2022年考博英语-四川师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第156期

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1、2022年考博英语-四川师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Food is to the blood _ reading is to the mind.问题1选项A.thatB.whichC.whatD.so【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。本题考查的句型是：A is to B what C is to D = A is to B just as C is to D。意为“A对于B正如C对于D一样”，如：People is to the army what water is to fish句意：食物之于血液，犹如读书之于心灵。因此C选项正确。2. 翻译题With the ado

2、ption of the Multiculturalism, a series of non-discriminatory programmes was introduced to enable Australians from non-English speaking backgrounds to have greater equality of access to education, health and social services and pensions. In addition, “ethnic groups” were positioned to have greater a

3、ccess to government channels and to be accorded the rights to speak for their “minority groups”.【答案】随着多元文化主义的采用，以及一系列非歧视性方案的引入，非英语背景的澳大利亚人能够更平等地获得教育、保健和社会服务以及养老金。此外，“族裔群体”有更多的机会接触政府渠道，并被赋予为其“少数民族”发言的权利。3. 单选题Imagine a disease spreading across the globe, killing mostly middle-aged people or leaving t

4、hem chronically disabled. Then one day researchers come up with a drug that can prevent some of the diseases nastier effects. You would think the worlds ageing public would be eternally grateful.The disease does exist. It is called tobacco addiction. The drug too is real and in animal tests has prev

5、ented lung damage that leads to emphysema. But the inventors have received no bouquets. Prevailing medical opinion seems to be that the drug is a mere sideshow, distracting smokers from the task of quitting. Another experimental drug, which could protect smokers against cancer, is also viewed with s

6、uspicion because it could give smokers an excuse not to quit.On the face of it these responses make sense. It is ingrained in society that smokers have only themselves to blame and their salvation lies in a simple act of will. If they will not quit smoking, they cannot expect help from anyone else.B

7、ut this logic is flawed. Check a survey of smokers and you find two-thirds want to give up and one-third will have tried in the previous year. Yet, even with nicotine gum, patches and drugs to ease the ordeal, the quit rate is still under 10 percent. In the UK, the proportion of people who smoke has

8、 not fallen in a decade. Tobacco has a powerful grip, and many smoker are caught in a trap they cannot escape: they have a disease like any other and deserve the chance to reduce the harm it does to them.This reasoning is hard for many to swallow. It certainly leaves governments and anti-smoking gro

9、ups in a bind. They are happy to pay lip service to methods for reducing harmof which three are a growing numberbut they are slow to create policies based upon them. European Union countries, for example, took years to even consider regulating the dangerous additives in cigarettes.One fear is that m

10、ethods for reducing harm will dilute the message that tobacco killsespecially when given to youngsters. But that message wont change, in the present case, even if both drugs turn out to work in human trials, they would not protect against all the deadly side effects of smoking. And the drugs do not

11、have to be free to all. They could be available only on prescription for people who doctors believe genuinely cannot give up.There are things that no drug aimed at harm reduction will ever be able to do. It will not cut passive smoking or stop tobacco companies persuading millions of teenagers to li

12、ght up. For these reasons all other ways to counter smoking must continue, from banning tobacco advertising to raising tobacco taxes. But it would be a mistake to ignore the harm reduction measures. For those who are not convinced, forget smokers for a moment. Preventive drugs could also help non-sm

13、okers, especially those working long hours as, say, musicians and bar staff in smoky rooms. Should we deny them too?1. The statement “But the inventors have received no bouquets” implies that _.2. The author argues that _.3. The author is trying to emphasize that the drugs _.4. The drugs, according

14、to the author, are expected _.5. We can draw a conclusion from the passage that _.问题1选项A.the drugs have received suspicionB.the inventors just presented a sideshowC.it will take time for the public to accept the new drugD.the effects of the drug need further test on human trials问题2选项A.no smoker is e

15、xpected to succeed in quittingB.smokers deserve the harm smoking does to themC.smokers with resolution to stop smoking need helpD.smokers could succeed with strong resolution to give up问题3选项A.are mainly aimed at youngstersB.should be available to smokers free of chargeC.will not change the message t

16、hat tobacco killsD.help regulate the dangerous additives in cigarettes问题4选项A.to perform preventive functions in non-smokersB.to reduce the number of passive smokersC.to enforce the combat against smokingD.all of the above问题5选项A.with innovative drugs smokers can still enjoy personal gratifications an

