2022年考博英语-南京师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第118期

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1、2022年考博英语-南京师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 翻译题“All nature is meant to make us think of paradise,” Thomas Merton observed. Because the Creation puts on a nonstop show, beauty is free and inexhaustible, but we need training in order to perceive more than the most obvious kinds. Even 15 billion years or so af

2、ter the Big Bang, echoes of that event still linger in the form of background radiation, only a few degrees above absolute zero. Lust so, I believe, the experience of beauty is an echo of the order and power that permeate the universe. To measure background radiation, we need subtle instruments; to

3、measure beauty, we need alert intelligence and our five keen senses.Anyone with eyes can take delight in a face or a flower. You need training, however, to perceive the beauty in mathematics or physics or chess, in the architecture of a tree, the design of a birds wing, or the shiver of breath throu

4、gh a flute. For most of human history, the training has from elders who taught the young how to pay attention.By paying attention; we learn to savor all sorts of patterns, from quantum mechanics to patchwork quilts. This predilection brings with it a clear evolutionary advantage, for the ability to

5、recognize patterns helped our ancestors to select mates, find food, avoid predators. But the same advantage would apply to all species, and yet we alone compose symphonies and crossword puzzles, carve stone into status, map time and space.【答案】托马斯默顿曾感言：“天地万物欲使我们想到天堂。”上天造物，生生不息，犹如连番上演的舞台剧，美亦展示得无拘无朿、无穷

6、无尽。若要从最显见的物类中获得更多 美的感悟，则须经专门训练。即使在宇宙大爆炸的一百五十亿年后，其反射仍以背景辐射的形式，略略徘徊于绝对零度之上。正因为此，人们对美的体验，实则是对宇宙间无处不在的秩序与力量的回应。测量背景辐射，要有精巧的仪器；体验美，则需机敏的智能与敏锐的五官了。凡眼见于俏脸、鲜花，无人不觉赏心悦目。然而，要参透数学、物理或棋弈之美，欣赏树之有形、鸟之翼趣，乃至对长笛奏出的悠悠颤音心领祌会，则必经专门训练方可体味。在人类大部历史上，这种训练就是学会如何观察，历来由长者教之于幼者。通过观察，人类学会鉴赏天地万化之模式，从量子力学到百纳被无所不包。此痴情所至，亦使人类在进化过程中

7、占尽先机，能辨万化之象，有助于先人们择偶、觅食，逃避猛兽。按理，同一进化优势本应造福世间一切物种，然惟独人类能谱出交响曲、制作填字游戏、创造石雕艺术、标示时空天体。那么，是人类为获敏锐的感知而一味将其动物的本能需求推向了乖戾之极致，还是人脑构造与宇宙天体碰巧契合呢？2. 单选题Many of the same techniques were the solution of industrial, scientific and medical problems.问题1选项A.applied forB.applied toC.applying forD.applying to【答案】B【解析】考查

8、词组辨析。apply for申请；apply to适用于，应用于；技术应该是运用于某些解决方案中，故先排除AC两项。技术与解决方案之间是被动关系，故用被动语态，B项正确。句意：许多相同的技巧被运用到工业，科技和医疗问题的解决方案里。3. 翻译题我为什么写作？我为了我们的国家、社会、生活更加美好而写作。热爱生活，我叹息一切美好的瞬间的短促。只有文学才能使美好的瞬间与永恒连接起来。至少我有理由希望，在写作的时候我能够比我自己还要好一点，聪明一点，丰富一点，有时候更执着一点，也有时候更豁达一点，因为我是太平凡了，我是有太多的缺点以至于缺陷。我不满意自己，我已经没有办法再重新投胎一次，我只能在写作里得

9、到一些校正与补偿。我喜欢写作还因为这并不总是快乐的。谁能回避那些沉重的不愉快的甚至于可怕的事情呢？然而当这一切经验都变成文学的契机的时候，人生就比较能够忍受了。【答案】Why do I write? I write for the betterment of our country, society and life. I love life, I sigh the brevity of all the beautiful moments. Only literature can connect the beautiful moment with the eternal. At least I

10、 have reason to hope that when I write, I can be a little better than myself, a little smarter, a little richer, sometimes a little more persistent, and sometimes a little more open-minded, because I am too ordinary, I have too many shortcomings and even defects. I am not satisfied with myself, I ha

11、ve no way to be born again, I can only get some correction and compensation from writing. I also like writing because its not always fun. Who can avoid those heavy unpleasant and even terrible things? However, when all these experiences become the opportunity of literature, life is more tolerable.4.

