2022年考博英语-中南大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第2期

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1、2022年考博英语-中南大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题For people with disabilities recent improvements have made the theatre fully （ ）by wheel-chair.问题1选项A.accessibleB.availableC.pertinentD.transparent【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项accessible“易接近的；可进入的”；B选项available“可获得的；有空的”；C选项pertinent“恰当的；切题的”；D选项transparent“透明的；显然的”。句

2、意：对于残疾人来说，最近的改进使剧院完全可以由轮椅 。此处涉及“剧院”和“轮椅”，显然A选项符合逻辑。2. 单选题They are evidence that a （ ）of evolutionary experimentation was going on at the time, out of which the human lineage somehow emerged.问题1选项A.fermentB.glamourC.jubilationD.fragment【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。ferment “发酵；动乱”；glamour “魅力；迷人的美”；jubilation “喜欢；

3、庆祝；欢呼”；fragment “碎片”。句意：它们是那个动乱时候进化实验蓬勃发展期的证据，由于某种未知的原因，人类从中开始出现。Out of which中which指代空格处的内容，分析题干意思知A项符合。3. 单选题Veteran doctors can often reflect on past experiences to draw lessons for the present; young resident doctors, however, rarely have the advantages of such（ ）.问题1选项A.retrospectionB.vaguenessC

4、.hostilityD.misconceptions【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。retrospection 回顾；反省；追忆；vagueness 模糊；含糊；茫然；hostility 敌意；misconception 误解 。句意：经验丰富的医生可以经常反思过去的经历来汲取教训，然而，年轻的住院部医师却很少有这样反省的优势。由Veteran doctors can often reflect on past experiences以及while可知，句子前后形成对比，经验丰富的医生有经历可反思和回顾，而年轻的医生却没有这样的优势。空格处所填单词应与reflect意思接近，答案为A。4.

5、 单选题There seems to be no （ ）the reading publics thirst for books about the 1960s；indeed, the normal level of interest has increased recently because of a spate of popular television documentaries.问题1选项A.slakingB.referenceC.decorationD.soporific【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。slaking消散，消化； reference 参考，提及；decoration

6、装饰；soporific催眠剂。句意：阅读群众对20世纪60年代的书籍的渴望并没有减少；事实上，由于受一连串的通俗电视纪录片的影响，普遍的兴趣还增加了。根据句意及前后关系可知A项正确。5. 单选题I passed all the other courses that I took at my university, but I could have never passed botany. This was because all botany students had to spend several hours a week in a laboratory looking through

7、a microscope at plant cells, and I could never once see a cell through a microscope. This used to enrage my instructor. He would wander around the laboratory pleased with the progress all the students were making in drawing the structure of flower cells, until he came to me. I would just be standing

8、 there. “I cant see anything” I would say. He would begin patiently enough, explaining how anybody can see through a microscope, but he would always end up in a fury, claiming that I could, too, see through a microscope but just pretended that I couldnt. “It takes away from the beauty of flowers any

9、way.”I used to tell him. “We are not concerned with beauty in this course，” he would say. “We are concerned solely with what I may call the mechanics of flowers.” “Well,” Id say, “I cant see anything” “Try it just once again,” hed say, and I would put my eye to the microscope and see nothing at all,

10、 except now and again a nebulous milky substance a phenomenon of maladjustment. You were supposed to see a vivid, restless clockwork of sharply defined plant cells. “I see what looks like a lot of milk，” I would tell him. This, he claimed, was the result of my not having adjusted the microscope prop

11、erly, so he would readjust it for me, or rather, for himself. And I would look again and see milk.I finally took a deferred pass, as they called it, and waited a year and tried again. (You had to pass one of the biological sciences or you couldnt graduate.) The professor had come back from vacation

12、brown as a berry, bright-eyed and eager to explain cell-structure again to his classes. “Well,” He said to me, cheerily, when we met in the first laboratory hour of the semester, “Were going to see cells this time, arent we?” “Yes, sir， I said. Students to the right of me and to the left of me and i

