2022年考博英语-中国科学院考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第197期

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1、2022年考博英语-中国科学院考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The drill ship was able to maintain a steady position on the oceans surface and drill in very deep waters, （ ） samples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor.问题1选项A.suspendingB.locatingC.dispensingD.extracting【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。suspend “延缓，推迟”；locate “位于”；dis

2、pense “免除；分配”；extract “提取；提炼”。句意：钻探船能够在海面保持稳定的位置，并能够钻进深海，从海底_沉积物和岩石样本。根据句意可知选项D符合题意。2. 写作题Directions: Write an essay of no less than 200 words on the topic given below. Use the space provided on your Answer Sheet II.TOPICMany people judge the value of things by their practicality or usefulness. What

3、 is your opinion on this topic? Support your argument with reasons or examples.【答案】【参考范文】People tend to judge the value of things by their practicality or usefulness. Although I understand why people do so, I still hold that the value of things should not be judged only by their practicality or usef

4、ulness.To start with, the value of things cannot be judged by any one-dimensional standard. A thing may have different values in the eyes of different people. Judging the value of things by their practicality or usefulness is just one dimension but not necessarily the best dimension. From a mundane

5、outlook, practical things may bring people more benefits and rewards. Looking from a historical perspective, we could find the origin of such a utilitarian outlook in some hard times. During those historical periods when a scarcity of food was a ubiquitous phenomenon, survival was of the utmost prio

6、rity, and judging the value of things from their usefulness could ensure human beings survival to a maximum extent. After all, there was little chance for people to waste their precious resources on useless things.However, as the living standard is rising higher and higher in modern society, nowaday

7、s people are much less worried about the adequacy of living substances than they were in the bygone ages. At this time, how to judge the value of things has become a multidimensional choice. Some individuals begin to cherish spiritual or aesthetic value of things. New generations are often pursuing

8、different kinds of value in a postmodern society, and the practicality is no longer the single standard to measure the value of things.Furthermore, the aesthetic value of things is also a dimension which deserves our attention. Few of us could resist the temptation of a beautiful fresh flower, as we

9、ll as the healing power of an unforgettable melody, and the colorful glamour of an exquisite painting. There may be little practical use in art or artistic objects, but they do have a value in the eyes of an appreciating admirer. Although the spiritual value of a thing looks intangible, it could rea

10、lly exert a profound influence on people. For instance, gazing at the world famous painting “Sunflower” on the wall, we could feel Vincent van Goghs burning vitality and get inspired when we are in a gloomy mood. Listening to Mozarts music do help us relax in a pleasant mood.Therefore, there are man

11、y ways we can employ to measure the value of things. It is one-sided to judge the value of things only by their practicality or usefulness.3. 单选题The book was widely translated and copied in the ancient world and was influential（ ）.问题1选项A.at any priceB.within reachC.beyond measureD.on purpose【答案】C【解析

12、】考查介词短语辨析。at any price “无论如何”；within reach “伸手可及”；beyond measure “无可估量”；on purpose “有目的地，故意地”。句意：在古代这本书被广泛地翻译和复制，其影响力_。根据关键信息widely，可知选项C符合题意。4. 单选题After the（ ）year of 1957, the birth rate in Canada began to decline.问题1选项A.summitB.peakC.climaxD.top【答案】B【解析】考察形容词辨析。summit最高级的，政府首脑级的； peak 峰值的，最大值的；cl

13、imax高潮的； top顶部的。句意：在1957年达到峰值后，加拿大的人口出生率开始下降。选项B符合句意。5. 不定项选择题“The idea of death, the fear of it, haunts the human animal like nothing else,” wrote Ernest Becker in his book. But we dont need to worry so much, according to new research comparing our perception of what its like to die with the accoun

14、ts from people facing imminent death. Researchers analyzed the writings of regular bloggers with either terminal cancer who all died over the course of the study, and compared it to blog posts written by a group of participants who were told to imagine they had been diagnosed with terminal cancer an

