2022年考博英语-东华大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷98

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1、2022年考博英语-东华大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 per cent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year,

2、after a series of mergers is completed, just four rail roads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopol

3、y, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail indu

4、stry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal governmen

5、ts Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyones cost. If railroads charged all customers th

6、e same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It is a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in

7、the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace” asks Mar- tin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon

8、be his with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another,

9、with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10. 2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrails net railway operating income in 1996 was just $ 427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who is going to pay for the rest of the bill. Ma

10、ny captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.1. According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because_.2. What is many captive shippers attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?.3. It can be inferred from

11、 paragraph 3 that_.4 The word “arbiters” most probably refers to those_.5. According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by_.问题1选项A.cost reduction is based on competitionB.services call for cross-trade coordinationC.outside competitors will continue to existD.shipper

12、s will have the railway by the throat问题2选项A.IndifferentB.SupportiveC.IndignantD.Apprehensive问题3选项A.shippers will be charged less without a rival railroadB.there will soon be only one railroad company nationwideC.overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate reliefD.a government board ensures

13、fair play in railway business问题4选项A.who work as coordinatorsB.who function as judgesC.who supervise transactionsD.who determine the price问题5选项A.the continuing acquisitionB.the growing trafficC.the cheering Wall StreetD.the shrinking market【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.【试题解析】：事实细节题。题目问的是支持并购的人为什

14、么认为铁路行业内不会形成垄断。根据题干关键词“支持者，合并，不可能”可以定位到第二段。支持者认为“Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. ”意思是因为要和卡车竞争，所以不存在垄断的可能。”因此C最符合文章原意。A不对，文章说支持者认为合并能降低成本，而不是竞争降低成本。B不对是因为文中只是说可以更好协调服务，而不是跨行业。D把主语和宾语弄反了，而且也不是支持者的观点，所以也是错误的。因此，答案为C。2.【试题解析】：观点态度题。题目问的是许多受控制的托运商对铁路合并的态度

15、是什么。注意问的不是作者的态度 ,，是货主的态度,，根据文中第三段由于铁路运输业之间的合并使得发货商只能求助于一家公司，他们所付的运费要高出20%30%，如果他们觉得收费过高，他们有权提出申诉要求降低费率，但这一过程既昂贵又耗时而且只有在真正极端的情况下才有效果；根据第五段首句“Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases”根据关键词worry一词，可得发货商对于继续增加费用的担忧。所以发货商对于铁路运输业的合并是“充满担忧的”，而选项A“漠不关心的”，以及选

16、项B“支持的”和选项C“义愤的”原文中并没有提及。因此，答案为D。3.【试题解析】：判断推理题。A的意思是说没有竞争的铁路运输公司，运输公司的费用会少一些。根据原文第三段第二句“Railroads typically charge such captive shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.”可知，费用是高了百分之二十到三十，而不是少了些。根据文中第三段首句，大多数托运商将由一家公司服务，但B答案是说只剩下一家公司，意义完全不同。C答案根

17、据原文第三段可知，货主们如果认为铁路公司收费过高，可以向联邦政府的机构申请降低费率。但是申诉的过程耗时费钱，可以推断出他们提出申诉的可能性比较小。D答案是说政府可以保证铁路行业内的公平竞争，文中并没有提及，属于无关选项。因此，答案为C。4.【试题解析】:语义推测题。arbiter的意思是“仲裁者”，词义题一般可以根据其上下文推断出来其含义，根据这个单词定位到原文的第四段的“Do you really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace? ” “It is a theory

18、to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.”由此，可以得出“arbiter”的意思是能够决定成败，决定输赢的一个职位，即选项B最符合题意。5.【试题解析】：事实细节题。题目问的是铁路成本提高的主要原因，根据关键词“cost increase”，定位到原文中的最后一段的第一句话，可得知许多“受制” 托运商担心他们很快将遭遇一

