2022年考博英语-西南交通大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第36期

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1、2022年考博英语-西南交通大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题The laser represents a true marriage between science and technology in that the men who devised it were （ ）engineers and physicists.问题1选项A.spontaneouslyB.homogenouslyC.instantaneouslyD.simultaneously【答案】D【解析】句意:激光代表了科学和技术的真正结合，因为发明激光的人同时是工程师和物理学家。考查副词辨析。spo

2、ntaneously 自发地；自然地；homogenously 同样地； instantaneously突如其来地；即刻；simultaneously同时地。根据前半句句意可知这里表示“发明激光的人既是工程师，也是物理学家”，故选D。2. 单选题Folklore is the branch of the study of man (anthropology) which deals with local customs, tales and traditions for these things can be scientifically studied just like anything

3、else. Everybody is a store-house of folklore, though not everybody realizes it. Often, indeed, the people with least book education commonly cherish most firmly old ideas and superstitions which have been passed on by word of mouth for generations, and it is they who carry on faithfully the customs

4、of their parents and grandparents. Everyone has heard stories of ghosts, witches, fairies, and giants. We all know some proverbs and have come across such ideas as, for example, that it is lucky to see a black cat and unlucky to see a single magpie. We keep certain seasons of the year as festivals,

5、such as Christmas, and we are familiar with the special customs connected with weddings and funerals. It would be hard to find anybody who had not played games such as Blind Mans Buff. All such things are of interest to those who study folklore.People who are studying folklore put out of their minds

6、 the inclination to criticize as silly, childish, or old-fashioned, the old beliefs and practices they come across. They first of all try to collect accurate records of them, then see how these are connected with other ideas and customs of other places or times. By comparison with what is known of o

7、ld times or the folklore of other countries, they endeavor to discover how certain beliefs and practices came into being, and what purpose they serve now or used to serve in the past.Often we find that the beliefs which seem most peculiar and unreasonable, and the customs which appear least practica

8、l, are of the greatest interest and importance because they are commonly the oldest. Sometimes they were part of an ancient ritual or served a useful purpose when peoples way of life was different from what it is now. So we not only learn about what people thought and did in the past but are better

9、able to understand present customs. People often keep up customs when they have forgotten the original reason for them, and in the course of time a fresh reason gets attached to the custom. Thus, when some joker ties an old shoe to the back of the taxi taking the bride and bridegroom to station for

10、their honeymoon, he would say it was for luck, but actually a shoe is an old fertility symbol and has a place in the wedding customs of China and Palestine.1.Which of the following according to the writer, can be most useful to people who study folklore?2.How do people usually pass on old ideas and

11、superstitions?3.Which of the following art people who study folklore most unlikely to do?4.Which of the following is the reason why people study folklore?5.Which of the following statements is true about customs?问题1选项A.An old farmer whose family has been living in the country for generationsB.A prof

12、essor of medicine at a university.C.A carpenter who has been in the trade for years.D.A little girl who has just started to go to school.问题2选项A.By puffing them in a large store-houseB.By writing them down in booksC.By word of mouthD.By playing games问题3选项A.Collecting records of old beliefs and practi

13、ces.B.Comparing the present customs with those of old times.C.Finding out the purpose certain beliefs and practices serve or used to serve.D.Criticizing the old beliefs and superstitions.问题4选项A.Because it is a science.B.Because they want to better understand present customs.C.Because they want to fu

14、rther develop the old beliefs and customs.D.Because they want to show how old-fashioned and silly the old beliefs and practices are.问题5选项A.The customs which appear unpractical are worthless to people who study folklore.B.The reasons for certain customs may change in the course of history.C.Present c

15、ustoms have nothing to do with those of old times.D.The wedding customs of China and Palestine are very similar.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B【解析】第1题:判断推理题。第一段指出: Everybody is a store-house of folklore, though not everybody realizes it. Often, indeed, the people with least book education commonly che

16、rish most firmly old ideas and superstitions which have been passed on by word of mouth for generations, and it is they who carry on faithfully the customs of their parents and grandparents (每个人都是民间传说的储藏室，尽管不是每个人都意识到这一点。事实上，受过最少书本教育的人往往最坚定地相信世代相传的旧思想和迷信，而这些都是世世代代以口头的方式流传下来的、正是这些人，忠实地传承着那些从祖辈那儿流传下来的风

