2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷17（附答案带详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题About a century age, the Swedish physical scientist Arrhenius proposed a law of classical chemistry that relates chemical reaction rate to temperature. According to the Arrhenius equation, chemical reactions are increasingly unlikely to occur as temperature

2、s approach absolute zero, and at absolute zero (zero degrees Kelvin, or minus 273 degrees Celsius) reactions stop. However recent experimental evidence reveals that although the Arrhenius equation is generally accurate in describing the kind of chemical reaction that occurs at relatively high temper

3、atures, at temperatures closer to zero a quantum-mechanical effect known as tunneling comes into play; this effect accounts for chemical reactions that are forbidden by the principles of classical chemistry. Specifically, entire molecules can *tunnel through the barriers of repulsive forces from oth

4、er molecules and chemically react even though these molecules do not have sufficient energy, according to classical chemistry, to overcome the repulsive barrier.The rate of any chemical reaction, regardless of the temperature at which it takes place, usually depends on a very important characteristi

5、c known as its activation energy. Any molecule can be imagined to reside at the bottom of a so-called potential well of energy. A chemical reaction corresponds to the transition of a molecule from the bottom of one potential well to the bottom of another. In classical chemistry, such a transition ca

6、n be accomplished only by going over the potential barrier between the wells, the height of which remains constant and is called the activation energy of the reaction. In tunneling, the reacting molecules tunnel from the bottom of one to the bottom of another well without having to rise ever the bar

7、rier between the two wells. Recently researchers have developed the concept of tunneling temperature: the temperature below which tunnel from the bottom of one to the bottom of another well without having to rise over me barrier between the two wells Recently researchers have developed the concept o

8、f tunneling temperature(删除)the temperature below which tunneling transitions greatly outnumber Arrhenius transitions, and classical mechanics gives way to its quantum counterpart.This tunneling phenomenon at very low temperatures suggested my hypothesis about a cold prehistory of life: the formation

9、 of rather complex organic molecules in the deep cold of outer space, where temperatures usually reach only a few degrees Kelvin Cosmic rays (high-energy pro-tons and other particles) might trigger the synthesis of simple molecules, such as interstellar formaldehyde, in dark clouds of interstellar d

10、ust. Afterward complex organic molecules would be formed, slowly but surely, by means of tunneling. After I offered my hypothesis, Hoyle and Wickramasinghe argued that molecules of interstellar form-aldehyde have indeed evolved into stable polysaccharides such as cellulose and starch. Their conclusi

11、ons, although strongly disputed, have generated excitement among investigators such as myself who are proposing that the galactic clouds are the places where the prebiological evolution of compounds necessary to life occurred.1.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with（ ）.2.According to

12、the passage classical chemical reactions and tunneling reactions are alike in which of the following ways?3.According to the Arrhenius equation as discussed in the passage, which of the following statements about chemical reactions is true?4.The authors attitude toward the theory of a cold pre-histo

13、ry of life can best be described as（ ）.5.The authors hypothesis concerning be cold prehistory of life would be most weakened if which of the following were true?6.Which of the following best describes the hypothesis of Hoyle and Wickramasinghe as it is presented in the passage?7.Which of the followi

14、ng best describes the organization of the first two paragraphs of the passage?问题1选项A.describing how the principles of classical chemistry were developedB.initiating a debate about the kinds of chemical reactions required for the development of lifeC.explaining how current research in chemistry may b

15、e related to broader biological concernsD.reconciling opposing theories about chemical reactions问题2选项A.In both types of reactions, reacting molecules have to rise over the barrier between the two wells.B.In both types of reactions, a transition is made from the bottom of one potential well to the bo

16、ttom of another.C.In neither type of reaction does the height of the barrier between the wells remain constantD.In neither type of reaction does the rate of a chemical reaction depend on its activation energy问题3选项A.Chemical reactions are less likely to occur at temperatures close to absolute zero.B.