12、 单选题Microwaves are a type of electromagnetic radiation; they are a very mild form of electrical or magnetic wave that moves through space. Unlike X-rays and gamma rays, which are very powerful rays of radiation, microwaves are rather weak and are much more like the waves of radiation used in radio b

13、roadcasting.In microwave ovens, the use of microwaves with which most people are familiar, the waves are produced by an electronic tube called a magnetron. Microwaves produce beat in any food placed inside the oven by causing the water in the food to vibrate rapidly and thus heat up. Food that have

14、more water in them take less time to cook and probably have more of their nutrients left intact when cooked in a microwave oven.Microwaves do not pass through metals so the microwaves are retained within the oven. Microwaves pass immediately through glass, paper, and plastic with no effect on these

15、materials or on the microwaves; nothing inside the microwave oven is heated except the food itself, so the cooking process is much more efficient than in conventional ovens. Sometimes a part or container is heated because it is touching the hot food, though; some users of microwave ovens have been b

16、urned by hot food, by hot pans, or steam escaping from the food. No documented case of radiation burns from a microwave oven has ever been reported.Actually, we know very little about how microwave radiation might affect human beings. Obviously, if microwaves can cook a roast by exciting the water m

17、olecules in the meats they could do the same thing to human flesh. Human being could be burned by prolonged exposure to high levels of microwaves. But scientists are more concerned about the effects of low level microwave exposures, such as might result from a leaking microwave oven.No research has

18、yet been performed on people who have been exposed to low level microwave radiation. Some experiments have been performed on animals, but the results are very difficult to interpret. As the eyes are particularly sensitive, rabbits exposed to low level microwaves were checked for the growth of catara

19、cts, and none were found. On the other hand, some animals seem able to sense microwave radiation and try to escape from it immediately. In others, microwave radiation causes the body to react as if defending itself against decease. These responses lead some scientists to think that microwave radiati

20、on is harmful，though in some yet undiscovered way.1. The purpose of this passage is to discuss（ ）.2. Microwaves are（ ）.3. We can conclude from this passage that（ ）.4. The authors tone is（ ）.5. As used in the 3rd paragraph of this passage, the word “documented means（ ）.问题1选项A.the beneficial use of mi

21、crowavesB.the harmful effects of microwavesC.the modern methods of cookingD.the use and possible harmful effects of microwaves问题2选项A.absolutely safe at low levelsB.very efficient for cookingC.cancer-causing in people with weak eyesD.completely understood by Scientists问题3选项A.the heat created in micro

22、wave ovens is very difficult to controlB.food tastes better when cooked in a microwave ovenC.food cooked in microwave ovens is probably more nutritious than food cooked in more conventional waysD.most research on the effects of microwaves on human beings has been restricted to the study of low level

23、 microwave radiation问题4选项A.objectiveB.sarcasticC.negativeD.skeptical问题5选项A.numberedB.recordedC.legalD.believable【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。本文第一段介绍了微波的特点，第二三段讲述了微波的用途，最后分析了微波可能对人体造成的伤害。故D项“微波的用途及可能造成的影响”正确。ABC三项均比较片面。2.推理判断题。由第三段“nothing inside the microwave oven is heated except the fo

24、od itself, so the cooking process is much more efficient than in conventional ovens. 除了食物本身，微波炉里的任何东西都不会被加热，因此烹饪过程比传统的烤箱更有效率。可知B项正确。由These responses lead some scientists to think that microwave radiation is harmful，though in some yet undiscovered way. 这些反应使一些科学家认为微波辐射是有害的，尽管是以一些尚未被发现的方式。可知A项错误。No re

