2022年考博英语-宁波大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第151期

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1、2022年考博英语-宁波大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The central themes around which we have woven our narrative are those of modernization and revolution. These processes of change can be seen in the crucial nineteenth century(1) the great amount of space devoted to that (2) in this textand partly were the product

2、 of outside influences. (3) from the outset there was an ongoing struggle between external forces and internal difficulties and differences, that (4) the outcome of Chinas efforts to modernize. As such, these posed challenges that were far greater than those (5) by other states that came late to mod

3、ernization, especially Russia and Japan, countries (6) which Chinas attempts at modernization are frequently compared. The (7) in which the Chinese employed their past to (8) these challenges had a seminal influence on the (9) in which the Chinese structured their revolution and, we believe, continu

4、es to (10) heavily on the course of events in China today.Modernization is a difficult concept to define. This is partly (11) the complexity of changes associated with it as well as the wide variety of ways in which nations have (12) the experience. We define modernization here as the process by whi

5、ch societies move from a rural, agrarian base to (13) industrial structures of living via the (14) of science, technology, and rational modes of thought. Elements commonly (15) with such restructuring of the social order (16) sustained economic growth, specialization of labor, increased public educa

6、tion, broader distribution of income, expanded life expectancy, an increased reliance (17) bureaucracy, and mass political participation. Once set in (18), modernization affects all parts of a countrys social structure as well as the (19) of its citizens. When such changes take place rapidly, they n

7、aturally have a revolutionary (20) on the society undergoing the experience.问题1选项A.thoughB.indeedC.stillD.hence问题2选项A.periodB.sessionC.routeD.line问题3选项A.WhenB.YetC.WhileD.Since问题4选项A.destroyedB.controlledC.shapedD.helped问题5选项A.confrontedB.producedC.welcomedD.invited问题6选项A.alongB.againstC.toD.with问题7

8、选项A.designB.mannerC.timeD.age问题8选项A.restateB.confineC.inventD.overcome问题9选项A.waysB.customsC.ordersD.parts问题10选项A.carryB.dependC.weighD.put问题11选项A.with regard toB.in terms ofC.due toD.thanks to问题12选项A.looked forward toB.led toC.put up withD.gone through问题13选项A.economicB.culturalC.socialD.urban问题14选项A

9、.relationB.applicationC.contrastD.regard问题15选项A.dealtB.associatedC.groupedD.locked问题16选项A.includeB.suggestC.highlightD.resemble问题17选项A.toB.onC.withD.for问题18选项A.motionB.sightC.termsD.time问题19选项A.paceB.obligationC.consciousnessD.road问题20选项A.senseB.forceC.impactD.power【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:A第5题:A第6题:D

10、第7题:B第8题:D第9题:A第10题:A第11题:C第12题:D第13题:D第14题:B第15题:B第16题:A第17题:B第18题:A第19题:A第20题:C【解析】1.【选项释义】A. though 尽管 B. indeed 确实C. still 仍然 D. hence 因此【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】上一句提到“这些变化过程可以在至关重要的19世纪看到（can be seen in the crucial nineteenth century）”，其中用到了crucial这个词，说明这一个时期特别重要；空格后面说到“本文在这个方面用了大量的篇幅”，其中用到了great amount

11、 of（大量的）一词；综合理解，我们可以知道，空格前后为因果的逻辑关系，因为19世纪是至关重要的，所以用大量篇幅来描写。因此，该题选择D项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项不符合句间逻辑。【句意】因此本文用了大量篇幅2.【选项释义】A. period 时期 B. session 会议，学期C. route 路线 D. line 线条【考查点】关键词同义转换。【解题思路】上一句提到“这些变化过程可以在至关重要的19世纪看到（can be seen in the crucial nineteenth century）”，其中nineteenth century（19世纪）相当于是一段时间，所以pe

12、riod是对nineteenth century（19世纪）的同义转换。因此，该题选择A项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合上下文语义。【句意】因此本文用了大量篇幅描述那个时期。3.【选项释义】A. When 当的时候 B. Yet 还，然而C. While 然而，当的时候 D. Since 因为【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】这一句是说“从一开始，外部力量和内部困难分歧就在不断斗争”，上一句提到的是“这些变化过程可以在至关重要的19世纪看到，并且部分是外部影响的产物”，可知前后是转折的关系，C项符合句间逻辑。因此，该题选择C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、D选项不符合句间逻辑；B选项多用于否