15、d had only a few months to live. They looked for general feelings of positivity and negativity, and words describing positive and negative emotions including happiness, fear and terror. Blog posts from the terminally ill were found to have considerably more positive words and fewer negative ones tha

16、n those imagining they were dyingand their use of positive language increased as they got closer to death.Lisa Iverach, a research fellow at the University of Sydney, explained that the study highlights how the participants may have been less negative because the mystery around death was removed. “I

17、ndividuals facing imminent death have had more time to process the idea of death and dying, and therefore, may be more accepting of the inevitability of death.” But not all of us will know how, or when, were going to die in advance, and therefore will miss out on any benefits to be had by uncovering

18、 its uncertainty.Havi Carel, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Bristol, agrees with the studys findings on how adaptable we are. “The initial shock after receiving a poor prognosis is horrific, but after months or years of living with this knowledge, the dread subsides,” she said. However

19、, Carel also pointed out that theres an important distinction between positive responses and pleasantness, and that there are some unpleasant and painful events wed still be positive about, such as childbirth.In Western culture, we tend to pretend death doesnt exist, whereas research has indicated t

20、hat the East Asian yin and yang philosophy of deathwhere life cant exist without deathallows individuals to use death as a reminder to enjoy life. “I think the UK and the US are death-denying cultures, in that death is mostly avoided as a topic.” Heflick said. “While avoiding talking about death can

21、 reduce discomfort in the short term, it probably makes most of us much more anxious about death in the long term.”36. According to Ernest Becker, people usually _.37. According to the researchers, people faced with imminent death _ than those who imagined they have cancer.38. According to Lisa Iver

22、ach, people who have been diagnosed with cancer are more positive, because _.39. According to Havi Carel, the positive feeling and unpleasant feeling _.40. In Asian culture, people take death as something _.41. People in Western cultures avoid talking about death because _.问题1选项A.have mixed feelings

23、 about deathB.regard death as an adventureC.are puzzled by the real meaning of deathD.dread death most compared with other things问题2选项A.are more thoughtfulB.are more positiveC.more frightenedD.are more concerned with their later life问题3选项A.people uncover the mystery of deathB.people learn to keep pe

24、aceful mindsC.people focus their minds on the familyD.people have to manage their time meaningfully问题4选项A.are difficult for people to distinguishB.are easy for people to get used toC.may be understood better by womenD.could be experienced at the same time问题5选项A.sensitiveB.deniableC.to remind people

25、to treasure their lifeD.to be dealt with more seriously问题6选项A.they want to reduce their anxietyB.they enjoy every day of their livesC.they value the present more than the futureD.they prefer to process the idea individually【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C第6题:A【解析】36. 【选项释义】According to Ernest Becker, p

26、eople usually _. 根据欧内斯特贝克尔的说法，人们通常_。A. have mixed feelings about death A. 对死亡有不同的感受B. regard death as an adventure B. 视死亡为一种冒险C. are puzzled by the real meaning of death C. 对死亡的真正含义感到困惑D. dread death most compared with other things D. 与其他事物相比，最害怕死亡【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词Ernest Becker可以定位到文章第一段第一句“欧

27、内斯特贝克尔在他的书中写道：死亡的想法和对其的恐惧，无与伦比地（like nothing else）萦绕着人类。”，说明欧内斯特贝克尔认为死亡是人类最害怕的事物。因此D选项“与其他事物相比，最害怕死亡”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“对死亡有不同的感受”，B选项“视死亡为一种冒险”和C选项“对死亡的真正含义感到困惑”在文章中均没有提及，属于无中生有。37. 【选项释义】According to the researchers, people faced with imminent death _ than those who imagined they have cancer. 根据研究人员的说法