13、n front of me were seeing cells; whats more, they were quietly drawing pictures of them in their notebooks, Of course, I didnt see anything.“Well try it, the professor said to me grimly, “with every adjustment of the microscope known to man. As God is my witness. Ill arrange this glass so that you s

14、ee cells through it or Ill give up teaching. In twenty-two years of botany, I” He cut off abruptly for he was beginning to quiver all over, like Lionel Barrymore, and he genuinely wished to hold onto his temper; his scenes with me had taken a great deal out of him.So, we tried it with every adjustme

15、nt of the microscope known to man. With only one ofthem did I see anything but blackness or the familiar lacteal opacity, and that time I say, to my pleasure and amazement, a variegated constellation of flecks, specks, and dots. These I hastily drew. The instructor, noting my activity, came back fro

16、m an adjoining desk, a smile on his lips and his eyebrows high in hope. He looked at my cell drawing, “whats that?” he demanded, with a hint of a squeal in his voice, “thats what I saw,” I said. “You didnt, you didnt，you didnt!” he screamed, losing control of his temper instantly; and he bent over a

17、nd squinted into the microscope. His head snapped up. “Thats your eye!” he shouted. “Youve fixed the lens so that it reflects! Youve drawn your eye!”1.According to the author, why was he taking the botany course?2.It can be inferred from the passage that the professors attitude toward the author was

18、（ ）.3.Why did the author have difficulty with the microscope?4.The tone of this passage could best be described as（ ）.问题1选项A.He was a premedical student.B.He wanted to see the structure of cells.C.He needed it to graduate.D.It was required of science majors.问题2选项A.encouragingB.disbelievingC.instruct

19、iveD.All of the above问题3选项A.The professor adjusted it to his own eyes rather than to the authors eyes.B.Because of a faulty instrument.C.Due to the teachers poor instruction.D.He didnt try.问题4选项A.self-congratulatoryB.ironyC.degradingD.critical【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。定位到第二段中 “You had to p

20、ass one of the biological sciences or you couldnt graduate. 你必须通过一门生物科学课程否则你不能毕业。”可知C项正确。2.细节事实题。定位到第一段中“He would begin patiently enough, explaining how anybody can see through a microscope, but he would always end up in a fury, claiming that I could, too, see through a microscope but just pretended

21、 that I couldnt. 他在开始的时候有足够耐心，解释如何通过显微镜看到东西，但他总是在愤怒中结束，声称我也可以通过显微镜看到东西，只是假装我不能看到。”可知B 项正确。3.判断推理题。定位到第一段中 “This, he claimed, was the result of my not having adjusted the microscope properly, so he would readjust it for me, or rather, for himself. And I would look again and see milk他声称，这是由于我没有调好显微镜，所

22、以他就为我调试，或者更确切地说，为自己。我再看了一遍，结果我看到了乳状物。”可知A项正确。4.判断推理题。最后一段中“Thats your eye!” he shouted. “Youve fixed the lens so that it reflects! Youve drawn your eye!” 那是你的眼睛！他（导师）大声说。“你已固定了镜头，以至于它发生了反射！你画了你的眼睛！”可推知B项“讽刺的”正确。A项“自满的”；C项“可耻的；不名誉的”；D 项“批评的”。6. 单选题A major goal of law of any country, to deter potentia

23、l criminals by punishing wrongdoers, is not served when the penalty is so seldom invoked that it ceases to be a （ ）threat.问题1选项A.seriousB.coerciveC.deceptiveD.credible【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。serious “严肃的；危急的”；coercive “强制的；胁迫的”；deceptive “欺骗性；虚伪的”；credible “可靠的”。句意：当惩罚很少被执行，因而它已经不再是一种可靠的震慑时，任何国家法律的主要目标一一通过

24、惩罚做坏事的人来阻止潜在的犯罪就没有得到保证。由关键词A major goal is not served.可知法律不再是一种有效的震慑。D项符合语义。7. 单选题We cant hope to compete with other big companies （ ）we have inferior equipment in our installation lines and training of our workforce.问题1选项A.neverthelessB.unlessC.ifD.on condition【答案】C【解析】考查连词词义和词组辨析。nevertheless 然而；不