17、d stay healthyB.if a drug can save lives, we shouldnt withhold it without good reasonC.the battle against smoking is far from wonD.there will be a safe way to smoke【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.语义推测题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“But the inventors have received no bouquets. Prevailing medical opinion seems to

18、be that the drug is a mere sideshow, distracting smokers from the task of quitting. Another experimental drug, which could protect smokers against cancer, is also viewed with suspicion because it could give smokers an excuse not to quit.（但是这些发明家没有收到任何花束。流行的医学观点似乎是，药物只是次要的，它分散了吸烟者的任务，戒烟。另一种可以保护吸烟者不患癌

19、症的实验性药物也受到怀疑，因为它可以给吸烟者一个不戒烟的借口。）”，由此可知这些发明家发明的药物受到人们的怀疑，所以A选项“这些药物已经受到怀疑”符合题意。B选项“发明家只是表演了一个小插曲”；C选项“公众接受这种新药需要一段时间”；D选项“药物的效果需要进一步的人体试验”都与题干无关。因此A选项正确。2.观点态度题。根据第四段“Yet, even with nicotine gum, patches and drugs to ease the ordeal, the quit rate is still under 10 percent.（然而，即使使用尼古丁口香糖、贴片和药物来缓解这种折磨

20、，戒烟率仍然低于10%。）”可知A选项“预计没有烟民会成功戒烟”错误；根据第四段最后一句“they have a disease like any other and deserve the chance to reduce the harm it does to them.（他们和其他任何疾病一样，有机会减少烟草对他们的危害。）”可知B选项“吸烟者应该受到吸烟所造成的伤害”说法错误；根据第四段“Check a survey of smokers and you find two-thirds want to give up and one-third will have tried in t

21、he previous year.（对吸烟者进行调查，你会发现三分之二的人想要戒烟，三分之一的人在前一年已经尝试过了）”以及“they have a disease like any other and deserve the chance to reduce the harm it does to them.（他们和其他任何疾病一样，有机会减少烟草对他们的危害。）”可知C选项“决心戒烟的人需要帮助”正确；D选项“吸烟者可以通过坚定的决心戒烟成功”文章没有提到。因此C选项正确。3.作者意图题。根据题干可定位到文章第六段“One fear is that methods for reducing

22、 harm will dilute the message that tobacco killsespecially when given to youngsters. But that message wont change, in the present case, even if both drugs turn out to work in human trials, they would not protect against all the deadly side effects of smoking. （一种担心是，减少烟草危害的方法会淡化烟草致人死亡的信息尤其是对青少年而言。但在

23、目前的情况下，这一信息不会改变，即使这两种药物在人体试验中都有效，它们也不能预防吸烟的所有致命副作用。）”可知作者强调该药物不会改变烟草致人死亡的信息，所以C选项“不会改变烟草致人死亡的信息”正确。A选项“主要针对年轻人”说法错误，该药物针对的是所有烟民；B选项“应该免费提供给吸烟者”说法错误，文章提到“And the drugs do not have to be free to all. They could be available only on prescription for people who doctors believe genuinely cannot give up.（

24、而且药物并不一定要对所有人免费。只有医生认为真正不能放弃的人才能买到这种药。）”；D选项“帮助控制香烟中的危险添加剂”文章没有提到，因此C选项正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段“For these reasons all other ways to counter smoking must continue, from banning tobacco advertising to raising tobacco taxes.（出于这些原因，从禁止烟草广告到提高烟草税，所有其他抵制吸烟的方式都必须继续下去。）”，由此可知该药物将会加强反对吸烟的斗争，所以C选项“加强反对吸烟的斗争

25、”正确。A选项“对不吸烟者起到预防作用”，文章提到“Preventive drugs could also help non-smokers（预防性药物也可以帮助不吸烟者）”，并没有提到预防作用，只说会有帮助，A选项错误；B选项“减少被动吸烟的数量”说法错误，文章最后一段提到“It will not cut passive smoking or stop tobacco companies persuading millions of teenagers to light up.（它不会减少被动吸烟，也不会阻止烟草公司劝说数百万青少年吸烟。）”；D选项“以上都是”。因此C选项正确。5.主旨大意

26、题。文章主要讲了能预防吸烟带来的不良后果的药物。文章提到这种药物受到很多质疑，并且一一回答了它们。文章最后一段提到有些东西是任何药物都无法做到的，所以呼吁人们提高禁烟意识，并且参与到禁烟活动中去。由此可知人们的反对禁烟的斗争还远未取得胜利，所以C选项“反对禁烟的斗争还远未取得胜利”正确。A选项“有了创新药物，吸烟者仍然可以享受个人满足和保持健康”说法错误，文章并没有提到这一观点；B选项“如果一种药物可以挽救生命，我们不应该没有充分的理由就拒绝它”，文章也没有提到，且人们对新药物持质疑态度也是可行的；D选项“将会有一个更安全的吸烟方式”并不是文章所侧重的，因此C选项正确。4. 单选题Music