13、定句中。【句意】而从一开始，外部力量和内部困难分歧就在不断斗争。4.【选项释义】A. destroyed 毁灭，破坏 B. controlled 控制C. shaped 塑造，形成 D. helped 帮助【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】主语从句that指代的是前面的那件事，即“外部力量和内部困难分歧在不断斗争”，宾语是“中国现代化建设的成果（outcome）”，根据上文“外部力量和内部困难分歧就在不断斗争”可推测出struggle（斗争）对outcome（成果）应该是破坏性的。因此，A项符合语义。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合句子语义。【句意】而从一开始，外部力量和内部困难分歧就在不断斗争，

14、使中国现代化建设的成果毁于一旦。5.【选项释义】A. confronted 面对，面临 B. produced 产生C. welcomed 欢迎 D. invited 邀请【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】空格前面的those指的是those challenges（这些挑战），空格后面的by other states（其他国家）是空格处动词的发出者，而states和challenges之间通常是“国家面临挑战”的关系，所以A项符合语义。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合句子语义。【句意】因此，这些斗争所带来的挑战远远大于其他现代化进程较晚的国家所面临的挑战。6.【选项释义】A. along 沿着 B

15、. against 反对C. to 对 D. with 和【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】空格后的which引导的是定语从句修饰前面的countries，which指代countries在定语从句中充当宾语，所以完整的定语从句应该是Chinas attempts at modernization are frequently compared _ which（即countries）（中国的现代化尝试经常被拿来与国家进行比较）；从中我们可知，空格处要填入一个介词和compare搭配，且本句强调国与国之间现代化的比较，相同事物用compare with“与相比较”，指研究评判人与人之间，事物与事物之间

16、相同或相异的程度，符合语法结构和语境。在正式文体中，定语从句内的谓语词组的介词（像本题这样的情况），在正式文体中通常会前置在关系代词之前，更为正式。因此，该题选择D项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项不与compare搭配；B选项compare against表示“对进行比较”，不符合句子语义；C选项compare to表示“把比作”，异类相比，举例：We often compare a teacher to a candle.（我们常把老师比喻成蜡烛。），而本句是国家之间现代化进行相比，不符合句子语义。【句意】特别是俄罗斯和日本，这两个国家经常与中国的现代化尝试进行比较。7.【选项释义】A. des

17、ign 设计 B. manner 方法C. time 时间 D. age 年龄【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】空格后的in which为介词+关系代词引导的定语从句，修饰并指代空格处的名词，由介词in可知，空格处要填入一个和in搭配的词语，表方式。因此，只有B项符合语义。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项均不符合句子语义逻辑。【句意】中国人利用他们的过去的方式。8.【选项释义】A. restate 重申，重新叙述 B. confine 限制C. invent 发明 D. overcome 克服【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】空格位于to不定式后面，要填入一个动词，而空格后面是these challenges

18、（这些挑战），所以空格处与these challenges（这些挑战）搭配的动词只有overcome符合。因此，该题选择D项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项不符合句子语义。【句意】中国人利用他们的过去来克服这些挑战的方式。9.【选项释义】A. ways 方式，方法 B. customs 习俗C. orders 命令 D. parts 部分【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】空格后的in which为介词+关系代词引导的定语从句，修饰并指代空格处的名词，此部分与前面的The manner in which（的方式）相对应，所以该空格处也要填入表示方式的词语，只有A项符合。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不

19、符合句子语义。【句意】中国人利用他们的过去来克服这些挑战的方式，对中国人组织革命的方式产生了重大影响。10.【选项释义】A. carry 实施 B. depend 依靠C. weigh 称重 D. put 拿，放【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】由句子结构可知，空格处缺少一个动词和后面的on搭配，动词continue to（继续）的主语是the manner（方法），综合理解可知，carry on固定用法，表示“继续进行”。因此，该题选择A项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项depend on（取决于）、C选项weigh on（重压于）、D选项put on（增加，穿上）都不适合和主语the manner（方

20、法）搭配。【句意】我们相信，这种方式将继续在今天的中国事件进程中发挥重大作用。11.【选项释义】A. with regard to 关于 B. in terms of 按照，依照C. due to 由于 D. thanks to 幸亏，由于【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】上一句说“现代化是一个难以定义的概念”，这一句提到“与之相关的变化的复杂性”，且根据partly（部分地）可推测，这两个句子之间为因果关系，due to指客观表述因为某种原因而造成的结果，所以C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B选项不符合句间逻辑；D选项多指表达某种原因而产生了好的结果，带有个人感情色彩在内，不符合句子语境。【句意】

