2022年考博英语-华中科技大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第63期

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1、2022年考博英语-华中科技大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题strophysicists wrestling with the study of a new kind of star, the flat, “two-dimensional” configurations known as accretion disks have recently gained new insights into the behavior of these stars. Accretion disks exist in a variety of situations where mat

2、ters swirl around a compact star such as a white dwarf star or a neutron star. Accretion disks are also suspected of playing a part in more exotic situations, in which the central object is imagined to be a supermassive black hole, the ultimate form of collapsed matter, rather than a compact star. T

3、he modeling of accretion disks is still in its infancy, a situation analogous to the days when ordinary stars were modeled by using elementary scaling laws without benefit of knowledge of the nuclear processes that power the stars. Similarly, the basic physics of the power by which accretion disks r

4、adiate, thought to originate in a form of turbulent friction, is known only at the crudest level.Accretion disks were first defined in the context of Cataclysmic variables. In these systems, matter from the outer layers of an ordinary star is attracted by the gravitational influence of a nearby orbi

5、ting white dwarf star, the matter lost from the ordinary star cannot strike the surface of the tiny white dwarf directly but settles into an orbit around the star. The viscosity in the disk thus formed causes heating, radiation, and a slow spiraling of disk matter onto the surface of the white dwarf

6、.The rapid advances made in x-ray astronomy in the past decade have identified a second type of system in which accretion disks occur. In such a system, an accretion disk whirls about a neutron star rather than a white dwarf. The inner reaches of the accretion disk extend deeply into the gravitation

7、al potential of the neutron star where very rapid motion is the rule. The energy released by friction and the actual raining of the material from the disk onto the surface of the neutron star is so great that radiation is given off in a powerful flood of x-rays. And in at least one case, x-ray astro

8、nomers believe that the object in the center of an accretion disk is a black hole, suggesting that a third system may exist.It had been assumed that portions of accretion disks would be unstable and that, as a result, clumping of their matter into rings would occur. There is no evidence from observa

9、tion, however, that accretion disks do, in fact, suffer from these instabilities. In recent work, Abramowicz has shown that added gravitational effects due to general relativity may alter the expected Newtonian gravitational relationships in such a way that the disk remains stable, indicating that i

10、t is possible that these predicted instabilities do not occur.Further progress toward understanding accretion disks will involve defining and proposing solutions to restricted problems just as was done in this case and was done and continues to be done for ordinary stars. Abramowicz work is a valuab

11、le example of the care that must be taken before reaching conclusions regarding accretion disks.1.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with（ ）.2.It can be inferred from the passage that predictions of the instability of accretion disks were based on which of the following?3.The authors a

12、ttitude toward Abramowicz work can best be described as one of（ ）.4.The passage suggests which of the following about current scientific knowledge of the nuclear processes of ordinary stars?5.The passage suggests that Abramowicz work was motivated by which of the following assumptions?6.The passage

13、implies which of the following about the progress of knowledge in astrophysics?7.The passage suggests that, compared to the study of ordinary stars, the study of accretion disks is（ ）.8.According to the passage, some accretion disks originated in（ ）.9.It can be inferred from the passage that the sig

14、nificance of Abramowicz work is that it（ ）.问题1选项A.comparing Abramowicz work to the work of earlier astrophysicistsB.providing information about accretion disks and discussing significant new workC.defining the conditions under which accretion disks can be observedD.exploring the question of whether

15、a black hole can ever be the central object of an accretion diskE.describing the phenomenon of accretion disks and reviewing several conflicting theories of their origins问题2选项A.A calculation of the probable effects of standard Newtonian gravitational relationshipsB.A calculation of the probable rela

16、tionship between general relativity and standard Newtonian gravitational relationshipsC.A calculation of the energy released by friction within a compact starD.Observation of the x-rays radiated by compact starsE.Observation of the clumping of accretion disk matter into rings around compact stars问题3

17、选项A.uncertain approvalB.unqualified respectC.mild interestD.careful dismissalE.hostile skepticism问题4选项A.Its pattern of development has been analogous to that of developments in x-ray astronomy.B.Its role in the explanation of turbulent friction has been significant.C.It has contributed to a more acc

18、urate modeling of ordinary stars.D.It lags behind knowledge of scaling laws.E.It explains the behavior of accretion disks as well as that of ordinary stars.问题5选项A.The quantity of energy released by accretion disks can be as large as it is only if the disks are stable.B.Improved techniques in x-ray a