28、，面对即将到来的死亡的人比那些想象自己患有癌症的人_。A. are more thoughtful A. 更加深思熟虑B. are more positive B. 更加积极C. more frightened C. 更加惊慌失措D. are more concerned with their later life D. 更关心自己的晚年生活【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】由题干关键词imagined可以定位到文章第一段最后一句“他们发现，与那些想象自己即将死亡的人（imagining they were dying）相比，身患绝症的人的博客文章中有更多积极的词汇（more positive

29、 words），而消极的词汇则更少，而且随着他们离死亡越来越近，他们使用的积极语言也越来越多。”，说明研究人员发现即将面临死亡的人比想象自己患有癌症即将死去的人更加积极、乐观。因此B选项“更加积极”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“更加深思熟虑”和D选项“更关心自己的晚年生活”在文章中没有提及，属于无中生有；C选项“更加惊慌失措”，文章中描述他们是积极乐观的，而不是慌张的，属于反向干扰。38. 【选项释义】According to Lisa Iverach, people who have been diagnosed with cancer are more positive, because _

30、. 根据丽莎伊维拉奇的说法，被诊断出患有癌症的人更加积极，因为_。A. people uncover the mystery of death A. 人们揭开了死亡的神秘面纱B. people learn to keep peaceful minds B. 人们学会保持平和的心态C. people focus their minds on the family C. 人们把心思放在家庭上D. people have to manage their time meaningfully D. 人们要有意义地管理自己的时间【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词Lisa Iverach可以定

31、位到文章第二段第一句“悉尼大学的研究人员丽莎伊维拉奇解释说，这项研究强调了参与者可能因为死亡的神秘感被消除（the mystery around death was removed）而变得不那么消极。”，说明丽莎伊维拉奇对于参与者更加积极这种现象的解释是他们可能因为消除了围绕死亡的神秘感而减少了负面情绪。因此A选项“人们揭开了死亡的神秘面纱”正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“人们学会保持平和的心态”，C选项“人们把心思放在家庭上”和D选项“人们要有意义地管理自己的时间”在文章中均没有提及，属于无中生有。39. 【选项释义】According to Havi Carel, the positive f

32、eeling and unpleasant feeling _. 根据哈维卡瑞尔的说法，_积极的感觉和不愉快的感觉。A. are difficult for people to distinguish A. 人们很难区分B. are easy for people to get used to B. 人们容易习惯C. may be understood better by women C. 女性可能更容易理解D. could be experienced at the same time D. 可以同时体验【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词Havi Carel可以定位到文章第三段

33、第一、二句“布里斯托尔大学哲学教授哈维卡瑞尔同意这项关于人类适应力的研究结果。她说：在得知对病情的不良预断后，最初的震惊是可怕的，但在了解了这种情况的几个月或几年之后（after months or years of living with this knowledge），这种恐惧就会消退（the dread subsides）。”，说明哈维卡瑞尔认为最初得知自己即将面临死亡的震惊是可怕的，这是一种不愉快的感觉，但在与这种感觉一起共存几个月或几年之后，人们会变得积极起来，也就是说积极和不愉快的感觉可以同时存在。因此D选项“可以同时体验”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“人们很难区分”，文章中说的是积

34、极的回应（positive responses）和愉悦（pleasantness）之间的区别，而不是积极的感觉和不愉快的感觉，属于曲解原文；B选项“人们容易习惯”和C选项“女性可能更容易理解”在文章中没有提及，属于无中生有。40. 【选项释义】In Asian culture, people take death as something _. 在亚洲文化中，人们把死亡视为一种_的东西。A. sensitive A. 敏感B. deniable B. 可以否认C. to remind people to treasure their life C. 提醒人们要珍惜生活D. to be deal

35、t with more seriously D. 要更认真地对待【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词Asian culture可以定位到文章第四段第一句“东亚的阴阳死亡哲学（East Asian yin and yang philosophy of death）没有死亡，生命就不存在允许个人将死亡作为享受生命的提醒（use death as a reminder to enjoy life）。”，说明亚洲文化认为没有死亡，生命就不可能存在，所以个人会用死亡来提醒自己去享受、珍惜生活。因此C选项“提醒人们要珍惜生活”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“敏感”，文章中说到西方文化倾向于假装死亡