19、轮新的费率大涨价。目前的铁路公司所赚的钱不足以支付为满足不断增长的运输需要而进行的固定资产投资，然而铁路公司仍然继续贷款数十亿美元来进行收购。因此，铁路的经营成本提高。选项B，文中虽然提到铁路公司还没有足够的钱去满足不断增长的运输需要，但是这并不是经营成本提高的原因。C、D选项文中并没有依据。因此，答案为A。2. 单选题Output from the power stations _steeply as restrictions on the movement of coal took effect.问题1选项A.fell behindB.fell backC.fell throughD.fe

20、ll away【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“fell behind”，意为“落后，拖欠”；B选项“fell back”，意为“撤退，回落”；C选项“fell through”，意为“落空，失败”，D选项“fell away”，意为“消失，背离，抛弃”。句意：由于对煤炭运输的限制生效，发电站的发电量急剧下降。因此，D选项符合题意。3. 单选题Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger on

21、e. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory Univer

22、sity in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.The researchers studied the behavior of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-cooperative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like th

23、eir female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “good and services” than males.Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnans and Dr. de Waals study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally

24、, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different.In the world of capuchin

25、s, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange a tall, the other eithe

26、r tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.The researchers suggest that capuchin monkey

27、s, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesse

28、r reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question

29、.1. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by _.2. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, paragraph 1) implies that _.3. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are _.4. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their st

30、udy that the monkeys _.5. What can we infer from the last paragraph?问题1选项A.posing a contrastB.justifying an assumptionC.making a comparisonD.explaining a phenomenon问题2选项A.monkeys are also outraged by slacking rivalsB.resenting unfairness is also monkeys natureC.monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealo

31、us of each otherD.no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions问题3选项A.more inclined to weigh what they getB.attentive to researchers instructionsC.nice in both appearance and temperamentD.more generous than their male companions问题4选项A.prefer grapes to cucumbersB.can be taught to exchange t

32、hingsC.will not be co-operative if feeling cheatedD.are unhappy when separated from others问题5选项A.Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.B.Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.C.Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.D.Cooperation among monkeys remains stable

33、 only in the world.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“开篇作者是通过什么方法切入主题？”。首段举出人们对加薪不等的事情会气愤，说这种行为是“人类化的”(all too human)，但现在有研究表明这种行为也是“猴子化的”(all too monkey)行为。这里对这种行为的两种可能的属性进行类比以引出全文的主题；B项“证实一种假设”，原文提出的假定原本是人与猴不一样，所以该项错误；D项“解释一种现象”，这个说法不能够将开头和主题的内在联系结合起来。另外根据第二段第二行like their female

34、human counterparts（就像女性人类一样）可知，这是比较的相同点；A项“指出对比”和C项“做出对照”看起来都是对的，但是A项里面的contrast是指不同处的比较，comparison是指相同处的比较，因此该题C选项正确。2.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“第一段最后一行的句子it is all too money暗示什么？”。先找到all too human的是什么行为，根据第二句Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one.（然而，

35、如果你得知一位同事的工资比你高，你自己的快乐就会消失）和第三句Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged.（事实上，如果他以懒散著称，你甚至可能会感到愤怒）可以推断出，人类对不公平的待遇会愤怒；最后一句提到有研究表明猴子也有这种行为，称为all too monkey；因此all too monkey暗示对不公平的憎恨猴子也会。A项“猴子也会被懒散的竞争对手激怒”，文中只是提到人会被懒散的竞争对手激怒，没有说动物也会被懒散的竞争对手激怒，所以不选；C项“猴子和人一样，也会彼此嫉妒”是干扰项，文中的

36、主题是告诉大家猴子和人一样对不公平也会愤怒；D项“除了猴子没有动物能够培养出这样的感情”，文中没有提到其他动物，所以不选。因此该题只有B选项正确。3.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“选择雌性卷尾猴作为研究对象，很可能是因为它们确实是？”。第二段最后一句提到 like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.（和人类女性一样，它们往往比男性更关注“商品和服务”的价值），可知雌性猴子比雄性猴子更会

37、权衡。B项“注意研究员的指示”，没提到，所以不选；C项“漂亮且性情温和”，第二段确实提到了雌性猴子可爱且性情温和，但是这不是它们会被作为研究对象的原因，是因为它们和人类女性一样对价值的权衡才是研究的原因；D项“比雄性伙伴更大方”也未提及。因此A选项正确。4.【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“Brosnan博士和de Waal博士最终在他们的研究中发现，猴子”。最后一段第三句Such cooperation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated.（只有当每只动物都觉得没有被欺骗时，这