17、俗)。由此推测，A项“世代生活在农村的老农”正确。第2题:细节事实题。根据题干关键词old ideas and superstitions定位至第一段第三句: old ideas and superstitions which have been passed on by word of mouth for generations (这些旧思想和迷信说法都是世世代代以口头的方式流传下来的)。因此C项“以口头方式流传”正确。第3题:细节事实题。第二段指出: People who are studying folklore put out of their minds the inclinatio

18、n to criticize as silly, childish, or old-fashioned, the old beliefs and practices they come across (那些研究民俗学的人没有谁会傻乎乎地、幼稚地或者守旧地去批判那些无意中发现的古老的信仰和习俗)。因此，D项“批判古老的信仰与迷信”正确。第4题:细节事实题。第一段指出了人们研究民俗学的原因: Folklore is the branch of the study of man (anthropology) which deals with local customs, tales and trad

19、itionsfor these things can be scientifically studied just like anything else (民俗学是人类学的一个分支，它涉及研究地方习俗、传说以及传统，因为这些东西像其他任何东西一样具有研究的科学价值)。故选A项“因为它也是一门科学”。第5题:细节事实题。A: 似乎不切实际的风俗对于研究民俗学毫无价值。B:某些风俗的原因在历史的长河中会发生改变。C:现有的风俗与旧时风俗没有任何关系。D:中国和巴勒斯坦的婚礼习俗非常相似。最后一段第四句指出: in the course of time a fresh reason gets att

20、ached to the custom (随着时间的推移，风俗习惯被赋予了新内涵)。因此B项正确。其余三项均与原文不符。3. 单选题Although the town had been（ ）by the storm several times, little damage was done.问题1选项A.attackedB.injuredC.bannedD.struck【答案】A【解析】句意:尽管这个城镇几次遭到暴风雨的袭击，但几乎没有造成什么损失。考查动词辨析。attack 攻击，抨击，动手干；injure 伤害，损害:harm 伤害，危害，损害;struck 罢工，打击。此处是动词的过去分

21、词形式表被动，动作的发出者是the storm(暴风雨)，故选A项。4. 单选题Although the end of the term was close（ ）, Jim had not completed all of the projects he had hoped to finish.问题1选项A.on handB.by handC.at handD.in hand【答案】C【解析】句意:尽管学期快结束了，吉姆还没有完成他希望完成的所有项目。考查短语辨析。on hand 在手边;在场;by hand 用手；at hand 在手边；即将到来；in hand 在手头；在进行中；在控制中。

22、这里表示“学期快结束了”，故选C。5. 单选题（ ）conflict among city-states caused the eventual decline of Greek civilization.问题1选项A.ContinuousB.ContinualC.ConstantD.Contrary【答案】B【解析】句意:城邦之间的持续冲突导致了希腊文明的最终衰落。考查形容词辨析。continuous和continual都有“连续的，持续的”意思，但continuous强调“不间断”而continual 强调“频繁，反复”。Constant 不变的，恒定的；contrary 相反的，对立的。

23、这里是用来形容城邦间的冲突，故选B。6. 单选题The current general slackness of the market has prevented us from （ ）new orders with you.问题1选项A.placingB.puttingC.arrangingD.providing【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。根据题意和选项可知本题考查固定搭配place order with sb. “向某人发出订单”，因此选项B、C、D均不符合题意，选项A为正确选项。句意：目前市场普遍不景气，使我们无法向贵方下新订单。7. 单选题We do a lot of collec

24、tive thinking, probably more than any other social species, although it goes on in something like secrecy. We dont acknowledge the gift publicly, and we are not as celebrated as the insects, but we do it. Effortlessly without giving it a moments thought, we are capable of changing our language, musi

25、c, manners, morals, entertainment, even the way we dress, all around the earth in a years turning. We seem to do this by general agreement, without voting or even polling. We simply think our way along, pass information around, exchange codes disguised as art, change our minds, and transform ourselv

26、es.Computers cannot deal with such levels of improbability, and it is just as well. Otherwise, we might be tempted to take over the control of ourselves in order to make long-range plans, and that would surely be the end of us. It would mean that some group or other, marvelously intelligent and supe

27、rbly informed, undoubtedly guided by a computer, would begin deciding what human society ought to be like, say, over the next five hundred years or so, and the rest of us would be persuaded, one way or another, to go along. The process of social evolution would then grind to a standstill, and wed be