36、不存在，说明对西方人来说死亡是敏感的，不属于亚洲文化对死亡的理解，属于张冠李戴；B选项“可以否认”，文章中说到英国和美国是否认死亡的文化，因为死亡基本上是一个被回避的话题，说明是英美文化认为死亡可以否认，而不是亚洲文化，属于张冠李戴；D选项“要更认真地对待”，文章中说的是通过死亡提醒自己要认真对待生命、享受生活，属于偷换概念。41. 【选项释义】People in Western cultures avoid talking about death because _. 西方文化中的人们避免谈论死亡，因为_。A. they want to reduce their anxiety A. 他们想

37、减少自己的焦虑B. they enjoy every day of their lives B. 他们享受生命中的每一天C. they value the present more than the future C. 他们更重视现在而不是未来D. they prefer to process the idea individually D. 他们喜欢单独处理这个想法【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词Western cultures可以定位到文章第四段第一句和最后一句“在西方文化（Western culture）中，我们倾向于假装死亡不存在。虽然避免谈论死亡（avoiding t

38、alking about death）可以在短期内减少不适，但从长远来看，它可能会让我们大多数人对死亡更加焦虑（anxious）。”，说明西方人对于死亡的态度是避免谈论死亡，假装死亡并不存在，因为这样可以在短期内减少心理不适，也就是焦虑。因此A选项“他们想减少自己的焦虑”正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“他们享受生命中的每一天”，通过死亡的提醒来享受生命是东方文化的态度，属于张冠李戴；C选项“他们更重视现在而不是未来”和D选项“他们喜欢单独处理这个想法”在文章中没有提及，属于无中生有。6. 不定项选择题Remember the concept of “sisterhood”? That quaint

39、 relic of an idea that women owed it to other women to crash through ceilings and navigate a male world? It just might be taking new root in a most unexpected placeamong women with money. There are more women controlling more wealth in the U.S. than ever before. And unlike the women who preceded the

40、mold-school patrons who gave to the museum and the symphony and their dead husbands alma matersthese givers are more likely to use their wealth deliberately and systematically to aid women in need.To appreciate the magnitude of this change, go back 150 years or so to the womens struggle for the righ

41、t to vote, or the suffrage movement. Back to the time when one of its leaders, Matilda Joslyn Gage, lamented: “We have yet to hear of a woman of wealth who has left anything for helping her sex get the vote. Almost every daily paper heralds the fact of some large bequest to colleges, churches and ch

42、arities by rich women, but it is well-known that they never remember the woman suffrage movement that underlies in importance all others.”Today, globally, more than 145 funds, with assets of nearly half a billion dollars, exist to improve the lives of women and girls. Many focus their efforts domest

43、ically; about a third work internationally. Not one existed in 1972 when the Ms. Foundation, the first national fund for and by women, was established. Collectively they now form the Womens Funding Network and have plans to increase their joint coffers by another billion dollars by 2018, in concert

44、with a drive called Women Moving Millions, which aims to encourage individuals, mostly women, to donate $ 1 million or more.Women Moving Millions began with the literal sisterhood of Helen LaKelly Hunt and Swanee Hunt. Daughters of the legendary oilman H. L. Hunt, they were raised “like Southern bel

45、les,” Helen saystaught that money was something a woman “shouldnt worry her pretty little head about.” As adults they discovered the power of philanthropy, and about three years ago Swanee called Helen with an offer. “She said she was going to leave me a lot of money in her will,” Helen says, “but I

46、 might die first and ruin the surprise, so why doesnt she give it to me now?” Swanees $ 6 million, and $ 4 million more from Helen, became the initial pledges to the campaign.60. In the past, women needed “sisterhood” to _.61. The big change in the US mentioned in the passage is that _.62. According