27、is the result of thought in the form of attitude. There is no one way of thinking, since mens values are as scattered and dissimilar as individual men themselves. If black music can be seen as the result of certain attitudes, certain specific ways of thinking about the world, then my basic hypothesi

28、s about music is understood. The black mans music changed as the changed, reflecting shifting attitudes or consistent attitudes within changing contexts. It is why the music changing seems most important to me.When jazz first began to appear on the American scene during the twenties, in one form or

29、another, it was introduced in many instances by white Americans. Yet its original conception and its most vital development were the result of certain attitudes, or experiential ideas, attributable to the Afro-American culture. Jazz as played by white musicians was not the same as that played by bla

30、ck musicians nor was there any reason for it to be. The music of the white jazz musician was, at its most profound, a learned art.The blues, for example, which I take to be an independent black music, was practically ignored in pre-jazz white American culture. Blues is an extremely important part of

31、 jazz. However, the way in which jazz utilizes the blues “attitude” provided a musical analogy the white musician could understand, and thus he could arrive at a style of jazz music. The white musician understood the blues first as music, but seldom as an attitude, since the attitude of the white mu

32、sician was necessarily quite a different one. And in many cases, it was not consistent with the making of jazz.Thus, the trumpets (小号) of Bix Beiderbecke and Louis Armstrong were very dissimilar. The white middle-class boy from Iowa was an inborn intellectual and had an emotional life that was based

33、 on his conscious or unconscious disapproval of most of the custom of his culture. On the other hand, Armstrong was, in terms of an emotional model, an honored priest of his culture. He was not rebelling against anything with his music. The incredible irony of the situation was that both stood in si

34、milar places in the superstructure of American society: Beiderbecke, because of his isolation and departure from mass culture; and Armstrong, because of the socio-historical separation of the black man from the rest of American.1. Which of the following best states the underlying idea of the passage

35、?2. What is the relationship between blues and jazz in American culture?3. The tone of the authors discussion of the blues is _.4. The author implies that the kinds of music produced by Beiderbecke and Armstrong differ greatly because_.5. In which of the following were Beiderbecke and Armstrong simi

36、lar?问题1选项A.Due to environmental influences, the music of black and white artists must be very different.B.Due to its result of thought, Mack artists music can be learned by white musicians.C.Because jazz is created on inspiration, it is difficult for musicians to copy each other.D.Because music has

37、social significance, its influence on black white relations should not be underestimated.问题2选项A.Jazz places more emphasis on Afro-American culture than does the blues.B.Jazz changes the attitudes of white musicians toward Afro-American culture.C.Jazz is based on the blues attitude, but expressed in

38、comprehensible manners to white musicians.D.Jazz must be understood in order to be played, whereas the blues must be learned.问题3选项A.indifferentB.appreciativeC.curiousD.uncertain问题4选项A.the attitudes of blacks and whites as reflected in their music are differentB.Beiderbeckes intellectualism held back

39、 his development as a musicianC.rebellion acted as a destructive force on Beiderbeckes performanceD.Armstrong was well established as a performer but Beiderbecke was not问题5选项A.The attitudes they brought to their music.B.Their ability to reflect other cultures in their music.C.Their separation from m

40、ass music.D.The positions they came to hold in American society.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“The black mans music changed as the changed, reflecting shifting attitudes or consistent attitudes within changing contexts. It is why the music changing seems most important to me.

41、（黑人音乐的改变反映了在变化的环境中态度的改变或态度的一致。这就是为什么音乐的变化对我来说是最重要的。）”，并且最后一段作者又对比了Bix Beiderbecke和Louis Armstrong不同的原因主要是成长环境不同，由此可知该文章主要讲的是黑人和白人艺术家的音乐由于环境的影响肯定是非常不同的，所以A选项“由于环境的影响，黑人和白人艺术家的音乐肯定是非常不同的”符合题意。B选项“由于思想的结果，Mack艺术家的音乐可以被白人音乐家学习”文章没有提到；C选项“因为爵士乐是灵感创造的，所以音乐家们很难相互模仿”两个分句之间不构成因果关系；D选项“因为音乐有社会意义，它对黑人和白人关系的影响是