38、种合作才有可能稳定下来）可知，如果感觉受到欺骗，猴子之间的合作就被打破了。A项“相比黄瓜更喜欢葡萄”和B项“被教会交换东西”都是实验中采取的一些行动，不是研究发现的结果，所以不选；D项“当被分开时会不高兴”，这个选项是断章取义，因此错误。所以，本题正确答案是C选项。5.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“从最后一段我们可以推断出什么？”。A选项“猴子可以通过训练来发展社交情绪”，看最后一段第一句The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions（研究认为，卷尾猴和人类一

39、样，也会受到社会情绪的引导）可知，社会情绪是受引导而不是训练，A项不选；C项“动物通常像人一样公开表达自己的感情”，看最后一段第三行Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone.（义愤填膺的情绪，似乎并不是人类独有的），这里文中描述的是愤怒的情绪，开头也是以不公平待遇的愤怒开篇，C选项有点过度解读，所以不选；D项“猴子之间的合作只有在野外才能保持稳定”，文中是说不受到欺骗才会稳定，D项错误；B项“人类的愤慨起源于一个不确定的来源”，根据最后一句whether such a se

40、nse of fairness evolved independently in capuchin and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species has 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.（这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上独立进化而来的，还是来自于3500万年前该物种的共同祖先，至今仍是一个未解之谜），可知人类的这种愤慨起源于不确定的因素，因此B项正确。4. 单选题According to legal provisi

41、ons, the properties will either _the original owners or else be sold at auction.问题1选项A.commit toB.take toC.romp toD.revert to【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“commit to”，意为“交付，把投入，对作出承诺”，B选项“take to”，意为“带到，养成（做）的习惯”，C选项“romp to”，意为“轻松”，D选项revert to，意为“回复，归还”。句意：根据法律规定，这些财产要么归原有者所有，要么被拍卖。因此，D选项符合句意。5. 单选题In _ time

42、s, human beings did not travel for pleasure, but to find a more favorable climate.问题1选项A.primitiveB.primeC.preliminaryD.primary【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项“primitive”，意为“原始的；远古的”；B选项“prime”，意为“主要的；最好的；基本的”；C选项“preliminary”，意为“初步的；开始的；预备的”；D选项“primary”，意为“主要的；初级的；基本的”。句意：在_原始_时代，人类长途跋涉不是为了消遣，而是为了寻找更适宜的气候。空格后

43、提到人们长途跋涉是为了寻找适宜的气候，这说明是原始时代，人们不断迁徙，为了寻找适宜的气候来生存。因此A选项符合题意。6. 单选题A historic change is taking place in higher education. Professors are being held responsible as never before for how well they serve students. It has become as common in colleges and universities for students to grade professors as for

44、professors to grade students. In fact student ratings (评价) have become the most widely used and in many cases the only important information on teaching effectiveness. In comparing three studies of the same 600 middle and high schools in more than thirty states it was found that the number of school

45、s using student ratings to evaluate (评估) teachers had climbed from 29 percent to 68 percent to 86 percent. No other method of evaluation got that degree of usage and other studies have found similar results.One reason that student evaluations of teachers have become so popular is that they are easy

46、to carry out and to score. But they are also easy to abuse. If they are expected to throw meaningful light on teachers performance the ratings must be used in a way that shows at least some of what weve learnt about them from research and from experience.Research and experience have shown us, for ex

47、ample, that student ratings should never be the only basis for evaluating teaching effectiveness. There is much more to teaching than what is evaluated on student rating forms. When ratings are used, we know that students should not be expected to judge whether the materials used in a course are up

48、to date or how well the teacher knows the subject matter of the course.These judgments require professional background and are best left to the professors colleagues. On the other hand, students should be asked to estimate what they have learned in a course, and to report on such things as a profess

49、ors ability to communicate at the students level, professional behavior in the classroom, relationship with students, and ability to arouse interest in the subject.1. The central idea of the passage is that_.2. Which statement is TRUE?3. In student ratings are the following questions can be asked EX