47、 to Matilda Joslyn Gage, the rich women failed to _.63. Paragraph 3 mainly tells about _.64. Women Moving Millions is _.65. What can we learn about Helen and Swanee?问题1选项A.be more competitive in a male worldB.help free each other from home burdensC.become as wealthy as the majority malesD.make a liv

48、ing in the male-dominated world问题2选项A.more rich women are aiding their poorer sistersB.more rich women are stopping donating money to schoolsC.more females have won the right to vote in national electionsD.more females have contributed money to museums and symphonies问题3选项A.think about the well-being

49、 of their unfortunate sistersB.make investments in any exclusive womens projectsC.realize what was crucial in helping those needy womenD.recognize that political rights are more vital than their families问题4选项A.the individual females efforts for raising their own statusB.the future plans of the Women

50、s Funding NetworkC.the organized groups systematic supports to womenD.the funds used for improving the lives of women问题5选项A.a rich womens societyB.a pro-women foundationC.a funds-raising campaignD.a womens funding network问题6选项A.They made a large fortune from the campaign.B.They kept their promise to

51、 donate $ 10 million.C.They helped Women Moving Millions get going.D.They left each other millions of dollars in the will.【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:C第6题:C【解析】60. 【选项释义】In the past, women needed “sisterhood” to _. 在过去，女性需要“姐妹情谊”来_。A. be more competitive in a male world A. 在男性的世界里更有竞争力B. help free e

52、ach other from home burdens B. 互相帮助，把对方从家庭负担中解放出来C. become as wealthy as the majority males C. 成为和大多数男性一样富有的人D. make a living in the male-dominated world D. 在男性主导的世界中谋生【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词sisterhood可以定位到文章第1段第1、2句“还记得姐妹情谊（sisterhood）这个概念吗？是那种古老的观念遗留下来的，认为女人有责任帮助其他女人冲破天花板（crash through ceilings），

53、在男人的世界里遨游（navigate a male world）？”，说明在过去，“姐妹情谊”能够帮助女性冲破男性主导的限制，在男性的世界里发挥自身的竞争力。因此A选项“在男性的世界里更有竞争力”正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“互相帮助，把对方从家庭负担中解放出来”，文章中没有提到家庭负担，属于无中生有；C选项“成为和大多数男性一样富有的人”，由文章第1段第3句“它可能会在一个最意想不到的地方生根在有钱的女性（women with money）中间。”可知，这些女性已经很有钱了，属于反向干扰；D选项“在男性主导的世界中谋生”，文章中说的是帮助在男性的世界里更有竞争力，而不仅仅是谋生这么基础的程度，

54、属于曲解原文。61. 【选项释义】The big change in the US mentioned in the passage is that _. 这段话中提到的美国的巨大变化是_。A. more rich women are aiding their poorer sisters A. 更多的富有女性正在帮助她们较穷的姐妹B. more rich women are stopping donating money to schools B. 更多的富有女性停止向学校捐款C. more females have won the right to vote in national ele

55、ctions C. 更多的女性在国家选举中赢得了投票权D. more females have contributed money to museums and symphonies D. 更多的女性向博物馆和交响乐团捐钱【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词big change可以定位到文章第1段最后1句“与之前向博物馆、交响乐团和已故丈夫的母校捐款的老派赞助人女性不同（unlike the women who preceded them），这些捐款者更有可能有意识地、系统地使用自己的财富来帮助有需要的女性（to aid women in need）。”，说明和以前不同的是，现在的

56、美国有更多的富有女性来帮助贫困的女性。因此A选项“更多的富有女性正在帮助她们较穷的姐妹”正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“更多的富有女性停止向学校捐款”，文章只是说现在的富有女性比起向学校捐款更有可能帮助贫困的女性，没有说她们从此就不再向学校捐款，属于推理过度；C选项“更多的女性在国家选举中赢得了投票权”，文章中没有提及女性赢得了投票权，属于无中生有；D选项“更多的女性向博物馆和交响乐团捐钱”，文章中说的是比起向博物馆和交响乐团捐钱，富有女性更有可能去帮助贫困女性，属于反向干扰。62. 【选项释义】According to Matilda Joslyn Gage, the rich women fa