28、 stuck in todays rut for a millennium.Much better we work our way out of it on our own without governance. The future is too interesting and dangerous to be entrusted to any predictable, reliable agency. We need all the fallibility we can get. Most of all, we need to preserve the absolute unpredicta

29、bility and total improbability of our connected minds. That way we can keep open all the options, as we have in the past.It would be nice to have better ways of monitoring what were up to so that we could recognize change while it is occurring, instead of waking up as we do now to the astonished rea

30、lization that the whole century just past wasnt what we thought it was at all. Maybe computers can be used to help in this, although I rather doubt it. You can make simulation models of cities, but what you learn is that they seem to be beyond the reach of intelligent analysis; if you try to use com

31、mon sense to make predictions; things get more botched up than ever. This is interesting, since a city is the most concentrated aggregation of humans, all exerting whatever influence they can bring to bear. The city seems to have a life of its own. If we cannot understand how this works, we are not

32、likely to get very far with human society at large.Still, youd think there would be some way in. Joined together, the great mass of human minds around the earth seems to behave like a coherent, living system. The trouble is that the flow of information is mostly one-way. We are all obsessed by the n

33、eed to feed information in, as fast as we can, but we lack sensing mechanisms for getting anything much back. I will confess that I have no more sense of what goes on in the mind of mankind than 1 have of the mind of an ant. Come to think of it, this might be a good place to start.1.Which of the fol

34、lowing statements is TRUE according to the first paragraph?2.What does the author mean by saying “computer cannot deal with such levels of improbability, and it is just as well (Paragraph 2)?3.Which one of the following options would the author choose?4.What does the author think of simulated models

35、 of cities?5.It can be inferred from the passage that（ ）.问题1选项A.We regard collective thinking a secret that shouldnt be exposed to the public.B.Man is the only species that is endowed with the gift for collective thinking.C.Collective thinking is done in human society sometimes unconsciously.D.We ne

36、ed to reach general agreement to conduct collective thinking.问题2选项A.Computers cant deal with such levels of improbability as well as the human minds can do.B.Computers cant deal with such levels of improbability, which is better than they can.C.Whether computers can or cant deal with such levels of

37、improbability doesnt mean much.D.Computers can just as well deal with such levels of improbability.问题3选项A.The future becomes more predictable.B.Human activities and collective thinking should be under more control.C.Common sense should be applied to make predictions.D.We possess some sensing mechani

38、sms for information feedback.问题4选项A.Simulated models of cities cant be made.B.A real city will exert greater in influence than a simulated model of city.C.Simulated models of cities exert influence on their inhabitants.D.Simulated models of cities are different from the real ones in that the latter

39、have life of their own.问题5选项A.computers would one day take control of the human societyB.the workings of the ants mind is more complicated that the workings of the human mindC.social evolution will come to a stop if computers are used to solve problemsD.the author isnt very positive as to whether co

40、mputers can monitor what were up to【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:A第5题:D【解析】第1题:细节事实题。A:我们认为集体思维是一不应该被公开的秘密。文章指出:我们不公开地承认这个天赋，因此A项不符合原文所述。B:人类是唯一具有集体性思考天赋的物种。文章表明:我们人类相比任何其他社会物种可能进行更多的集体性思考，因此B项不符合原文所述。C:集体性思考在人类社会中有时是无意识地进行的。第一段第一句指出:We do a lot of collective thinking, probably more than any other social s

41、pecies, although it goes on in something like secrecy (我们人类相比任何其他社会物种可能进行更多的集体性思考，但该思考却是秘密地进行)。因此C项正确。D:我们需要达成一致意见才可进行集体思维。第2题:语义题。对于该句句意的理解可参考第二段第二句: Otherwise, we might be tempted to take over the control of ourselves in order to make long-range plans, and that would surely be the end of us (否则，我们

42、人类可能为了制定长远的计划而被诱惑去控制自己，而那无疑意味着我们的结束)。由此推测B项 “计算机不具备处理如此水平的不大可能的事情比具有更好”正确。A:计算机不能像人类大脑那样处理这种不可能的程度，此项只是表达了题干中句子前半部分的意思，故排除。C:计算机能否处理此水平的不大可能的事情并不重要，这与第二段第二句表述不符，故排除。D:计算机也能处理好此水平的不大可能的事情，第二段第一句指出: computer cannot deal with such levels of improbability (计算机不具备处理如此水平的不大可能的事情)。因此D项不符合原文所述。本题选B。第3题:判断推理

