2022年考博英语-湖南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第117期

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1、2022年考博英语-湖南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The language experts believe that the（ ）age for learning a foreign language is 6 years old.问题1选项A.conceptualB.considerateC.optimalD.component【答案】C【解析】形容词辨析。句意: 语言专家相信学一门外语最佳的年龄是6岁。conceptual概念上的。considerate体贴的；体谅的；考虑周到的 optimal最佳的；最理想的。component组成的，构成。2. 写作题In th

2、is part, you are required to write a passage in at least 200 words on the following topic. You should use an appropriate title for your passage.More and more students choose to go abroad for higher education. Do you think the benefits outweigh the problems associated with it?【答案】Go Abroad for Higher

3、 Education, A Double-edged Sword3. 单选题Fuel scarcities and price increases （ ）automobile designers to scale down the largest models and to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks.问题1选项A.persuadedB.promptedC.imposedD.enlightened【答案】B【解析】动词辨析。句意: 燃油短缺和价格上涨 汽车设计者缩小大型汽车的研发，转而开发全新的小型汽车和卡车生产线

4、。persuade:说服，劝说。prompt:促进,促使。impose:强加, 征税,利用。enlighten:启发，启蒙，教导。因此B项符合句意。4. 单选题During the 19th century, Jews in most European countries achieved some equality of status with non-Jews, at times Jews were harassed by anti-Semitic groups.问题1选项A.annoyedB.opposedC.exploitedD.despised【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。句意: 在1

5、9世纪的时候，大多数欧洲国家的犹太人获得了与非犹太人的平等地位，但是有时他们还会受到反犹太人群体的讨厌。annoy:烦恼，惹恼。oppose:反对，反抗。exploit:开发，开拓。despise:轻视，蔑视。harass:困扰，烦恼。故选A。5. 单选题测试用试题，请勿组到其他试卷中，过会就会删掉111问题1选项A.2B.3C.4D.5E.6【答案】C【解析】第1题:测试解析6. 单选题It seems a reasonable rule of thumb that any genuine offer of help and support from people or organizati

6、ons will be accompanied by a name and address, and a willingness to be （ ）as to their motive in making contact.问题1选项A.seen throughB.checked outC.touched onD.accounted to【答案】C【解析】短语辨析。句意: 这似乎是一条合理的经验法则，任何人们或机构的帮助都会标上名字或者地址，愿意被提及他们联系的动机。see through识破，看穿。check out 检验；结账离开；通过考核；盖章。touch on提及；谈及。account

7、on注册。7. 单选题The police have offered a large（ ） for information leading to the robbers arrest.问题1选项A.awardB.compensationC.prizeD.reward【答案】D【解析】名词辨析。句意: 为抓捕逃犯提供信息，警方将 高额赏金。award 奖金，奖学金，通常与一 段时间的成绩和表现相关；compensation 补偿，赔偿，一般与损失相关； prize 奖赏，奖金，一般与竞赛或比赛相关；reward 报酬，奖赏，一般与 劳动、服务、支持和帮助相关。8. 单选题Is language,

8、 like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurse

9、s to keep silent.All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.Today no such severe lack exists as tha

10、t ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly.If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquirin

11、g skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cas

12、es where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he kno

13、ws about 1, 000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.Recent evidence suggests that an infant is bom with the capacity to speak. What is special about mans brain, compared with that of the monkey, if the complex

14、system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern toy-bear”. And even more incredible is the young brains ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in

15、 new ways.But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child , where the mother recognizes the signals in the childs babbling （呼呀学语）, grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the

16、 child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the childs non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.1.The purpose of Frederick IIs experiment was（ ） .2.The reason some children are backward in speaking is most likely that （ ）.3.What is

17、particularly remarkable about a child is that（ ） .4.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?5.If a child starts to speak later than others, he will in future（ ）.问题1选项A.to prove that children are bom with the ability to speakB.to discover what language a child would speak without hear

18、ing any human speechC.to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speakD.to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language问题2选项A.they are incapable of learning language rapidlyB.they are exposed to too much language at onceC.their mothers respond inadequa

19、tely to their attempts to speakD.their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them问题3选项A.he is bom with the capacity to speakB.he has a brain more complex than an animalsC.he can produce his own sentencesD.he owes his speech ability to good nursing问题4选项A.The faculty of speech is inborn in man.B.