17、In some cases the rate of a chemical reaction is related to temperature and in other cases it is not.C.Chemical reactions frequently occur at a few degrees above absolute zero, but they are very unpredictable.D.The rate of a chemical reaction depends on many other factors besides temperature.问题4选项A.

18、neutralB.skepticalC.mildly positiveD.very supportive问题5选项A.Cosmic rays are unlikely to trigger the formation of simple molecules.B.Tunneling occurs only in a narrow band of temperatures around zero degrees Kelvin.C.The synthesis of interstellar formaldehyde can be activated by means other than cosmi

19、c rays.D.Simple molecules can be synthesized by means of tunneling.问题6选项A.Cosmic rays can directly synthesize complex organic molecules.B.The galactic clouds are the places where prebiological evolution of compounds necessary to life occurred.C.Interstellar formaldehyde can be synthesized by tunneli

20、ng.D.Molecules of interstellar formaldehyde can evolve into complex organic molecules.问题7选项A.The author cites a basic principle of classical chemistry and then describes the research from which that principle was developed.B.The author cites an apparent contradiction to the principles of classical c

21、hemistry and then explains the process of a chemical reaction to show there is in fact no contradiction.C.The author describes the role of heat in chemical reactions and then offers a detailed explanation of its function.D.The author presents a law of classical chemistry in order to introduce a kind

22、 of chemical reaction that differs from it and then explains the essential difference between the two.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:A第6题:D第7题:D【解析】1.最后一段基本上都是谈与生化的关系：极低温时的贯穿势垒现象证明我对寒冷的史前生命的假说：在外层空间极其寒冷处，温度一般只有几度时， 有相当复杂的有机分子形成。宇宙射线可能激发诸如星际甲醛单分子在星际尘埃的乌云中综合。以后，复杂的有机分子，慢慢的，但稳定的通过贯穿势垒的方式形成。后又有 两位化学家提出“星际甲

23、醛分子确实进化为类似纤维素和淀粉等多糖酶。他们的结论虽有争议，却实在令人振奋，特别是文章之作者，因为他正提出“巨大的云块这些地方， 发生过生命所必须的前生物进化化合物。”所以C选项说明现在化学研究如何能和更广 泛的生物学领域有关正确。2.根据文章第二段 A chemical reaction corresponds to the transition of a molecule from the bottom of one potential well to the bottom of another. In classical chemistry, such a transition can

24、 be accomplished only by going over the potential barrier between the wells, the height of which remains constant and is called the activation energy of the reaction. In tunneling, the reacting molecules tunnel from the bottom of one to the bottom of another well without having to rise ever the barr

25、ier between the two wells.：化学反应跟分子从一个势阱的底部到另一个势阱的底部的跃迁相类似。在经典化学中，这种跃迁只有跨过两阱之间势垒才能完成。位垒的高度为常数（固定不变）。这种跃迁叫做能量活化。在贯穿势垒效应中作反应的分子从一个势阱的底部通到另一个势阱底部不需要上升跨越两阱之间的位垒。确定B选项两类反应中，都有一个从一个势阱底部到另一个势阱底部的跃迁符合题意。A选项两类反应中，反应中的分子都需跨越两阱间的栏栅、C选项两类反应中， 反应中的分子都能穿过两阱之间的位垒和D选项两类反应中，没有一种化学反应的速率取决于能量活化都不符合原文。3.根据文章第一段：Accordin

26、g to the Arrhenius equation, chemical reactions are increasingly unlikely to occur as temperatures approach absolute zero, and at absolute zero reactions stop.根据阿仑尼乌斯方程，当温度接近零度时，化学反应不大可能发生，并且在绝对零度时，化学反应已经停止。确定A选项当温度接近绝对零度时，化学反应不可能发生正确。4.根据最后一段：极低温时的贯穿势垒现象证明我对寒冷的史前生命的假说，.后又有两位化学家提出“星际甲醛分子确实进化为类似纤维素和淀