57、iled to _. 根据玛蒂尔达乔斯林盖奇的说法，富有女性们未能_。A. think about the well-being of their unfortunate sisters A. 考虑到她们不幸的姐妹们的幸福B. make investments in any exclusive womens projects B. 对任何专属女性的项目进行投资C. realize what was crucial in helping those needy women C. 意识到在帮助这些有需要的女性方面什么是关键的D. recognize that political rights ar

58、e more vital than their families D. 认识到政治权利比她们的家庭更重要【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词Matilda Joslyn Gage可以定位到文章第2段第2句“回顾过去，该运动的一位领导人玛蒂尔达乔斯林盖奇曾哀叹道：我们还没有听说过哪个富有女性为了帮助女性获得选举权（get the vote）而留下任何东西。”，同时第3句说到“她们从不记得女性投票权运动，而这一运动是所有其他运动的重要基础（underlies in importance all others）。”，说明女性投票权才是帮助女性最重要、最关键的方面，但过去的富有女性没有对此

59、提供帮助。因此C选项“意识到在帮助这些有需要的女性方面什么是关键的”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“考虑到她们不幸的姐妹们的幸福”，B选项“对任何专属女性的项目进行投资”和D选项“认识到政治权利比她们的家庭更重要”在文章中均没有提及，属于无中生有。63. 【选项释义】Paragraph 3 mainly tells about _. 第3段主要讲述了_。A. the individual females efforts for raising their own status A. 女性个人为提高自己的地位所做的努力B. the future plans of the Womens Funding

60、 Network B. 女性资金网络的未来计划C. the organized groups systematic supports to women C. 有组织的团体对女性的系统支持D. the funds used for improving the lives of women D. 用于改善女性生活的资金【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词Paragraph 3可以定位到文章第3段，本段第1句说到“今天，在全球范围内，有超过145个基金，资产近5亿美元，致力于改善女性和女孩的生活（to improve the lives of women and girls）。”，说明这

61、些资金的目的是为了改善女性的生活，接着举了“女性资金网络（Womens Funding Network）”和“百万女性运动（Women Moving Millions）”的例子来说明做出的努力，这些组织和运动本质上都是为了提供资金来改善女性的生活。因此D选项“用于改善女性生活的资金”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“女性个人为提高自己的地位所做的努力”，本段介绍的是社会组织和运动的努力，而非个人的，属于张冠李戴；B选项“女性资金网络的未来计划”只是列举的一个例子，不能全面概括本段的内容，属于以偏概全；C选项“有组织的团体对女性的系统支持”，本段中只说到了对女性的资金支持，没有提及系统的支持，属于无中

62、生有。64. 【选项释义】Women Moving Millions is _. 百万女性运动是_。A. a rich womens society A. 一个富有的女性协会B. a pro-women foundation B. 一个支持女性的基金会C. a funds-raising campaign C. 一个筹款活动D. a womens funding network D. 一个女性的筹款网络【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词Women Moving Millions可以定位到文章第3段最后1句“与一项名为百万女性运动的运动合作，该运动旨在鼓励个人（主要是女性）捐赠10

63、0万美元或更多。”，说明百万女性运动是一个鼓励富有女性捐款的筹款运动。因此C选项“一个筹款活动”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“一个富有的女性协会”，百万女性运动是一个运动而不是协会，属于无中生有；B选项“一个支持女性的基金会”，百万女性运动是一个运动而不是基金会，属于无中生有；D选项“一个女性的筹款网络”介绍的是“女性资金网络（Womens Funding Network）”，属于张冠李戴。65. 【选项释义】What can we learn about Helen and Swanee? 关于海伦和斯旺尼，我们可以了解到什么？A. They made a large fortune from t