25、过；unless 除非，如果不；if如果；即使；on condition 只要。根据前后句意推断C项符合题意，答案C。句意：如果我们在安装线上的设备和职工培训方面是较差的，那么我们就不能指望去与其他大公司竞争。8. 单选题Prehistoric people made paints by grinding colored materials （ ）into powder and adding water.问题1选项A.if vegetation and clayB.how vegetation and clayC.that vegetation and clay areD.such as ve

26、getation and clay【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。分析选项可知 vegetation and clay（植物和泥土）属于colored materials，所以空格处所填单词应该是对有色材料的举例，故D项正确。句意：史前的人们通过将彩色材料诸如植被和黏土研成粉末再加水的方式来制作绘画颜料。9. 单选题At the same time, the public will not admit the random, （ ）alteration of plans, nor without complain the changeableness of plans.问题1选项A.capri

27、ciousB.randomicityC.unpublicizedD.sedentary【答案】A【解析】考查形容词及名词辨析。capricious “反复无常的”；randomicity“任意性”；unpublicized “未公布的”；sedentary “静坐的”。句意：同时，民众将不会容许对计划进行任意和反复无常的变更，也不会毫无怨言的容许计划的易变性。由 random及 changeableness of plans可知A项符合题意。答案A。10. 单选题The research suggests a wave of possible protectionism in 2010 as

28、such investigations lead to the （ ）of anti-dumping penalties.问题1选项A.dispositionB.distributionC.impositionD.allocation【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。disposition “处置；倾向”；distribution “分布；分配”；imposition “征收；强加”；allocation “分配”。 句意：研究表明，此类调查会导致一系列反倾销惩罚措施出台，在2010年可能会掀起一股保护主义热潮。只有C项能与anti-dumping penalties搭配。11. 单选题For

29、150 years scientists have tried to determine the solar constant, the amount of solar energy that reaches the Earth. Yet, even in the most cloud-free regions of the planet, the solar constant cannot be measured precisely. Gas molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere absorb and scatter sunlight

30、and prevent some wavelengths of the light from ever reaching the ground.With the advent of satellites, however, scientists have finally been able to measure the Suns output without being impeded by the Earths atmosphere. Solar Max, a satellite from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration(N

31、ASA), has been measuring the Suns output since February 1980. Although a malfunction in the satellites control system limited its observation for a few years, the satellite was repaired in orbit by astronauts from the space shuttle in 1984. maxs observations indicate that solar constant is not reall

32、y constant after all. The satellites instruments have detected frequent, small variation in the Suns energy output, generally amounting to no more than 0.05 percent of the Suns mean energy output and lasting from a few days to a few weeks. Scientists believe these fluctuations coincide with the appe

33、arance and disappearance of large groups of sunspots on the Suns disk. Sunspots are relatively dark regions on the Suns surface that have strong magnetic fields and a temperature about 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than the rest of the Suns surface. Particularly large fluctuations in the solar con

34、stant have coincided with sightings of large sunspot groups. In 1980, for example, Solar Maxs instruments registered a 0.3 percent drop in the solar energy reaching the Earth. At that time a sunspot group covered about 0.6 percent of the solar disk, an area 20 times than the Earths surface.Long-term

35、 variations in the solar constant are more difficult to determine. Although Solar Maxs data have indicated a slow and steady decline in the Suns output, some scientists have thought that the satellites aging detectors might have become less sensitive over the years, thus falsely indicating a drop in

36、 the solar constant. This possibility was dismissed, however, by comparing Solar Maxs observations with data from a similar instrument operating on NASAs Nimbus 7 weather satellite since 1978.1.Why is it not possible to measure the solar constant accurately without a satellite?2. Why did scientists

37、think that Solar Max might be giving unreliable information?3.The attempt to describe the solar constant can best be described as （ ）.4.What does this passage mainly discuss?问题1选项A.The Earth is too far from the Sun.B.Some areas on Earth receive more solar energy than others.C.There is not enough sun

38、light during the day.D.The Earths atmosphere interferes with the sunlight.问题2选项A.Solar Max did not work for the first few years.B.The space shuttle could not fix Solar Maxs instruments.C.Solar Maxs instruments were getting old.D.Nimbus 7 interfered with Solar Maxs detectors.问题3选项A.ongoing research e