25、search has yet been performed on people who have been exposed to low level microwave radiation. 目前还没有对暴露在低水平微波辐射下的人进行研究。可知C项错误。3.推理判断题。第四段But scientists are more concerned about the effects of low level microwave exposures, such as might result from a leaking microwave oven. 但科学家们更关心的是低水平微波照射的影响，比如微

26、波炉泄漏可能造成的影响。与D项“微波对人体影响的研究大多局限于对低水平微波辐射的研究”同义。AB两项文中没有提及；C项“用微波炉烹饪的食物可能比用传统方法烹饪的食物更有营养”是对原文“Food that have more water in them take less time to cook and probably have more of their nutrients left intact when cooked in a microwave oven. 含有更多水分的食物烹饪时间更短，在微波炉中烹饪时可能会保留更多的营养成分。”的曲解。4.观点态度题。本文前半部分提到了微波给人们

27、的生活带来了便利，可以快速地加热食物，后半部分提到了科学家对微波是否会对人体造成伤害进行了讨论，全文没有涉及主观性色彩的内容，所以作者的态度是客观的，故A项正确。5.词义题。Some users of microwave ovens have been burned by hot food, by hot pans, or steam escaping from the food. No documented case of radiation burns from a microwave oven has ever been reported. 一些使用微波炉的人被热的食物、热锅或从食物中逸

28、出的蒸汽烧伤。没有记录在案的微波炉辐射灼伤案例。联系上文可以推断documented为记录的。5. 单选题The first animals on this living sphere, the Earth, were primitive（ ）animals, and then around 500 million years ago these sea animals developed shells.问题1选项A.versatileB.marineC.predatoryD.feasible【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。versatile“多才多艺的”；marine“海生的，海产的”；p

29、redatory“掠夺的，掠夺成性的”；feasible“可行的”。句意：地球上第一类动物是海洋类生物，5亿年前这些海洋生物逐渐长出了外壳。由后半句的“shells”可推知第一批动物是海生动物，没有外壳；而且只有B项能修饰动物。6. 单选题Her sadness was obvious, but she believed that her feeling of depression was（ ）.问题1选项A.torrentB.transientC.tensileD.textured【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。torrent 急流，激流；transient短暂的；tensile可伸长的，

30、可拉长的；textured起纹理的，质地不平的。能与feeling of depression搭配的只有B项。句意：她很悲伤，但是她相信这种悲伤的感觉只是短暂的。故B项正确。7. 单选题Many of the scientists and engineers are judged（ ）how great their achievements are.问题1选项A.in spite ofB.in ways ofC.in favor ofD.in terms of【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。in spite of尽管；in favor of有利于，支持；in terms of 依据，按照，在方

31、面。许多科学家和工程师从他们所取得的成就来被评价，只有D项符合题意。8. 填空题She is a pretty girl and loves（ ） （fashion） clothes and shoes.【答案】fashionable【解析】放在名词前，故用形容词形式。9. 单选题Eating more nutritious food than is needed doesnt make it function better（ ） overfilling the tank makes a car move faster.问题1选项A.not more thanB.less thanC.no m

32、ore thanD.any more than【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。not more than不超过，至多，不比更； no more than只是，仅仅，同样不；less than 比少；any more than至多，仅仅。句意：吃过多超出身体需要的营养品并不会使身体更好，就如同给油箱加过多的油来使其快速前进一样。C项符合题意。10. 单选题There are good reasons to be troubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media. Movies. Television and video game

33、s are full of gunplay and bloodshed, and one might reasonably ask whats wrong with a society that presents videos of domestic violence as entertainment.Most researchers agree that the causes of real-world violence are complex. A 1993 study by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences listed biological,

34、individual, family, peer, school, and community factors as all playing their parts.Viewing abnormally large amounts of violent television and video games may well contribute to violent behavior in certain individuals. The trouble conies when researchers downplay uncertainties in their studies or ove

35、rstate the case for causality (因果关系). Skeptics were dismayed several years ago when a group of societies including the American Medical Association tried to end the debate by issuing a joint statement: At this time, well over 1.000 studies point overwhelmingly to a causal connection between media vi