20、The childs brain is highly selective.C.Most children learn their language in definite stages.D.All the above.问题5选项A.have a high IQB.be less intelligentC.be insensitive to verbal signalsD.not necessarily be backward【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:C第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.细节题。该实验目的出现在第一段最后一句: Hoping to discover what 1angua

21、ge a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent (他希望能够发现孩子在没有听到任何母语的时候会说什么，并嘱咐护士们保持沉默)。因此B项(发现孩子在没有听到任何人类语言的情况下会说什么语言)正确。2.细节题。根据题干关键词backward in speaking定位至第三段, 后一句给出了原因: Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the in

22、fant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly (最常见的原因是，母亲对婴儿的信号不敏感)。故选C项(母亲对他们试图说话的信号不敏感)。3.细节题。倒数第二段指出: And even more incredible is the young brains ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a languag

23、e in new ways (更加令人难以置信的是，婴儿的大脑能够从他听到的周围各种声音中找到语言的顺序，并且对其进行分析，从而把这种语言以新的方式进行组合和重新组合), 此句的incredible与题干中的remarkable对应,因此C项(他们能生成新的句子)正确。4.推断题。第五段: Recent evidence suggests that an infant is bom with the capacity to speak (最近的证据表明婴儿具有说话能力), 因此A项正确。由第五段的第二,三句可得出B项(孩子的大脑是高度选择性的)正确。第四段: Experts suggest t

24、hat speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age (专家认为，语言阶段是以固定的顺序和固定的年龄达到的)，因此C项(大多数儿童在特定阶段学习语言)正确。故选D。5.细节题。第四段: but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ, 说明一个孩子比别人开始说话晚也有可能在未来拥有高智商, 故选D。9. 单选题She got very angry a

25、nd（ ） her clothes about in the room.问题1选项A.flungB.flewC.clampedD.clashed【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。句意: 她很生气，把衣服扔的房间里到处都是。fling (尤指生气地)扔，掷，抛，丢;猛动(身体或身体部位);粗暴地(向某人)说;气势汹汹地(对某人)说。clamp夹住，固定;紧紧抓住;紧夹住;被抓住;被夹紧;用夹锁锁住(车) 。clash打斗;冲突;比赛;(公开地)争论。10. 单选题According to the new tax law, any money earned over that level is taxe

26、d at the （ ）of 59 percent.问题1选项A.ratioB.percentageC.proportionD.rate【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。句意: 根据新税法，任何赚得的收入都需要按照百分之五十九的比例收税。at the rate of 按照.的比例。11. 单选题Japan is going through a complex national identity crisis. That may be no bad thing, says a new book by an American academic Japanologist. The economy is s

27、talled, but the society is in motion. Japan is a difficult country to report on and analyze because things do not change in big, noticeable ways; they change in an incremental process, generally of small steps but which, over time, can add up to big movements. And just such a big movement seems to b

28、e taking place.Mr. Nathan, a professor of Japanese cultural studies, has been observing Japan since the 1960s. Whereas most people look at economic data or the comings and goings of prime ministers, he is more interested in schools, novels, comic books, and the minds of young entrepreneurs and maver

29、ick local politicians. In particular, his focus is on whether Japans famously cohesive, conformist society may be fracturing under the strain of economic stagnation, and on how such strains have been affecting the countrys sense of purpose and of national identity.Fractures are what he looks for and

30、 fractures are what he finds. On balance, they are neither obviously dangerous nor obviously positive, but they are, as he says, signs of motion which could, in time, lead in unpredictable directions. The most worrying fractures he writes about are in the schools, where violence and truancy have ris

31、en remarkably. Old Japan hands shrug wearily at such things, for worries about bullying have long existed but have never really seemed terribly serious. Now, though, Mr. Nathans numbers do make the situation look grave.Since 1998, youths aged between 14 and 19 have been involved in 50% of all arrest

32、s for felonies, including murder. Truancy is also in the up. Mr. Nathan asserts that the true number is 350,000 children, or 5% of the student population.Such trends appear to be symptoms of two related phenomena: a widespread feeling of disillusionment, alienation, uncertainty or plain anger, which

33、 has spread to children too; and a gradual breakdown of old systems of disciplinepart familial, part social, part legal一which appear to prevent schools and parents from dealing effectively with errant children.Japan is, in short, passing through a national identity crisis. There are plenty of positi

34、ve aspects to it too, however. One is a considerable increase in the number of actual or budding young entrepreneurs, a trend especially visible in the willingness of high-flyers to leave good, safe jobs in order to set up their own firms. The numbers remain modest, but are nevertheless surprisingly

35、 high given the state of the economy in recent years. Another is a new eagerness among popular writers and maverick politicians to try to define and encourage a new national pride.1.What characterizes the social changes in Japanese society is that（ ） .2.It is implied in the second paragraph that（ ）.