39、ffortB.an issue that has been resolvedC.a question that can never be answeredD.historically interesting, but irrelevant to contemporary concerns问题4选项A.The launching of a weather satellite.B.The components of the Earths atmosphere.C.The measurement of variations in the solar constant.D.The interactio

40、n of sunlight and air pollution.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。定位到“Gas molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere absorb and scatter sunlight and prevent some wavelengths of the light from ever reaching the ground.大气中的气体分子和尘埃粒子吸收和散射阳光，阻止某些波长的光到达地面。”可知D项“地球的大气层干扰阳光。”符合题意。2.细节事实题。由本文的最后一段，“Al

41、though Solar Maxs data have indicated a slow and steady decline in the Suns output, some scientists have thought that the satellites aging detectors might have become less sensitive over the years, thus falsely indicating a drop in the solar constant. 尽管Solar Max的数据显示，太阳的产出在缓慢而稳定地下降，但一些科学家认为，随着时间的推移

42、，卫星上老化的探测器可能变得不那么敏感，从而错误地显示出太阳常数的下降。”卫星探测器由于历经时间较长，对太阳常数的敏感度有所下降。可知C项“ Solar Max的探测器变老旧了”符合题意。3.推理判断题。由文章最后一段第一句“Long-term variations in the solar constant are more difficult to determine. 太阳常数的长期变化更难确定。”可知 对太阳常数测量的尝试被认为是持续的一种研究过程，因此科研人员想要测量太阳常数的努力还需要继续。A项符合题意。4.主旨大意题。本篇文章作者主要阐述的是在科学家研发出太阳卫星后，可以对太阳常

43、数的恒量测出比较精确的值，但是测量的过程中有其他外界因素的干扰，从而导致测量结果不是那么准确。可知C项“测量太阳常数的变化”正确。12. 单选题The recent debate on acid rain is again setting environmentalist head to head against industry. But this time, a curious philosophy has emerged in Washington that says the more we know about a problem, the more uncertainty is in

44、troduced and the more it needs to be studied. As a result, we know more about acid rain and its effects, than ever before, but it seems a regulatory solution has never been further away.Researchers generally agree that acid rain arises primarily from the burning of coal and oil. The emissions contai

45、n oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, which can be carried hundreds of miles on the prevailing westerly winds. They eventually return to earth as dry gases and particulates and react with ground waters to form nitric or sulfuric acid. They may also be converted to the acids in the atmosphere by chemical

46、processes that are still not fully understood.However, the acids are formed, they have already been charged with a substantial list of damages. Corrosion of metal structures in windward areas of the country has been well- documented, but it is a relatively minor entry on the list. Other forms of dam

47、age are far more insidious and longer-lasting. There is evidence, for example, that the acids leach heavy metals aluminum, lead, and mercury from the soil, which then poison plant roots and deprive them of vital nutrients. In lakes and rivers, the acid alters the blood chemistry in fish. The metals,

48、 meanwhile, irreversibly damage the gill systems of certain species, such as bass and walleye. As the concentration of poison rises, egg hatching is reduced and the number of deformed embryos increases.The effects of acid rain are more severe in the eastern part of the country for two reasons. First

49、, most coal burning occurs in Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana, according to Eville Gorham, professor of ecology and botany at the University of Minnesota and a modern pioneer in the study of acid rain. These states produce about a quarter of all U.S. oxide emissions, he told this years American Chemical

50、 Society meeting in Las Vegas and the airborne particulates tend to wind up in the Northeast.The second reason is the varying chemical makeup of North American soils, Western soils are relatively rich in neutralizing compounds like magnesium and calcium carbonates, but the coarse, shallow eastern so

51、ils have much less of this buffering capacity. Together, these factors explain what Gorham calls a “pool of acid air pollution” over the Northeast that is strongly suspected of having killed or injured aquatic life in more than 200 lakes in New Yorks Adirondack region.1.According to the passage, aci