43、题。A:未来会更能预测。B:人类的活动和集体性思考应该受到更多的控制。C:应用常识进行预测。D:我们有一些信息反馈的感知机制。第二段第二句指出: Otherwise, we might be tempted to take over the control of ourselves in order to make long-range plans, and that would surely be the end of us (否则，我们人类可能为了制定长远的计划而被诱惑去控制自己，而那无疑意味着我们的结束)。因此B项错误。第四段指出: if you try to use common se

44、nse to make predictions: things get more botched up than ever (如果你试图用常识来预测:事情就会变得比以往任何时候都糟糕)。由此可知C项不正确。最后一段指出: but we lack sensing mechanisms for getting anything much back(但是我们缺乏让任何信息回来的传感机制)。因此D项不正确。本题选A。第4题:细节事实题。A:城市模拟模型无法制作。B:真实的城市相比模拟的城市模型将施加更多的影响力。C:城市的模拟模型会对其居民施加影响。D:城市模拟模型与真实城市的区别是后者有自己的生活。

45、第四段指出:You can make simulation models of cities, but what you learn is that they seem to be beyond the reach of intelligent analysis; if you try to use common sense to make predictions, things get more botched up than ever (你可以建立城市的模拟模型，但你会发现它们似乎超出了智能分析的范围；如果你试图用常识来做预测，事情就会变得比以往任何时候都糟糕)。第五段指出: Still,

46、 youd think there would be some way in(你仍然觉得有其他方式)。由此可知A项正确。而其他三项并未被提及。故选A。第5题:判断推理题。A:计算机终有一天会控制人类社会。B:蚂蚁的思维比人类的思维更复杂。C:如果用计算机来解决问题，社会进化将停止。D:作者对计算机是否能监视我们正在做的事情不是很肯定。第二段第二句指出: Otherwise, we might be tempted to take over the control of ourselves in order to make long-range plans, and that would sur

47、ely be the end of us (不然，我们人类可能为了制定长远的计划而被诱惑去控制自己，而那无疑意味着我们的结束)。因此A项不符合原文所述。B项并未被提及，故排除。文章只是说“控制人类自己的那些无意识思考”，并非C项所指的“问题”，故排除。第四段指出: Maybe computers can be used to help in this, although I rather doubt it (或许电脑能被用来帮助监控我们人类在做什么，但我却非常怀疑这点)，因此D项正确。本题选D。8. 单选题Attempts to persuade her to stay after she f

48、elt insulted were（ ）.问题1选项A.in no wayB.on the contraryC.at a lossD.of no avail【答案】D【解析】句意:在她觉得受到侮辱后，企图劝她留下来是徒劳的。考查短语辨析。in no way 决不；on the contrary 正相反；at a loss 亏本地；困惑不解；of no avail无效;不起作用；徒劳的。根据前半句句意“在她觉得受到侮辱后”可知，D符合句意。9. 单选题A scientific law is liable at any time to need（ ）, that is an eternal tru

49、th.问题1选项A.modifyingB.changingC.revisingD.adjusting【答案】A【解析】句意:在任何时候，科学定律都是需要修改的，这是永恒的真理。考查动词辨析。modify 修改，调整，修饰；change 变化;revise 修改，修订，校正; adjust 调整。Modify和revise都有“修改”的意思，但modify指对计划、方法、制度、条款等做细小的更改；而revise指由于新情况的出 现或经过更多的思考而对原有观点、想法或作品加以修正，因此A项符合句意。10. 单选题We should make a clear（ ）between the two sc

50、ientific terms for the purpose of our discussion.问题1选项A.separationB.discriminationC.deviationD.distinction【答案】D【解析】句意:为了讨论，我们应该把这两个科学术语明确区分开来。考查名词辨析。separation 分离；距离;法分居；discrimination 歧视；辨别；deviation 偏差；误差；背离；distinction 区分；差别。由关键词“between the two scientific terms在这两个科学术语之间”可知D项符合句意，且能和介词between进行搭

51、配。11. 单选题If a person talks about his weakness, the listener is expected to say something in the way of （ ）.问题1选项A.assuranceB.encouragementC.persuasionD.confirmation【答案】B【解析】句意:如果一个人谈论自己的弱点，那么他就会期望听者说些鼓励的话。考查名词辨析。assurance 保证;担保;encouragement 鼓励；persuasion 劝服；confirmation 确认;证实。因此B符合句意。12. 单选题A censo