19、stronomy would reveal any instabilities occurring in accretion disks.C.The lack of observational evidence of instabilities in accretion disks suggests that predictions of their occurrence might be wrong.D.Known methods of observing accretion disk surrounding compact stars and black holes do not perm

20、it the observation of the matter in accretion disks.E.The gravitational potential of compact stars does not vary from star to star.问题6选项A.Adherence to outdated theories has, in the past, limited the activities of astrophysicists and restricted progress.B.Progress has, in the past, occurred only as a

21、 result of significant breakthroughs in basic physics and chemistry.C.Progress has, in the past, occurred as a result of a process of defining and solving restricted problems.D.Given the recent acquisition of knowledge about the nuclear processes of stars, further progress is likely to be limited to

22、 the refinement of what is already known.E.Conclusions in astrophysics have, in the past, been seriously flawed, thus limiting progress, although there have recently been signs of change.问题7选项A.derivativeB.more sophisticatedC.less clearly focusedD.at an earlier stage of developmentE.more dependent o

23、n technological advances问题8选项A.an increase in heat and radiation around an ordinary starB.a powerful flood of x-rays emitted by a neutron starC.a collision between two starsD.the turbulent friction on the surface of a compact starE.the accumulation of matter removed from an ordinary star问题9选项A.provi

24、des a means of measuring the gravitational potential of neutron starsB.opens a new area for exploration in the field of x-ray astronomyC.proves that scaling laws cannot be applied to accretion disksD.proposes a new system of classification of starsE.suggests a resolution of a discrepancy between a t

25、heoretical prediction and actual observation【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C第6题:C第7题:D第8题:E第9题:E【解析】1.主旨大意题。通读全文，原文多次出现关键词“accretion disks” “new insights”,从而即可了解作者的写作主旨，得出本题答案。2.细节推断题。根据题干关键词“instability”将信息点定位到原文第四段第二、三句。 “There is no evidence from observation, however, that accretion disks do, in fac

26、t, suffer from these instabilities. In recent work, Abramowicz has shown that added gravitational effects due to general relativity may alter the expected Newtonian gravitational relationships in such a way that the disk remains stable, indicating that it is possible that these predicted instabiliti

27、es do not occur.”从而得出本题答案。3.观点态度题。根据题干关键词“Abramowicz work”，可将信息点定位到原文最后一段最后一句。“Abramowicz work is a valuable example of the care that must be taken before reaching conclusions regarding accretion disks.（阿布拉莫维奇的工作是一个很有价值的例子，说明在得出关于吸积盘的结论之前必须小心谨慎。）”作者对其研究是绝对的尊重。从而得出本题答案。4.细节推断题。根据题干关键词“the nuclear pro

28、cesses of ordinary stars”,将信息点定位到原文最后一段第一句。“Further progress toward understanding accretion disks will involve defining and proposing solutions to restricted problems just as was done in this case and was done and continues to be done for ordinary stars.”从而得出本题答案。5.细节事实题。根据题干关键词“Abramowicz work”，将信息

29、点定位为原文第四段第三句 “In recent work, Abramowicz has shown that added gravitational effects due to general relativity may alter the expected Newtonian gravitational relationships in such a way that the disk remains stable, indicating that it is possible that these predicted instabilities do not occur.（在最近的工

30、作中，Abramowicz已经表明，由广义相对论引起的附加引力效应可能会改变预期的牛顿引力关系，使圆盘保持稳定，这表明这些预测的不稳定性可能不会发生。）”，从而得出本题答案。6.事实细节题。信息点定位为原文最后一段第一句。根据“involve defining and proposing solutions to restricted problems just as was done in this case（就像在本例中所做的那样，涉及到对受限问题的定义和提出解决方案）”即可得出本题答案。7.事实细节题。根据题干将信息点定位到原文第一段第四句。根据“The modeling of accr

31、etion disks is still in its infancy, a situation analogous to the days when ordinary stars were modeled by using elementary scaling laws without benefit of knowledge of the nuclear processes that power the stars.（吸积盘的建模仍处于初级阶段，类似于普通恒星使用基本尺度定律建模的日子，而不需要了解恒星的核反应过程。）”即可得出本题答案。8.细节事实题。根据题干信息将本题信息点定位到原文第