36、3.School violence and truancy in Japan seem to be（ ） .4.The reason behind school violence and truancy in Japan seems to be that （ ）.5.What is the best title for this passage?问题1选项A.they are often accompanied by a national identity crisisB.they often take place in major scale but end up in small effe

37、ctC.they often happen humbly while producing huge accumulative consequencesD.they often take place without being analyzed and reported due to their complexity问题2选项A.Japan is undergoing a serious political instabilityB.a static economy might have a negative influence on societyC.most people in Japan

38、are under severe mental strainD.many people suffer from a fracture due to their job pressure问题3选项A.tiring Japanese parents up for a long timeB.not as serious as most Japanese have imaginedC.quickly on the increase especially in recent yearsD.obviously endangering the safety of Japanese students问题4选项

39、A.school and parents do not want to deal with errant children effectivelyB.economic stagnation has reduced parents time to communicate with their childrenC.youths bullying has already become a popular practice for students and they find it excitingD.children are infected with problem in the adult wo

40、rld and rules are not strict enough问题5选项A.Solutions to Youths Crimes in Japan.B.The Japanese National Identity CrisisC.School Violence and Truancy in Japan.D.Economic and Social Changes in Japan.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.推断题。第一段：.Japan is a difficult country to report on and analyze because

41、 things do not change in big, noticeable ways (其实很难报道日本和分析日本，因为在日本，事情不是以大规模以及人们可以注意得到的方式发生变化的)。由此推测C项 (通常不起眼地发生，但也会因累积而产生巨大的后果)正确。2.推断题。第二段：In particular, his focus is on whether Japans famouslycohesive, conformist society may be fracturing under the strain of economic stagnation, and on how such st

42、rains have been affecting the countrys sense of purpose and of national identity.他关注的重点在.日本社会是否在经济停滞的压力下产生裂痕，以及这种压力是怎样影响国家的宗旨和国家特征的。可知，Nathan要研究的就是日本经济停滞是否造成社会裂痕。故选B(停滞的经济可能对社会产生消极影响)。3.细节题。根据题干关键词School violence and truancy定位至第三段: The most worrying fractures he writes about are in the schools, wher

43、e violence and truancy have risen remarkably. Old Japan hands shrug wearily at such things, for worries about bullying have long existed but have never really seemed terribly serious (他有写到最令人担忧的裂痕是在学校，那里的暴力和旷课现象会显著增加。日本家长对这些事情疲倦地耸耸肩，因为对欺凌的担心由来已久，但似乎并没有那么严重)。故A:使日本家长们疲惫很久了。为正确答案。4.推断题。第五段: Such trend

44、s appear to be symptoms of two related phenomena: a widespread feeling of disillusionment, alienation, uncertainty or plain anger, which has spread to children too; and a gradual breakdown of old systems of discipline (这种趋势似乎是两种相关现象的症状：一种普遍的幻灭感、疏离感、不确定感或明显的愤怒感，这种情绪也蔓延到了儿童身上；一种是旧的纪律体系逐渐瓦解), 由此可知,D项(成

45、人的问题影响了孩子，而且规则也不够严格)正确。5.主旨大意题。全文主要是谈论日本经济停滞对社会造成的问题。但是作者认为日本国民认同危机是有利有弊。12. 翻译题France has a strong regional identity. When a Frenchman talks of ”mon pays（my country）, he is more likely to be referring to the area in which he grew up than to the nation as a whole. So Normandy（诺曼底）remains resolutely

46、Norman. Brittany（布列塔尼）defiantly Breton, and the villages of the south decidedly contrary.And because of this local sense of being, the baker from another region beyond the hills will be regarded as much of a foreigner as the welcome visitor from overseas, clutching a guidebook. And regional pride gu

47、arantees that shopkeepers, restaurateurs and even the old man playing petanque（滚球游戏）on a dusty village square will upgrade the welcome to any stranger if only to prove that their region is the only true France.Youll soon discover that, as much as the landscape, it is the local food that defines each

48、 region of France. Chance encounters are sometimes the best 一 coming across a strawberry fair in the north, or an olive market in the south; happening upon monks tending their vines in a walled clos（庄园）filling cupped palms and any spare bottles with mineral water in a spa-resort（温泉胜地）；or watching th