52、rs duty is to ensure that no content is（ ）in publications or films.问题1选项A.evilB.obscureC.obsceneD.opaque【答案】C【解析】句意:审查员的职责是确保出版物或电影中没有淫秽内容。考查形容词辨析。evil 邪恶的；不幸的；有害的；讨厌的；obscure 昏暗的；朦胧的；晦涩的；无名的；obscene 淫秽的；猥亵的；opaque 不透明的；不传热的；迟钝的。因此C符合句意。13. 单选题Although Asian countries are generally more（ ）in social

53、customs than Western countries, there have been several notable examples of women leaders in both China and India.问题1选项A.conservativeB.confidentialC.comprehensibleD.consistent【答案】A【解析】句意:尽管亚洲国家在社会习俗上普遍比西方国家保守，但中国和印度都有几位女性领导人的典型例子。考查形容词辨析。conservative 保守的；confidential 机密的；获信任的； comprehensible 可理解的；co

54、nsistent 始终如一的，坚持的。此句后半部分表示:中国和印度都有几位女性领导人的典型例子，而且前面用了转折让步连词although，因此A符合句意。14. 单选题To prevent flooding in winter the water flowing from the dam is constantly（ ）by a computer.问题1选项A.gradedB.managedC.conductedD.monitored【答案】D【解析】句意:为了防止冬季洪水泛滥，大坝流出的水由计算机不断监测。考查动词辨析。选项均为对应动词的过去分词形式表被动。grade 评分；把分等级；man

55、age 管理；控制；设 法；conduct管理；引导；进行；monitor监控。由前半句句意“为了防止冬季洪水泛滥”可知D项符合句意。15. 单选题Id（ ）his reputation with other farmers and business people in the community, and then make a decision about whether or not to approve a loan.问题1选项A.take into accountB.account forC.make up forD.make out【答案】A【解析】句意:我会考虑到这个地区其他农民

56、和商人对他的评价，然后决定是否批准贷款。考查短语辨析。take into account 考虑;重视;体谅;account for 对负有贵任：对做出解释;说明的原因；make up for 补偿；弥补；make out辨认出;说明;填写;设法应付。动词短语的宾语是his reputation(对他的评价)，因此A项符合句意。16. 单选题It would be wrong （ ）that factor.问题1选项A.to not considerB.not to considerC.to consider notD.to be considering【答案】B【解析】考查不定式的否定形式。由

57、于不定式的否定形式为not+ to+动原，所以选项A、C、D均错误，B选项正确。句意：不考虑那个因素将是错误的。17. 翻译题Translate the following sentences into English1.凡事预则立，不预则废。2.我们可以让内燃机使用另一种污染程度较低的燃料，如天然气、燃料电池，液态氢等， 这些我们都可以考虑。3.我们必须考虑到这一点：我们的星球是从子孙后代那里借来的，而不是我们祖先馈赠的。4.可持续发展是指：为了将来后代的利益，我们必须保留足够的生存空间，以满足他们的需要和施展他们的抱负。5.这门学科的重要性与其被了解的程度不成正比。【答案】1. Prepa

58、redness ensures success and unpreparedness spells failure.2. When choosing a different and cleaner fuel for the internal combustion engine, we can take natural gas, fuel cells, liquid hydrogen, etc. into consideration.3. It must be taken into consideration that we have not inherited this earth from

59、our ancestors but have borrowed it from our offspring4. Sustainable development means that for the benefit of future generations, we must reserve enough livins space for satisfying their needs and realizing their ambitious.5. The importance of this discipline is not in direct proportion to the degre

60、e to which it is understood.18. 单选题The shift from the more political to the more individualistic view of liberty may be seen in how the constitutional guarantees with respect to speech and the press are typically spoken of in the United States today. Restraints upon speaking and publishing, and inde

61、ed upon action generally, are fewer than at any time in the history of the country. This absence of restraints is reflected as well in the very terms in which these rights and privileges are described. What would once have been referred to as “freedom of speech and of the press” (drawing upon the la

62、nguage of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States) is now often referred to as “freedom of expression”.To make much of freedom of expression is to encourage a liberation of the self from the constraints of the community. It even can assume that the self has, intrinsic to it or s

63、omehow available to it, independent of any social guidance, intimations of what it is and what it wants. Thus, liberation may be seen in the currently fashionable insistence upon “doing ones own thing” -which can include a reliance upon standards and objectives that are solely ones own. It is difficult, in such circumstances, to avoid a radica