32、二段第二句。“In these systems, matter from the outer layers of an ordinary star is attracted by the gravitational influence of a nearby orbiting white dwarf star, the matter lost from the ordinary star cannot strike the surface of the tiny white dwarf directly but settles into an orbit around the star.（在这

33、些系统中，来自普通恒星外层的物质受到附近环绕白矮星的引力影响而被吸引，普通恒星失去的物质不能直接撞击微小白矮星的表面，而是进入围绕恒星的轨道。）”从而得出本题答案。9.细节推断题。根据题干信息可将本题信息点定位为原文最后一段。根据段落信息合理推断后即可得出本题答案。2. 单选题No very satisfactory account of the mechanism that caused the formation of the ocean basins has yet been given. The traditional view supposes that the upper mant

34、le of the earth behaves as a liquid when it is subjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earth with rising convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinking currents un

35、der the continents. Theoretically, this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a conveyor belt and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge. This view may be correct: it has the advantage that the currents are driven by temp

36、erature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents. Such a back-coupling, in which the position of the moving plate has an impact on the forces that move it, could produce complicated and varying motions.On the other hand, the theory is implausible because convection does n

37、ot normally occur along lines, and it certainly does not occur along lines broken by frequent offsets or changes in direction, as the ridge is. Also it is difficult to see how the theory applies to the plate between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian Ocean. This plate is growing on b

38、oth sides, and since there is no intermediate trench, the two ridges must be moving apart. It would be odd if the rising convection currents kept exact pace with them. An alternative theory is that the sinking part of the plate, which is denser than the hotter surrounding mantle, pulls the rest of t

39、he plate after it. Again it is difficult to see how this applies to the ridge in the South Atlantic, where neither the African nor the American plate has a sinking part.Another possibility is that the sinking plate cools the neighboring mantle and produces convection currents that move the plates. T

40、his last theory is attractive because it gives some hope of explaining the enclosed seas, such as the Sea of Japan. These seas have a typical oceanic floor, except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods. It seems possibl

41、e that a sinking current of cooled mantle material on the upper side of the plate might be the cause of such deep basins. The enclosed seas are an important feature of the earths surface, and seriously require explanation in because, addition to the enclosed seas that are developing at present behin

42、d island arcs, there are a number of older ones of possibly similar origin, such as the Gulf of Mexico, the Black Sea, and perhaps the North Sea.26.According to the traditional view of the origin of the ocean basins, which of the following is sufficient to move the continental plates?27.It can be in

43、ferred from the passage that, of the following, the deepest sediments would be found in the （ ） .28.According to the passage, which of the following are separated by a plate that is growing on both sides?29.The author refers to conveyer belt in Sentence 3, Paragraph 1, in order to（ ）.30.Which of the

44、 following titles would best describe the content of the passage?问题1选项A.Increases in sedimentation on ocean floors.B.Spreading of ocean trenches.C.Movement of mid-ocean ridges.D.Differences in temperature under oceans and continents.问题2选项A.Indian OceanB.Black SeaC.Mid-AtlanticD.South Atlantic问题3选项A.

45、The Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan.B.The South Atlantic Ridge and the North Sea Ridge.C.The Gulf of Mexico and the South Atlantic Ridge.D.The Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Indian Ocean Ridge.问题4选项A.illustrate the effects of convection in the mantleB.show how temperature differences depend on the po

46、sitions of the continentsC.demonstrate the linear nature of the Mid-Atlantic RidgeD.describe the complicated motions made possible by back-coupling问题5选项A.A Description of the Oceans of the WorldB.Several Theories of Ocean Basin FormationC.The Traditional View of the OceansD.Convection and Ocean Curr

47、ents【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B【解析】26.细节事实题。根据题干中的traditional view，将信息点定位为第一段第二句。The traditional view supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it is subjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient

48、 to produce convection in the mantle of the earth with rising convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinking currents under the continents.（传统观点认为，地球上地幔长期受小力量作用时表现为液体，海洋和大陆下的温差足以产生地幔对流，大洋中脊下对流上升，大陆下对流下降。）从而得出本题答案。27.细节推断题。根据题干中的sediments，将信息点定位为最后一段第三句。These seas have a typical oceanic f