49、e morning catch spill onto a harbor quayside（码头区）.【答案】法国每个区域都有其强烈的特色。当一个法国人谈起“我的国家”，他很有可能指 的是他所成长的区域，而非整个法国。因此诺曼底人一定会说起诺曼底区，布列塔尼人 会直率的指出他是来自布列塔尼区，以及所有南方地区的村庄都是如此。正因为区域意识的存在，从山的另一边的区域而来的面包师会被当地人当作手持旅 行指南的外国人，或是受欢迎的海外观光客。区域的自豪感使得店主和饭店老板，甚至 是正在满是灰尘的广场上玩滚球游戏的老人，都会增加对任何一个陌生人的欢迎程度， 只要能证明他们所在的区域才是真正的法国。你很快

50、就会发现，和地图一样，每个地区的食物将每个地区区分开来。有时偶然碰 上的反而是最好的！比如你在北部偶遇的草莓集市，或是在南部发现的橄榄集市；又比 如碰巧在围墙内的庄园中遇见僧人正在照料葡萄藤，葡萄遍布在凹陷的棕榈植物中间，或是品尝了在温泉胜地中用多余的瓶子盛的矿泉水；又比如你恰巧看到清晨在码头区打捞后的漏网之鱼。13. 单选题The river is already（ ）its banks because of excessive rainfall; and the city is threatened with a likely flood.问题1选项A.parallel toB.level

51、 inC.flat onD.flush with【答案】D【解析】短语辨析。句意: 由于降雨过多，河水己经 （ ）到河床，整座城市有可能受到洪水威胁。parallel to:与 平行; level in:相等; flat on:平躺; flush with:与齐平。因此D项符合句意。14. 单选题In ancient India, there used to be a very formidable（ ） in religious and social life.问题1选项A.hierarchyB.powerC.despotD.president【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。句意: 在古印度，在

52、社会和宗教生活中有很可怕的等级制度。hierarchy等级制度。power功率;力量；能力。despot专制君主，暴君。president总统；董事长；校长。15. 翻译题“培根-Of Study (论读书)”Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateers and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposi

53、tion of business. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some book are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.Reading makes a full man; conference

54、a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. Histories make men wise; pets witty; the mathemat

55、ics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.【答案】选自培根论读书，王佐良先生译读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博彩也， 最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者， 少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读， 读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强，不 常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。读

56、史使人明智，读 诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。16. 单选题With most online recruitment services, jobseekers must choose their words carefully; the search engine will never make the correct match.问题1选项A.thereforeB.whereasC.providedD.otherwise【答案】【解析】逻辑关系。句意: 对于大多数在线委托招聘服务，找工作的人必须小心选择他们的话语，否则搜索引擎不可能找到正确的匹

57、配。therefore因此；所以whereas然 而；鉴于；反之provided假如；倘若otherwise否则。17. 判断题判断题测试0.0问题1选项A.对B.错【答案】A【解析】试题解析T.T18. 单选题A few years ago a lone American campaigner wrote a book in which he set out the main point of his fascinate in go campaignto abolish television. His manifest “Four Arguments for the Elimination

58、of Television” is an American bestseller, and after eight editions is still generating great concern and debate in the USA.Jerry Mander, a former advertising expert is convinced that for the sake of our freedom, and mental and physical health, we should learn to live without TV. Through his advertis

59、ing background Mander is aware of how much of television is concerned with advertising and money making. He sees the planting of values for profit as “a deep, profound and disturbing act by few against the many, for a trivial purpose.” And, even without commercials, he sees TV as disturbing because

60、it crams peoples heads with images which alter the way they feel and behave. Pictures formed by 300,000 tiny dancing dots altering 30 times per second, bombard their eyes as people scan the images 10 times a second. The brain registers and stores all 30 images, but the conscious mind registers far f

61、ewer. But, argues Mander, even if you reject or doubt what you see consciously, it is too late.He further argues that TV is a deadening experience as it is restricted to just two sensessight and sound. Perception is dulled and flattened, says Mander, when you cant feel and smell and totally experien

62、ce an event. People are just sitting passively for up to four hours a night watching a screen and listening to artificial sound. “No culture in history has spent such an enormous amount of time looking at artificial light,” says Mander, “and another worrying fact is that prolonged exposure to artifi

63、cial light alters human cells, which is why it is being used for certain medical treatment” Researchers do not know if life-long TV exposure is a physical risk or not, but as Mander would argue, why run the risk? It is important that people get up now and with it off before the harm is donethey might also become brain-washed, or who knows.1.Four Arguments for