27、粉等多糖酶。他们的结论虽有争议，却实在令人振奋，特别是文章之作者，因为他正提出“巨大的云块这些地方， 发生过生命所必须的前生物进化化合物。因为证实了作者之假设。由此推断C选项有点肯定正确。5.根据文章最后一段：This tunneling phenomenon at very low temperatures suggested my hypothesis about a cold prehistory of life: the formation of rather complex organic molecules in the deep cold of outer space, wher

28、e temperatures usually reach only a few degrees Kelvin Cosmic rays （high-energy pro-tons and other particles） might trigger the synthesis of simple molecules, such as interstellar formaldehyde, in dark clouds of interstellar dust. 极低温时的贯穿势垒现象证明我对寒冷的史前生命的假说：在外层空间极其寒冷处，温度一般只有几度时，有相当复杂的有机分子形成。宇宙射线可能激发诸

29、如星际甲醛单分子在星际尘埃的乌云中综合。推断A选项宇宙射线不大可能导致简单分子的形成符合题意。 B选项隧道效应只出现在温度较窄范围之内，相当于凯氏温度的零度、C选项激发星际甲醛 单分子的综合的方式不同于宇宙射线和D选项通过隧道效应就能激发简单分子的综合不符合原文。6.由第27题C选项说明现在化学研究如何能和更广 泛的生物学领域有关正确，确定本题 D选项星际甲醛分子可以进化到复杂的有机分子正确。A选项宇宙射线可以直接综合复杂的有机分子、B选项大块云团是生命所需复合物前生物进化发生的地方和C选项星际甲醛分子可以 通过贯穿势垒方式加以综合不符合原文，排除。7.本文作者先引出阿仑尼乌斯方程所提出的观点

30、，接下来通过举例对比，对其解释说明。所以D选项作者先提出一种经典化学法规，是为了介绍另一 种与之完全不同的化学法规，然后再比较这两者的本质区别正确。A选项作者引用一个传统的化学的基本原理，然描述从这一原理的发展中所获得的研究成果、B选项作者引用一个与传统化学原理明显矛盾的例子，然后解释化学反应的过程，进而说明事实上，其与传统化学原理并不矛盾和C选项作者描述了化学反应过程中热度的作且，紧接着给出其作用的详细解释与原文不符，排除。2. 单选题The tragic impact of modern city on the human being has killed his sense of aes

31、thetics. The material benefits of an affluent society have diverted his attention from his city and its cultural potential to the products of science and technology: washing machines, central heating, automatic cookers, television sets, computers and fitted carpets. He is, at the moment, drunk with

32、democracy, well-to-do, and has never had it so good.He is reluctant to walk. Statistical data reveal that the distance he is prepared to walk from his parking place to his shopping center is very short. As there are no adequate off street parking facilities, the cities are littered with kerb-parked

33、cars, and parking meters rear themselves everywhere. Congestion has become the predominant factor in his environment, and statistics suggest that two cars per household system may soon make matters worse.In the meantime, insult is added to injury by “land value”. The value of land results from its u

34、se: its income is derived from the service it provides. When its use is intensified, its income and its value increase. “Putting land to its highest and best use” becomes the principal economic standard in urban growth. This speculative approach and the pressure of increasing population leads to the

35、 “vertical” growth of cities with the result that people are forced to adjust themselves to congestion in order to maintain these relatively artificial land values. Paradoxically the remedy for removing congestion is to create more of it.Partial decentralization, or rather pseudo-decentralization, i

36、n the form of large development units away from the traditional town centers, only shifts the disease round the anatomy of the town: if it is not combined with the remodeling of the towns transportation system, it does not cure it. Here the engineering solutions are strongly affected by the necessit

37、y for complicated intersections, which, in turn, are frustrated by the extravagant cost of land.It is within our power to build better cities and revive the civic pride of their citizens, but we shall have to stop operating on the fringe of the problem. We shall have radically to re-plan them to ach