42、不可低估的”文章没有提及。因此A选项正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段“Blues is an extremely important part of jazz. However, the way in which jazz utilizes the blues attitude provided a musical analogy the white musician could understand, and thus he could arrive at a style of jazz music.”（布鲁斯是爵士乐非常重要的一个部分，然而，爵士乐所运用的布鲁斯“态度”是白

43、人音乐家能理解的，这样他才创造了爵士乐），所以C选项“爵士乐是基于布鲁斯的态度，但以白人音乐家可以理解的方式表达”符合题意。A选项“爵士乐比布鲁斯更强调美国黑人文化”；B选项“爵士乐改变了白人音乐家对美国黑人文化的态度”和D选项“爵士乐必须理解才能演奏，而布鲁斯必须学习”文章都没有提及。因此C选项正确。3.作者意图题。被问到作者意图题时，最好回到原文查看作者在提到该事物时所使用词的感情色彩。根据题干可定位到文章第三段，作者提到布鲁斯时的词有：independent，extremely important part of 等褒义词，所以可知他对布鲁斯持赞赏态度，所以B选项“赞赏的，欣赏的”更能体

44、现作者的态度。A选项“漠不关心的”；C选项“好奇的”；D选项“不确定的，没有信心的”均不符合题意，因此B选项正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段结尾“The white musician understood the blues first as music, but seldom as an attitude, since the attitude of the white musician was necessarily quite a different one. And in many cases, it was not consistent with the making

45、 of jazz.（白人音乐家将布鲁斯作为音乐来理解，而很少作为一种态度来理解，因为白人的态度和黑人是不同的。在很多情况下，这与爵士乐的发展并不一致。）”，由此可知A选项“黑人和白人的态度反映在他们的音乐中是不同的”说法正确。B选项“贝德贝克的知性主义阻碍了他作为音乐家的发展”文中没有提到；C选项“叛乱对贝德贝克的表现起到了破坏性的作用”是指贝德贝克和阿姆斯特朗的不同之处，不是原因；根据文章最后一段“The incredible irony of the situation was that both stood in similar places in the superstructure

46、of American society.（令人难以置信的讽刺之处在于他们都处在美国社会上层建筑的相似位置）”可知他们都是公认的表演者，因此D选项“阿姆斯特朗是公认的表演者，但贝德贝克不是”说法错误。因此A选项正确。5.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段“The incredible irony of the situation was that both stood in similar places in the superstructure of American society.（令人难以置信的讽刺之处在于他们都处在美国社会上层建筑的相似位置）”由此可知他们在美国社会的地位相同，所

47、以D选项“他们在美国社会中的地位”符合题意。A选项“他们对音乐的态度”是他们的不同点；B选项“他们在音乐中反映其他文化的能力”和C选项“他们与大众音乐的分离”文章没有提及。因此D选项正确。5. 单选题If you work under a car when repairing it, you often get very _.问题1选项A.waxyB.slipperyC.stickyD.greasy【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项waxy“蜡制的；像蜡的，质地光滑的，柔软的；蜡色的，苍白的；（非正式）生气的”；B选项slippery“滑的；狡猾的；不稳定的”；C选项sticky“黏的；

48、黏性的”；D选项greasy“油腻的；含脂肪多的；谄媚的”。句意：如果你在车底下修理汽车，你通常会弄得满身油污。因此D选项正确。6. 单选题Beneath its myriad rules, the fundamental purpose of _ is to make the world a pleasanter place to live in, and you a more pleasant person to live with.问题1选项A.elitismB.eloquenceC.eminenceD.etiquette【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项elitism“精英主义；杰

49、出人物统治论”；B选项eloquence“口才；雄辩；雄辩术；修辞”；C选项eminence“显赫；卓越；高处”；D选项etiquette“礼节，礼仪；规矩”。句意：在它无数的规则之下，礼仪的根本目的是让世界变得更宜居，让你成为一个更宜居的人。因此D选项正确。7. 单选题There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was （1） to keeping orderly records of govern

50、mental unit (state and statistics come from the same Latin root, status) and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skills at playing （2） in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the （3） , statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabul

51、ating, ordering, and the taking of （4） all （5） led to modern descriptive statistics. （6） the influence of the father came modern inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of （7） .Descriptive statistics （8） tabulating, depicting, and describing collections of data. These data may be

52、 （9） quantitative, such as measures of height, intelligence, or grade level （10） that are characterized by an underlying continuumor the data may represent （11） variables, such as sex, college major, or personality type. Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduc

