, I found it harder and harder to withdraweither from the events

38、 we read and heard about, or from the zeal that seized the students in the seminar.问题1选项A.enthusiasmB.motivationC.evidenceD.process【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. enthusiasm 热情，热忱 B. motivation 动力C. evidence 证明，证据 D. process （为达到某一目标的）过程，进程【答案】A【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】zeal的意思为“热情，激情”，指的是研讨会上学生们的热情，enthusiasm与之词义相近，因此A选项正

39、确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】但随着冬天的到来，我发现自己越来越难以从我们读到和听到的事件中抽身，也越来越难以从研讨会上学生们的热情中抽身。14. 单选题Although recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing consequently, more than 100 cities in the Uni

40、ted States still have levels of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and ozone (generated by photochemical reactions with hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust) that exceed legally established limits. There is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emi

41、ssionsshort of a massive shift away from the private automobileis to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner burning fuels such as compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas is ethanol, or methanol.All of these alternatives are carbon-based fuels whose molecules are smaller a

42、nd simpler than those of gasoline. These molecules bum more cleanly than gasoline, in part because they have fewer, if any, carbon-carbon bonds, and the hydrocarbons they do emit are less likely to generate ozone. The combustion of larger molecules, which have multiple carbon-carbon bonds, involves

43、a more complex series of reactions. These reactions increase the probability of incomplete combustion and are more likely to release uncombusted and photo chemically active hydrocarbon compounds into the atmosphere. On the other hand, alternative fuels do have drawbacks. Compressed natural gas would

44、 require that vehicles have a set of heavy fuel tanksa serious liability in terms of performance and fuel efficiencyand liquefied petroleum gas faces fundamental limits on supply.Ethanol and methanol, on the other hand, have important advantages over other carbon-based alternative fuels: they have a

45、 higher energy content per volume and would require minimal changes in the existing network for distributing motor fuel. Ethanol is commonly used as a gasoline supplement, but it is currently about twice as expensive as methanol, the low cost of which is one of its attractive features. Methanols mos

46、t attractive feature, however, is that it can reduce by about 90 percent the vehicle emissions that from ozone, the most serious urban pollutant.Like any alternative fuel, methanol has its critics. Yet much of the criticism is based on the use of “gasoline clone” vehicles that do not incorporate eve

47、n the simplest design improvements that are made possible with the use of methanol. It is true, for example, that a given volume of methanol provides only about one-half of the energy that gasoline and diesel fuel do; other things being equal, the fuel tank would have to be somewhat larger and heavi

48、er. However, since methanol-fueled vehicles could be designed to be much more efficient than “gasoline clone” vehicles fueled with methanol, they would need comparatively less-fuel. Vehiclesincorporating only the simplest of the engine improvements that methanol makes feasible would still contribute

49、 to an immediate lessening of urban air pollution.1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with _.2. According to the passage, incomplete combustion is more likely to occur with gasoline than with an alternative fuel because _.3. The author describes which of the following as the most app

50、ealing feature of methanol?4. It can be inferred that the author of the passage most likely regards the criticism of methanol in the last paragraph as _.问题1选项A.reconciling contradictory points of view about the nature of a problemB.identifying the strengths of possible solutions to a problemC.discus

51、sing a problem and arguing in favor of one solution to itD.outlining a plan of action to solve a problem and discussing the obstacles blocking that plan问题2选项A.combustion of gasoline involves an intricate series of reactionsB.the combustion of gasoline releases photo chemically active hydrocarbonsC.g

52、asoline molecules have a simple molecular structureD.gasoline is composed of small molecules问题3选项A.It is substantially less expensive than ethanol.B.it has a higher energy content than other alternative fuels.C.Its use would make design improvements in individual vehicles feasible.D.Its use would su

53、bstantially reduce ozone levels.问题4选项A.flawed because of the assumptions on which it is basedB.inapplicable because of an inconsistency in the critics argumentsC.misguided because of its exclusively technological focusD.inaccurate because it ignores consumers concerns【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:A【解析】第1题:

54、【选项释义】The author of the passage is primarily concerned with _. 本文作者主要关注的是_。A. reconciling contradictory points of view about the nature of a problem A. 调和关于问题本质的矛盾观点B. identifying the strengths of possible solutions to a problem B. 确定问题解决方案的优点C. discussing a problem and arguing in favor of one solut

55、ion to it C. 讨论某个问题并提出解决方案D. outlining a plan of action to solve a problem and discussing the obstacles blocking that plan D. 列出解决问题的行动计划，并讨论阻碍该计划的障碍【答案】B【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】第一段提出人们日益认识到减轻汽车对环境的污染（reductions in vehicle emissions），唯一有效的方法是把传统燃料换成清洁燃料（replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cl

56、eaner burning fuels）；第二段总体对比了传统燃料和清洁燃料的优缺点；第三段讲了甲醇和乙醇的优势（Ethanol and methanol.have important advantages）；第四段通过反驳甲醛批评者，来说明甲醛的优点。综上所述，作者提出了使用清洁能源来解决车辆对环境的污染问题，并且通过各个角度阐述其优点，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“调和关于问题本质的矛盾观点”：文中没有提到问题本质的矛盾观点，属于无中生有；C选项“讨论某个问题并提出解决方案”：这是第一段的内容，后文是在讲述解决方案的优点，不足以概括全文，属于以偏概全；D选项“列出解决问题的行动计划

57、，并讨论阻碍该计划的障碍”：文中没有列出一步一步的行动计划，以及该计划的阻碍，属于无中生有。第2题:【选项释义】According to the passage, incomplete combustion is more likely to occur with gasoline than with an alternative fuel because _. 根据文章，与替代燃料相比，汽油更容易不完全燃烧，原因是_。A. combustion of gasoline involves an intricate series of reactions A. 油的燃烧涉及一系列复杂的反应B.

58、the combustion of gasoline releases photo chemically active hydrocarbons B. 油燃烧释放出光化学活性碳氢化合物C. gasoline molecules have a simple molecular structure C. 油分子的分子结构简单D. gasoline is composed of small molecules D. 油由小分子组成【答案】A【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词incomplete combustion定位到第二段第三、四句，该处讲到“有多个碳碳双键的大分子燃烧涉及更复杂

59、的一系列反应（complex series of reactions）。这些反应增加了不完全燃烧的可能性（These reactions increase the probability of incomplete combustion）。”，可知汽油不容易完全燃烧的原因是涉及一系列复杂的反应，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“油燃烧释放出光化学活性碳氢化合物”：对应第二段第四句“这些反应增加了不完全燃烧的可能性，并且更有可能（and are more likely）将未燃烧的和光化学活性碳氢化合物释放到大气中。”，本选项说的是汽油不完全燃烧导致的后果，而不是原因，属于本末倒置；C选项“油分子的分子结构简单”：对应第二段第一句“所有这些替代品都是碳基燃料（carbon-based fuels），它们的分子比汽油的更小、更简单（simpler than those of gasoline）。”，可知分子结构简单的是汽油替代燃料，而不是汽油，属于张冠李戴；D选项“油由小分子组成”：对应第二段第一句“所有这些替代品都是碳基燃料（carbon-based fuels），它们的分子比汽油的更小、更简单（sm