38、ieve a rational density of population. We shall have to provide in them what can be called minimum “psychological elbow room.” One of the ingredients of this will be proper transportation plans. These will have to be an integral part of the overall planning process which in itself is a scientific pr

39、ocess. If we want to plan effectively, we must collect, in an organized manner, all and complete information about the city or the town. In this process, we must not forget that cities are built by people, and that their form and shape should be subject to the will of the people. Scientific methods

40、of data collection and analysis will indicate trends, but they will not direct action. Scientific methods are only an instrument. Man will have to set the target, and, using the results obtained by science and his own engineering skill, take upon himself the final shaping of his environment.26. It c

41、an be inferred from the first paragraph that people in old times _.27. The highly-developed technology has made man _.28. The drastic increase of land value in the city _.29. The expansion of big cities to the distant suburban areas may _.30. The author suggests that the remodeling of cities must _.

42、问题1选项A.paid more attention to material benefitsB.had a stronger sense of beautyC.were more desirous about the development of science and technologyD.enjoyed more freedom and democrat问题2选项A.increasingly industriousB.free from inconvenienceC.excessively dependent on external aidsD.able to save his phy

43、sical strength问题3选项A.is the good result of economic developmentB.offers more opportunities to land dealersC.is annoyingly artificial and meaninglessD.fortunately leads to the “vertical” growth of cities问题4选项A.solve the problem of city congestionB.result in the remodeling of the towns transportation

44、systemC.bring the same congestion to the suburban areasD.need less investment on land问题5选项A.put priority to the benefit of the future generationsB.be focused on people rather than on economyC.be economically profitable to land ownersD.resort to scientific methods【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:C第4题:C第5题:B【解析】26.【

45、试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第一句The tragic impact of modern city on the human being has killed his sense of aesthetics.（现代城市对人类的悲剧性影响扼杀了人的审美意识。），说明过去的人是拥有审美意识的，但是被现代城市扼杀了。因此B选项“有较强的审美意识”正确。A选项“比较注重物质利益”，C选项“对科技的发展有更大的愿望”，D选项“享有更多的自由和民主”，由原文可知，这是现代人的特点，所以A，C，D错误。27.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第

46、二句The material benefits of an affluent society have diverted his attention from his city and its cultural potential to the products of science and technology: washing machines, central heating, automatic cookers, television sets, computers and fitted carpets.（富裕社会的物质利益将人的注意力从城市及其文化潜力转移到了科技产品上：洗衣机、中央

47、供暖系统、自动炊具、电视机、电脑和地毯。）和第二段第一句He is reluctant to walk.（人不愿意走路。），说明高度发达的科技让人类越来越依赖各种科技产品，不愿意自己动手。因此C选项“过度依赖外部援助”正确。A选项“越来越勤劳”，B选项“从不便中解放出来”，D选项“能够保存自己的体力”均不符合题意，所以A，B，D错误。28.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段第五、六句This speculative approach and the pressure of increasing population leads to the “vertical”

48、growth of cities with the result that people are forced to adjust themselves to congestion in order to maintain these relatively artificial land values. Paradoxically the remedy for removing congestion is to create more of it.（这种投机的方式和人口增长的压力导致了城市的“垂直”增长，其结果是人们被迫调整自己，以适应拥堵，以维持这些相对人为的土地价值。矛盾的是，消除拥堵的补

49、救办法是制造更多的拥堵。），说明土地价值的大幅提升是人为的、没有意义的。因此C选项“是人为的，没有意义的，令人讨厌”正确。A选项“是经济发展的好结果”，B选项“为土地商提供了更多的机会”，D选项“幸运地导致了城市的垂直发展”都是形容积极的结果，而原文表达的是消极的意思，所以A，B，D错误。29.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第四段第一句Partial decentralization, or rather pseudo-decentralization, in the form of large development units away from the tra