50、CEPT: _.4. The sentence in the thirdsecond paragraph “But they also are also easy to abuse” means_.问题1选项A.student ratings are the only source of information on teaching effectivenessB.ratings have become the most widely used source of information on teaching effectivenessC.beside student ratings, th

51、ere are other methods to evaluate teachersD.student ratings are very popular and should be properly used问题2选项A.Student evaluations of teachers are popular because they are extremely accurate.B.In student ratings, students should not be asked questions that require professional background.C.Student r

52、atings can be used under any circumstances.D.All colleges are inclined to use student ratings to evaluate teachers.问题3选项A.Can the teacher make himself easily understood?B.How does the teacher deal with students?C.Is what is taught new?D.Are students interested in what is taught?问题4选项A.teachers are e

53、asy to be misunderstoodB.teachers are easy to be wrongedC.student ratings can easily be put to wrong useD.student ratings can easily be made use of to attack teachers【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:C【解析】1.【试题解析】：主旨大意题。通读全文，可得知本文主要讲述的是学生评估在对教师进行测评中的广泛应用及如何正确地使用这种测评方式，因此选项D最能概括文章大意。选项A和选项B，根据原文可以定位到第一段的第四三句“In

54、 fact student ratings (评价) have become the most widely used and in many cases the only important information on teaching effectiveness.”选项本身说法正确，但过于片面，不足以概括全文。根据原文“No other method of evaluation got that degree of usage and other studies have found similar results.”可得知选项C说法错误。2.【试题解析】事实细节题。选项B可以定位到原文

55、的第四三段的首句“These judgments require professional background and are best left to the professors colleagues. ”可得知这些专业性的背景问题最好留给同事们回答而不是学生，即符合B选项。3.【试题解析】判断推理题。由文章末第三段第三句中的“students should not be expected to judge whether the materials used in a course are up to date”可知，不能问学生“老师教授的东西是否新颖”这样的问题。因此，答案为C。4.

56、【试题解析】判断推理题。根据题干引用的这句话可以定位到原文中的第二三段，“If they are expected to throw meaningful light on teachers performance the ratings must be used in a way that shows at least some of what weve learnt about them from research and from experience. ”可得知，如果他们被期望为教师的表现提供有意义的说明，那么评级的使用必须至少表明我们从研究和经验中所了解到的一些情况。而不是说随意评级

57、。可推断出评级很容易会被误用。因此答案为选项C。7. 单选题For centuries, explorers have risked their lives venturing into the unknown for reasons that were to varying degrees economic and nationalistic. Columbus went west to look for better trade routes to the Orient and to promote the greater glory of Spain. Lewis and Clark j

58、ourneyed into the American wilderness to find out what the U.S. had acquired when it purchased Louisiana, and the Apollo astronauts rocketed to the moon in a dramatic show of technological muscle during the cold war.Although their missions blended commercial and political-military imperatives, the e

59、xplorers involved all accomplished some significant science by going where no scientists had gone before. Today Mars looms as humanitys next great terra incognita. And with doubtful prospects for a short-term financial return, with the cold war a rapidly fading memory and amid a growing emphasis on

60、international cooperation in large space ventures, it is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planets reddish surface. Could it be that science, which has long played a minor role in exploration, is at last destined to

61、 take a leading role? The question naturally invites a couple of others: Are there experiments that only human could do on Mars? Could those experiments provide insights profound enough to justify the expense of sending people across interplanetary space?With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably

62、higher than they have ever been. The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by mounting evidence that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and by the continuing controversy over suggestions the bacterial fossils ro

63、de to Earth on a meteorite (陨石) from Mars. A more conclusive answer about life on Mars, past or present, would give researchers invaluable data about the range of conditions under which a planet can generate the complex chemistry that leads to life. If it could be established that life arose indepen

64、dently on Mars and Earth, the finding would provide the first concrete clues in one of the deepest mysteries in all of science: the prevalence of life in the universe.1. According to the passage, the chief purpose of explores in going to unknown place in the past was_.2. At present, a probable inducement