21、这在一定程度上是由于与之相关的变化的复杂性。12.【选项释义】A. looked forward to 盼望，期待 B. led to 导致，通向C. put up with 忍受，容忍 D. gone through 经历，查阅【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】空格处为in which引导的定语从句中的谓语动词，根据空格后面的宾语experience可知，空格处要填入表示“经历”相关的词语才符合句子语义。因此，该题选择D项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项不符合句子语义。【句意】这在一定程度上是由于与之相关的变化的复杂性以及各国经历这一经验的方式的广泛多样性。13.【选项释义】A. economi

22、c 经济的，经济上的 B. cultural 文化的C. social 社会的 D. urban 城市的【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】由to前面的a rural, agrarian base（农村农业基础）和空格后面的industrial structures of living（工业生活结构）可知，前后为对比关系，跟“农村”相对的是“城市”，所以D项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项不符合该对比关系。【句意】社会从农村、农业基础向城市工业生活结构转变的过程。14.【选项释义】A. relation 关系 B. application 应用C. contrast 对照 D. regard 注

23、意，尊重【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】介词via表示方式，空格处要填入一个名词，由science, technology, and rational modes of thought（科学、技术和理性思维模式）来修饰；根据常识可推测，空格处表示“科学、技术和理性思维模式的应用”，所以B项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项不符合句子语义。【句意】在这里，我们把现代化定义为社会通过科学、技术和理性思维模式的应用，从农村、农业基础向城市工业生活结构转变的过程。15.【选项释义】A. dealt 处理 B. associated 联系C. grouped 把聚集 D. locked 锁上【考查点】搭配。

24、【解题思路】空格后面有一个介词with，可知空格处要填入与with搭配的动词，而associate with为固定用法，表示“与联系在一起”，符合句子语义。因此，该题选择B项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项deal with表示“处理，应付”，不符合句子语义；C、D选项不能和with搭配。【句意】通常与这种社会秩序的重组相关的因素。16.【选项释义】A. include 包括 B. suggest 建议C. highlight 强调 D. resemble 类似【考查点】语义逻辑。【解题思路】空格处要填入一个谓语动词，而主语elements（因素）和空格后面的宾语之间是包含的关系，所以该题A项符合语

25、义。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合句子语义逻辑。【句意】与这种社会秩序重组相关的因素通常包括持续的经济增长、劳动的专业化、公共教育的增加、收入分配的扩大、预期寿命的延长、对官僚机构的依赖的增加以及大众的政治参与。17.【选项释义】A. to 对，给 B. on 在上C. with 和 D. for 因为，对于【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】空格处要填入一个介词和前面的reliance搭配，reliance on为固定搭配，表示“依靠，依赖”。因此，该题选择B项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项不与reliance搭配。【句意】对官僚机构的依赖的增加。18.【选项释义】A. motion 行动

26、B. sight 视线C. terms 条款 D. time 时间【考查点】语义逻辑。【解题思路】set的逻辑主语是modernization，空格后面谈到的是现代化对国家和公民的影响，结合“一旦（once）”，可知，空格部分表示的是“一旦实施现代化”；且in motion为固定用法，表示“活动中，运动中”。因此，该题选择A项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合句子语义逻辑。【句意】现代化一旦启动。19.【选项释义】A. pace 步伐 B. obligation 义务C. consciousness 意识 D. road 道路【考查点】联系上下文。【解题思路】这一句说的是“现代化一旦启动

27、会影响一个国家社会结构的各个方面以及公民的_”，在该段第二句有提到“现代化的定义就是从农村、农业基础向城市工业生活结构转变的过程”，联系上文我们可以推测，现代化不仅影响社会结构，也影响着公民的生活节奏。因此，该题选择A项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合上下文语义。【句意】现代化一旦开始，就会影响到一个国家社会结构的各个方面以及公民的生活节奏。20.【选项释义】A. sense 感觉 B. force 力量C. impact 影响 D. power 能力，权势【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】空格处需要填入一个名词，和后面的介词on搭配；而主语they指的是such challenges（这些

28、变化），变化对社会的作用是“影响”，且impact on表示“对的影响”。因此，该题选择C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合句子语义逻辑和搭配。【句意】当这些变化迅速发生时，它们自然会对正在经历这种变化的社会产生革命性的影响。2. 单选题Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunitiesas well as new and significant risks. Civil rights activists have long argued

29、 that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that

30、 businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of publi

31、c works contracts to minority enterprises.Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with mino

32、rity businesses for the early 1980s is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves f

33、inancially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face po

34、tentially crippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small companys efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the fin

35、ancial health of the business will suffer.A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, White an

36、d minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts” with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint vent