50、ditional town centers, only shifts the disease round the anatomy of the town: if it is not combined with the remodeling of the towns transportation system, it does not cure it.（部分分散化，或者说是伪分散化，以大型开发单位的形式远离传统的城镇中心，只是将疾病转移到城镇的解剖结构上：如果不与城镇交通系统的改造相结合，就无法治愈疾病。），说明大城市向远郊区扩展，并不会解决大城市的交通拥堵问题，反而会给郊区也带来交通拥堵问题。

51、因此C选项“给郊区带来同样的拥堵问题”正确。A选项“解决城市拥堵问题”，B选项“导致城镇交通系统的改造”，D选项“需要减少对土地的投资”均不符合题意，所以A，B，D错误。30.【试题答案】B【试题解析】观点态度题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一段倒数第四句In this process, we must not forget that cities are built by people, and that their form and shape should be subject to the will of the people.（在这个过程中，我们不能忘记城市是由人建造的，城市的形态应该服

52、从于人的意志。），说明作者认为城市的改造必须以人类为中心。因此B选项“以人为本，而不是以经济为中心”正确。A选项“把造福子孙后代放在首位”，C选项“对土地所有者有经济效益”在文中没有提及，所以A，C错误。D选项“诉诸科学方法”，由原文可知，作者认为科学方法只是一种工具，人类必须自行承担环境的最终塑造工作，所以D错误。3. 单选题There were two widely divergent influences on the earl development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to

53、 keeping orderly records of governmental units and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering,

54、and the taking of censuses, all of which led to modern descriptive statistics. From the influence of the father came modern inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting, and describing collections of data. These data

55、 may be either quantitative, such as measures of height, intelligence, or grade level-variables， that are characterized by the underlying continuum or the data may represent qualitative variables, such as sex, college major, or personality type. Large masses of data must generally undergo a process

56、of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible. Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing, or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of pr

57、oblems that present great difficulties for the unaided human mind. This general class of problems characteristically involves attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations. For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system, who

58、 come to school without breakfast have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question each child; the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample

59、 of as few as 100 children. Thus, the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.31. The passage is mainly concerned with _.32. According to the first paragraph, counting and d

60、escribing are associated with _.33. Why does the author mention “mother” and “father” in the first paragraph?34. Which of the following statements about descriptive statistics is best supported by the passage?35. According to the passage, what is the purpose of examining a sample or a population?问题1

61、选项A.the drawbacks of descriptive and inferential statisticsB.applications of inferential statisticsC.the development and use of statisticsD.how to use descriptive statistics问题2选项A.inferential statisticsB.descriptive statisticsC.unknown variablesD.qualitative changes问题3选项A.To point out that parents c

62、an teach their children statistics.B.To introduce inferential statistics.C.To explain that there are different kinds of variables.D.To present the back ground of statistics in a humorous and understandable way.问题4选项A.It simplifies unwieldy masses of data.B.It leads to increased variability.C.It solv

63、es all numerical problems.D.It changes qualitative variables to quantitative variables.问题5选项A.To compare different groups.B.To predict characteristics of the entire population.C.To consider all the quantitative variables.D.To tabulate collections of data.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B【解析】31.【试题答案】C【试

64、题解析】主旨大意题。文章第一段介绍了统计学的诞生，接着介绍了两种统计方法：描述性统计和推断性统计可以解决的问题，说明本文主要讲的是统计学的发展和应用。因此C选项“统计学的发展和使用”正确。A选项“描述性统计和推断性统计的缺点”，原文只介绍了这两者的由来，没有介绍它们的缺点，所以A错误。B选项“推断性统计的应用”，D选项“如何使用描述性统计”，原文介绍了描述性统计和推断性统计两者的应用，所以B，D错误。32.【试题答案】B【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干关键词“counting and describing”可以定位到文章第一段第三句The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering, and the taking of censuses, all of which