36、olence and aggressive behavior in some children.Freedom-of-speech advocates accused the societies of catering to politicians, and even disputed the number of studies (most were review articles and essays, they said). When Jonathan Freedman, a social psychologist at the University of Toronto, reviewe

37、d the literature, he found only 200 or so studies of television-watching and aggression. And when lie weeded out the most doubtful measures of aggression, only 28% supported a connection.The critical point here is causality. The alarmists say they have proved that violent media cause aggression. But

38、 the assumptions behind their observations need to be examined. When labeling games as violent or non-violent, should a hero eating a ghost really be counted as a violent event? And when experimenters record the time it takes game players to read aggressive or non-aggressive words from a list, can w

39、e be sure what they are actually measuring? The intent of the new Harvard Center on Media and Child Health to collect and standardize studies of media violence in order to compare their methodologies, assumptions and conclusions is an important step in the right direction.Another appropriate step wo

40、uld be to tone down the criticism until we know more. Several researchers write, speak and testify quite a lot on the threat posed by violence in the media. That is, of course, their privilege. But when doing so, they often come out with statements that the matter has now been settled, drawing criti

41、cism from colleagues. In response, the alarmists accuse critics and news reporters of being deceived by the entertainment industry. Such clashes help neither science nor society.1. Why is there so much violence shown in movies. TV and video games?2. What is the skeptics view of media violence?3. The

42、 author uses the term “alarmists” (Line 1. Para. 5) to refer to those who（ ） .4. In refuting the alarmists, the author advances his argument by first challenging（ ）5. What does the author think of the debate concerning the relationship between the media and violence?问题1选项A.There is a lot of violence

43、 in the real world today.B.Something has gone wrong with todays society.C.Many people are fond of gunplay and bloodshed.D.Showing violence is thought to be entertaining.问题2选项A.Violence on television is a fairly accurate reflection of real-world life.B.Most studies exaggerate the effect of media viol

44、ence on the viewers.C.A causal relationship exists between media and real-world violence.D.The influence of media violence on children has been underestimated.问题3选项A.use standardized measurements in the studies of media violenceB.initiated the debate over the influence of violent media on realityC.a

45、ssert a direct link between violent media and aggressive behaviorD.use appropriate methodology in examining aggressive behavior问题4选项A.the source and amount of their dataB.the targets of their observationC.their system of measurementD.their definition of violence问题5选项A.More studies should be conducte

46、d before conclusions are drawn.B.It should come to an end since the matter has now been settled.C.The past studies in this field have proved to be misleading.D.He more than agrees with the views held by the alarmists.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。由第一段 one might reasonably ask whats wrong

47、with a society that presents videos of domestic violence as entertainment. 人们可能会合理地问，一个把家庭暴力视频作为娱乐的社会出了什么问题?可知人们认为展示暴力是具有娱乐性的，故D项正确。2.判断推理题。由第三段“The trouble conies when researchers downplay uncertainties in their studies or overstate the case for causality. Skeptics were dismayed several years ago w

48、hen a group of societies including the American Medical Association tried to end the debate by issuing a joint statement: At this time, well over 1.000 studies point overwhelmingly to a causal connection between media violence and aggressive behavior in some children.当研究人员淡化研究中的不确定性或夸大因果关系时，问题就出现了。几

49、年前，包括美国医学会(American Medical Association)在内的一些学会试图通过发表联合声明来结束这场争论，对此持怀疑态度的人感到失望:“此时，超过1000项研究压倒性地指出，媒体暴力与一些儿童的攻击性行为之间存在因果关系。” 由此可知怀疑论者的研究报告夸大了媒体暴力对于观众的影响。故B项正确。3.词义题。The critical point here is causality. The alarmists say they have proved that violent media cause aggression. 这里的临界点是因果关系。危言耸听者说，他们已经证明

50、暴力媒体会导致攻击性。由此可知alarmists认为暴力媒体与攻击行为之间有直接关系，故C项正确。4.推理判断题。由第五段“But the assumptions behind their observations need to be examined. When labeling games as violent or non-violent, should a hero eating a ghost really be counted as a violent event? And when experimenters record the time it takes game play