37、ures.Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becomingand remainingdependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their cu

38、stomer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.31. The primary purpose of the passage is to _.32. According to the passage, civil rights activists maintain that one

39、 disadvantage under which minority-owned businesses have traditionally had to labor is that they have _.33. The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to _.34. It can be inferred from the passage that, compared

40、with the requirements of law, the percentage goals set by “some federal and local agencies” (in Paragraph 1) are _.35. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the authors assertion that, in the 1970s, corporate response to federal requirements (in Paragraph 2) was substantial?问题1选项A.prese

41、nt a commonplace idea and its inaccuraciesB.describe a situation and its potential drawbacksC.propose a temporary solution to a problemD.explore the implications of a finding问题2选项A.been especially vulnerable to governmental mismanagement of the economyB.been denied bank loans at rates comparable to

42、those afforded larger competitorsC.not had sufficient opportunity to secure business created by large corporationsD.not had adequate representation in the centers of government power问题3选项A.experience frustration but not serious financial harmB.face potentially crippling fixed expensesC.have to recor

43、d its efforts on forms filed with the governmentD.increase its spending with minority subcontractors问题4选项A.more popular with large corporationsB.more specificC.less controversialD.easier to comply with问题5选项A.Between 1970 and 1972, corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses declined by 25 per

44、cent.B.The figures collected in 1977 underrepresented the extent of corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses.C.The estimate of corporate spending with minority-owned businesses in 1980 is approximately $10 million too high.D.The $1.1 billion represented the same percentage of total corpora

45、te spending in 1977 as did $77 million in 1972.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:D【解析】31.【选项释义】31. The primary purpose of the passage is to _. 31. 文章的主要目的是为了_。A. present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies A. 提出一个老生常谈的观点及其不准确之处B. describe a situation and its potential drawbacks B. 描述一种情况及其潜在的缺点C. prop

46、ose a temporary solution to a problem C. 对一个问题提出临时的解决方案D. explore the implications of a finding D. 探索一个发现的含义【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】文章的结构是总分结构；文章第一句是“近年来，美国的少数民族企业既面临前所未有的机遇，也面临新的重大风险”，可知文章讨论的主题是美国少数民族企业所面临的机遇和风险；文章第一段和第二段前半部分讨论的是机遇的一面，后面部分讨论的是少数民族企业面临的三个潜在风险；所以推断，文章的目的是为了描述少数民族企业所面临的机遇以及潜在的一些风险和缺陷，所以B项正确。

47、【干扰项排除】A选项中的inaccuracies并不符合原文中的risk，属于曲解原文；C选项在原文并没有讨论所面临的风险的解决办法；D选项没有提到，属于无中生有。32.【选项释义】32. According to the passage, civil rights activists maintain that one disadvantage under which minority-owned businesses have traditionally had to labor is that they have _. 32. 根据文章，民权运动人士认为，少数民族企业传统上不得不面对的一

48、个不利条件是，他们_。A. been especially vulnerable to governmental mismanagement of the economy A. 在政府对经济管理不善的情况下尤其脆弱B. been denied bank loans at rates comparable to those afforded larger competitors B. 无法获得与大型竞争对手相当的银行贷款利率C. not had sufficient opportunity to secure business created by large corporations C. 没

49、有充分的机会来确保大企业的业务D. not had adequate representation in the centers of government power D. 在政府权力中心没有足够的代表权【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干的关键信息civil rights activists可以定位到文章第一段第二句“民权活动人士长期以来一直认为（have long argued），黑人、拉美裔和其他少数民族难以在商界立足的主要原因之一是他们无法获得（lack access to）大公司的大宗订单和分包合同”，从中我们可知，民权运动人士认为少数民族企业传统上必须面对的劣势就是无法获得

50、大公司的订单和分包合同，句子中的lack access相当于lack opportunity，所以推断C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、D选项在文中并未提到，属于无中生有；B选项中的bank loans没有提到，属于无中生有。33.【选项释义】33. The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to _. 33. 这篇文章暗示，大型企业投标分包合同的失败可能会迅速导致_。A. exp

51、erience frustration but not serious financial harm A. 经历一些挫折，但不会造成严重的经济损失B. face potentially crippling fixed expenses B. 面对潜在的严重的固定费用C. have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government C. 必须将其努力记录在政府存档的表格上D. increase its spending with minority subcontractors D. 增加对少数分包商的支出【考查点】推理判断题。【解题