52、d rain （ ）.2.The author implies that（ ）.3.The damaging effects of acid rain are felt less in the West because（ ）.4.The LEAST serious problem caused by acid rain is the（ ）.问题1选项A.leads to birth defects in fishB.is hallucinogenicC.travels in a westerly directionD.adds minerals to the soil问题2选项A.legisl

53、ators are philosophicalB.bureaucrats seemingly prefer discussion to actionC.awareness of a problem is futileD.acid rain is a debatable phenomenon问题3选项A.elements in western soil neutralize the acidB.the western states produce one-fourth of all American emissions of sulfur oxidesC.the Adirondack regio

54、n is in upstate New YorkD.eastern soil is rich in magnesium问题4选项A.leaching of heavy metals from the soilB.alteration of blood chemistry in fishC.poisoning of plant rootsD.corrosion of metal structures【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。定位到第三段中In lakes and rivers, the acid alters the blood chemistry

55、in fish. The metals, meanwhile, irreversibly damage the gill systems of certain species, such as bass and walleye. As the concentration of poison rises, egg hatching is reduced and the number of deformed embryos increases. 在湖泊和河流中，这种酸会改变鱼类的血液化学成分。与此同时，这些金属对某些物种的鳃系统造成了不可逆转的损害，如鲈鱼和海参。随着毒素浓度的增加，卵孵化减少，畸

56、形胚胎的数量增加。”可知A项正确。2.判断推理题。定位到第一段中 “As a result, we know more about acid rain and its effects, than ever before, but it seems a regulatory solution has never been further away. 因此，我们比以往任何时候知道更多关于酸雨及其影响，这似乎是一个前所未有的监管解决方案。”可知C项正确。3.判断推理题。定位最后一段中 “The second reason is the varying chemical makeup of North

57、 American soils, Western soils are relatively rich in neutralizing compounds like magnesium and calcium carbonates, but the coarse, shallow eastern soils have much less of this buffering capacity. 第二个原因是北美土壤的化学组成不同，西方土壤相对丰富的镁和钙碳酸盐中和化合物，但东部粗糙、浅层土壤的这种缓冲能力要小得多。”可知A项西部土壤中的元素中和了这种酸正确。4.细节事实题。定位到第三段中 “Cor

58、rosion of metal structures in windward areas of the country has been well- documented, but it is a relatively minor entry on the list.（酸 雨）对金属结构的腐蚀在该国（美国）迎风的地区是显而易见的，不过该腐蚀所带来的损害在酸雨所带来的损害名单上却是相对较小的。”可知D项正确。13. 单选题Whenever I worried that our connection might be fading, I opened the drawer and felt his

59、 energy （ ）around me like a freed canary.问题1选项A.flutter upB.adhere toC.flash backD.queue up【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。flutter up “扑闪起来”；adhere to “坚持；粘附”；flash back“；反射”；queue up“排队等候”。句意：每当我担心我们之间的联系会逐渐淡去时，我就打开抽屉，感受他的活力就像一只放飞自由的金丝雀围绕着我。由 like a freed canary可知A项符合语境，答案A14. 单选题Chlorine is a mainstay in most swi

60、mming pools in the United States, and is used to eradicate bacteria. A bacteria-free pool will usually ensure that swimmers wont contract a serious illness if they spend time in, and possibly ingest, the water. When chlorine is added to pool water, a chemical reaction occurs whereby the chlorine bre

61、aks down into a legion chemicals that combine to kill bacteria that may be in the water. These chemicals, specifically hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ion, eliminate bacteria by annihilating and then oxidizing the abhorrent cells. When this chemical reaction occurs, the bacteria are rendered esse

62、ntially harmless. This chemical reaction doesnt occur immediately- individual components within chlorine take varying amounts of time to interact with the bacteria, creating an almost time-release-type of kill in the pool water.Chlorine must be regularly replenished. As they react, the hypochlorous

63、acid and hypochlorite ion combine to create a particular acceptable pH level in the pool water. ApH is a measure of the alkalinity and acidity present; a pH value of 7 represents a neutral value, and 7.4 is the pH value of the human tear. The pH ratio must be regularly monitored to ensure a consistent optimum rate - one usually kept within the spectrum of 7 to 8 as measured by a reliable pH measur