49、loor, except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment.（这些海洋有一个典型的海底，只是海底覆盖着几公里长的沉积物。）通过对比答案与尾段内容，答案为尾段尾句的Black Sea。从而得出本题答案。28.细节事实题。根据题干中的plate, is growing on both sides，将信息点定位为第二段第三句。This plate is growing on both sides, and since there is no intermediate trench, the two ridges

50、must be moving apart.此句中的this指代前一句的the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian Ocean。从而得出本题答案。29.语义题。根据题干的提示，将信息点定位为第一段第三句。Theoretically, this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a conveyor belt and would provide the forces needed to produce the split th

51、at occurs along the ridge.第一段用很长的句子来描述地球表层的运动，紧接着用conveyor belt来描述运动的结果。从而得出本题答案。30.主旨题。文章第一段第一句为全文的主题句，No very satisfactory account of the mechanism that caused the formation of the ocean basins has yet been given.（关于造成海洋盆地形成的机理，至今还没有一个非常令人满意的解释。）说明文章的内容，即：关于ocean basins形成的不同学说。从而得出本题答案。3. 单选题Our n

52、ext task is to consider the policies and principles a ruler ought to follow in dealing with his subjects or with his friends. Since I know many people have written on this subject, I am concerned it may be thought presumptuous for me to write on I as well, especially since what I have to say, as reg

53、ards this question in particular, will differ greatly from the recommendations of others. But my hope is to write a book that will be useful, at least to those who read it intelligently, and so I thought it sensible to go straight to a discussion of how things are in real life and not waste time wit

54、h discussion of an imaginary world. For many authors have constructed imaginary republics and principalities that have never existed in practice and never could; for the gap between how people actually behave and how they ought to behave is so great that anyone who ignores everyday reality in order

55、to live up to an ideal will soon discover he has been taught how to destroy himself, not how to preserve himself. For anyone who wants to act the part of a good man in all circumstances will bring about his own ruin, for those he has to deal with will not all be good. So it is necessary for a ruler,

56、 if he wants to hold on to power, to learn how not to be good, and to know when it is and when it is not necessary to use this knowledge.Let us leave to one side, then, all discussion of imaginary rulers and talk about practical realities. I maintain that all men, when people talk about them, and es

57、pecially rulers, because they hold positions of authority, are described in terms of qualities that are inextricably linked to censure or to praise. So one man is described as generous, another as a miser; one is called open-handed, another tight-fisted; one man is cruel, another gentle; one untrust

58、worthy, another self-important; one promiscuous, another monogamous; one straightforward, another duplicitous; one tough, another easy-going; one serious, another cheerful; one religious, another atheistical; and so on.Now I know everyone will agree that if a ruler could have all the good qualities

59、I have listed and none of the bad ones, then this would be an excellent state of affairs. But one cannot have all the good qualities, nor always act in a praiseworthy fashion, for we do not live in an ideal world. You have to be canny enough to avoid being thought to have those evil qualities that w

60、ould make it impossible for you to retain power; as for those that are compatible with holding on to power, you should avoid them if you can; but if you cannot, then you should not worry too much if people say you have them. Above all, do not be upset if you are supposed to have those vices a ruler

61、needs if he is going to stay securely in power, for, if you think about it, you will realize there are some ways of behaving that are supposed to be virtuous, but would lead to your downfall, and others that are supposed to be wicked, but will lead to your welfare and peace of mind.31.The word “pres

62、umptuous” in the first paragraph probably means （ ）.32.If a ruler follows other authors suggestion, he might （ ）.33.In the book, the authors discussion most likely focuses on （ ）.34.If a ruler wants to secure the power in his own hands, he needs （ ）.35.A suitable title for the passage would be （ ）.问

63、题1选项A.showing dishonestyB.showing rebellionC.showing submissionD.showing disrespect问题2选项A.try his best to be a good egg all the timeB.understand the important of an authoritative statementC.try to gain great fame and high prestigeD.know when to be kind and when to be cruel问题3选项A.presenting a real wo

64、rld to his readersB.describing an ideal society to his readersC.explaining how to construct a perfect systemD.illustrating what a wise ruler should do问题4选项A.wicked crueltyB.immoral qualitiesC.cunning subjectsD.disreputable rivals问题5选项A.On VirtuesB.On WisdomC.On Praise and CensureD.On Power【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】31.语义题。根据题干关键词，将信息点定位至原文第一段，根据“differ greatly from the recommendations of others（与