53、tion （12） they are comprehensible. Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or （13） to comprehensible for the properties of an （14） unwieldy mass of data.Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another （15） of problems that present great difficulties

54、for the unaided mind. This general class of problems characteristically involves attempts to make predications using a （16） of observations. （17） , a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinat

55、ed for flu, or whatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and （18） to question each child; the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of （19） 100 children. Thus, （20） of inferential statistics

56、 is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.问题1选项A.designedB.modeledC.dedicatedD.relied问题2选项A.the oddsB.the endsC.the meansD.the risks问题3选项A.sonB.offspringC.daughterD.posterity问题4选项A.samplesB.examplesC.examsD.cen

57、suses问题5选项A.of whichB.in whichC.within whichD.about which问题6选项A.ByB.FromC.OnD.Beyond问题7选项A.possibilityB.probabilityC.chanceD.likelihood问题8选项A.consistsB.composesC.involvesD.constitutes问题9选项A.eitherB.orC.neitherD.nor问题10选项A.variancesB.variablesC.variationsD.varieties问题11选项A.informativeB.positiveC.char

58、acteristicD.qualitative问题12选项A.unlessB.lestC.beforeD.when问题13选项A.producingB.reducingC.introducingD.conducing问题14选项A.insteadB.otherC.otherwiseD.another问题15选项A.classB.groupC.partD.collection问题16选项A.populationB.sampleC.productionD.proportion问题17选项A.ThusB.HoweverC.For exampleD.Anyhow问题18选项A.ineffectiveB

59、.insufficientC.inappropriateD.inefficient问题19选项A.as many asB.as few asC.no less thanD.as much as问题20选项A.the recordB.the meansC.the purposeD.the knowledge【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A第6题:B第7题:B第8题:C第9题:A第10题:B第11题:D第12题:C第13题:B第14题:C第15题:A第16题:B第17题:C第18题:D第19题:B第20题:C【解析】1.考查固定搭配。A选项designed“设计，构思；计

60、划；制造，意欲”；B选项modeled“模拟；塑造；模仿”；C选项dedicated“致力；献身；题献”；D选项relied“信任； 信赖；依赖，依靠”。根据固定搭配be dedicated to“致力于；从事于；奉献；献给”可知句意为：统计学有一位“母亲”，她致力于井井有条地记录政府部门的档案（国家和统计学源于同一个拉丁语词根，地位）。因此C选项正确。2.考查固定搭配。A选项the odds“可能性；机会”；B选项the ends“结束；结局，剧终”；C选项the means“途径；手段；方法”；D选项the risks“风险；危机”。根据固定搭配play the odds“冒险；碰运气；算

61、一算可能性、成功的概率有多少”可知句意为：还有一位有绅士风度的赌博“父亲”，他依靠数学来提高在机会游戏中的赌力。因此A选项正确。3.考查名词辨析。A选项son“儿子；孩子（对年轻人的称呼）；男性后裔”；B选项offspring“子女；孩子；后代；产物（多用来形容不隔代的子女，还可形容产物）”；C选项daughter“女儿”；D选项posterity“子孙，后裔；后代（包括offspring，指一切的后代）”。句意：“母亲”对其子女统计学的影响表现在计数、测量、描述、制表、归类和统计。因此B选项正确。4.考查上下文语义。A选项samples“样品，样本”；B选项examples“例子；榜样”；C

62、选项exams“考试；测验”；D选项censuses“人口普查，人口调查；（官方的）统计，调查”。上文一直在阐述统计方法以及统计学的相关信息，该空格前面的单词也都与统计学有关，由此可推断出该空格处的单词应该与前面单词相类似，D选项符合上下文语义，因此D选项正确。5.考查介词+which引导的定语从句。语法作用：“介词关系代词”在从句中主要起关系副词的作用，即在定语从句中充当状语： 表示地点，时间和原因的“介词which”分别相当于 where，when，why；way后常用that代替in which，也可省略that；“of which”起形容词的作用，相当于whose（用来指物），其词序通常是“n.of which”；可引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句；介词的选择（选择介词时须考虑下列情况）：介词与先行词的习惯搭配；介词与定语从句中的动词，形容词的习惯搭配；同形的先行词，或定语从句中的动词，形容词表示不同的含义时，要根据其含义选用不同的介词；复杂介词须保持其完整形式，常见的复杂介词有on the top of，in the middle of，in front of，in spite of，at the back of，because of等；短语动词中的介词不可与动词分开提至关系代词前。常见的短语动词有listen to，look