51、ers to read aggressive or non-aggressive words from a list, can we be sure what they are actually measuring? 但是他们观察背后的假设需要被检验。当给游戏贴上暴力或非暴力的标签时，一个吃鬼的英雄真的应该被算作暴力事件吗?当实验者记录下游戏玩家从列表中阅读“攻击性”或“非攻击性”词汇所花的时间时，我们能确定他们实际上在测量什么吗? 由此可 知，作者首先质疑的就是这些研究者对于暴力的概念。故D项正确。5.判断推理题。由最后一段Another appropriate step would be

52、to tone down the criticism until we know more. Several researchers write, speak and testify quite a lot on the threat posed by violence in the media. That is, of course, their privilege. But when doing so, they often come out with statements that the matter has now been settled, drawing criticism fr

53、om colleagues. In response, the alarmists accuse critics and news reporters of being deceived by the entertainment industry. Such clashes help neither science nor society. 另一个适当的步骤是在我们知道更多之前降低批评的声音。几位研究人员就媒体中的暴力构成的威胁进行了大量的写作、发言和证实。当然，这是他们的特权。但在这样做的时候，他们往往会说事情已经解决了，招致同事们的批评。作为回应，危言耸听者指责批评家和新闻记者被娱乐产业欺

54、骗了。这样的冲突对科学和社会都没有好处。可知作者认为双方进行更充分的研究再得出一个合理一致的结论。故A项正确。11. 单选题For about three centuries we have been doing science, trying science out, using science for the construction of what we call modern civilization. Every dispensable item of contemporary technology, from canal locks to dial telephones to pe

55、nicillin, was pieced together from the analysis of data provided by one or another series of scientific experiments. Three hundred years seems a long time for testing a new approach to human inter-living, long enough to set back for critical appraisal of the scientific method, maybe even long enough

56、 to vote on whether to go on with it or not. There is an argument.Voices have been raised in protest since the beginning, rising in pitch and violence in the nineteenth century during the early stages of the industrial revolution, summoning urgent crowds into the streets on the issue of nuclear ener

57、gy. Give it back, say some of the voices, “It doesnt really work, weve tried it and it doesnt work. Go back three hundred years and start again on something else less chancy for the race of man.”The principle discoveries in this century, taking all in all, are the glimpses of the depth of our ignora

58、nce of nature. Things that used to seem clear and rational, and matters of absolute certaintyNewtonian mechanics, for examplehave slipped through our fingers; and we are left with a new set of gigantic puzzles, cosmic uncertainties, and ambiguities. Some of the laws of physics are amended every few

59、years; some are canceled outright; some undergo revised version of legislative intent as if they were acts of Congress.Just thirty years ago we call it a biological revolution when the fantastic geometry of the DNA molecule was exposed to public view and the linear language of genetics was decoded.

60、For while, things seemed simple and clear: the cell was a neat little machine, a mechanical device ready for taking to pieces and reassembling, like a tiny watch. But just in the last few years it has become almost unbelievable complex filled with strange parts whose functions are beyond todays imag

61、ining.It is not just that there is more to do, there is everything to do. What lies ahead, or what can lie ahead if the efforts in basic research are continued, is much more than the conquest of human disease or the improvement of agricultural technology or the cultivation of nutrients in the sea. A

62、s we learn more about fundamental processes of living things in general we will learn more about ourselves.1. What CANNOT be inferred from the first paragraph?2. The principle discovery in this century shows（ ）.3. Now scientists have found in the past few years（ ）.4. The writers main purpose in writ

63、ing the passage is to say that（ ）.5.The writers attitude towards science is（ ）.问题1选项A.Scientific experiments in the past three hundred years have produced many valuable items.B.For three hundred years there have been people holding a hostile attitude toward science.C.Modern civilization depends on s

64、cience so man supports scientific progress unanimously.D.Some people think three hundred years is not long enough to set back for critical appraisal of scientific method.问题2选项A.man has overthrown Newtons laws of physicsB.man has solved a new set of gigantic puzzlesC.man has lost many scientific discoveriesD.man has given up some of the once accepted