52、思路】原文并没有提到大企业投标失败会怎样，但是文中提到了小企业的情况，定位第二段第五句“因为大多数公司都是小公司，而且与大公司不同（unlike large businesses），它们经常需要在新工厂、员工、设备等方面进行大量投资，以便完成分包给它们的工作”，从unlike large businesses可以看出，这里对大企业和小企业进行了对比；结合该段最后一句“小公司的努力必须很快带来订单，否则公司的士气和财务都会受到影响”我们可以得出，大企业的情况与小企业的相反，即大企业的士气和财物不会受到影响，所以A项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项是小型企业面临的风险，属于反向干扰；C选项是国会要求的内

53、容，与题干无关，属于出处错位；D选项没有提到，属于无中生有。34.【选项释义】34. It can be inferred from the passage that, compared with the requirements of law, the percentage goals set by “some federal and local agencies” (in Paragraph 1) are _. 34. 从文章中可以推断，与法律的要求相比，第一段中的“一些联邦和地方机构”设定的百分比目标是_。A. more popular with large corporations A

54、. 更受大公司欢迎B. more specific B. 更具体C. less controversial C. 更少争议D. easier to comply with D. 易于遵守【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中的关键信息定位至第一段，倒数第二句提到“现在，国会显然同意，通过法律规定获得超过50万美元联邦合同的企业必须尽力寻找少数民族分包商并在政府存档的表格上记录他们所做的努力”，可知法律要求的只是超过50万美金联邦合同的企业要将少数民族企业的努力记录在档，而从最后一句“事实上，一些联邦和地方机构甚至为将部分公共工程合同分配给少数民族企业制定了具体的（specific）百分比

55、目标”可知，一些联邦政府和地方机构为少数民族企业要求的是具体的百分比目标，所以我们可以推断，B项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项都没有提到，属于无中生有。35.【选项释义】35. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the authors assertion that, in the 1970s, corporate response to federal requirements (in Paragraph 2) was substantial? 35. 如果下列哪一项是正确的，将最削弱作者的断言，即第二段中，在20世纪70

56、年代，企业对联邦要求的响应是积极的？A. Between 1970 and 1972, corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses declined by 25 percent. A. 1970年至1972年间，与少数民族企业签订的公司合同下降了25%。B. The figures collected in 1977 underrepresented the extent of corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses. B. 1977年收集的数据不足以代表与少数民族企业签订的

57、公司合同的范围。C. The estimate of corporate spending with minority-owned businesses in 1980 is approximately $10 million too high. C. 据估计，1980年在少数民族企业上的支出大约有1000万美元，实在是太高了。D. The $1.1 billion represented the same percentage of total corporate spending in 1977 as did $77 million in 1972. D. 这11亿美元在1977年的企业支

58、出总额中所占比例与1972年的7700万美元相同。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】定位到第二段前两句“企业的反应似乎相当积极。根据1977年收集的数据，与少数民族企业签订的公司合同总额从1972年的7700万美元上升到1977年的11亿美元。”，这是题干的信息所在之处，从上一段最后一句“事实上，一些联邦和地方机构甚至为将部分公共工程合同分配给少数民族企业制定了具体的百分比目标”可知，联邦的做法是“为给少数民族企业分配合同制定了具体的百分比目标”，所以作者的断言是，企业对联邦要求的积极响应使得这些少数民族企业从1972年到1977年，合同总额大大增加；那么反推，如果1977年的合同额和1972

59、年的合同额在当年的占比是一样的，那么corporate response to federal requirements was substantial就没有足够的理由成立，因此，该题选择D项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项中的合同下降不代表合同总额下降，该项属于曲解原文；B选项中的extent和联邦的要求无关，该项属于无中生有；C选项不是weaken而是strength了作者在第二段的主张，该项属于反向干扰。3. 单选题In the 1970s, there was great optimism about earthquake prediction. A few so-called earthq

60、uake precursors had come to light, and there was even a theory (known as dilatancy) put forth to explain many of the phenomena that come before a large earthquake. A series of foreshocks is an example of a precursor. However, since foreshocks look just like any other earthquakes, they are not in the

61、mselves very useful in prediction. From all points around the globe, there are numerous anecdotal reports about other precursors, earthquake folklore, if you will.Many widely reported earthquake precursors are related to groundwater. A few hours before a large earthquake, marked changes have been re

62、ported in the level or flow of wells and springs. Groundwater has also reportedly changed temperature, become cloudy, or acquired a bad taste. Occasionally, electrostatic phenomena such as earthquake lights (similar to St. Elmos fire that appears on ships during electrical storms) and changes in the local magnetic field have been reported. Anecdotal reports also persistently include the strange behavior of animals, which might be linked to elect