2022年考博英语-外交学院考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第6期

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1、2022年考博英语-外交学院考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题The argument was simultaneously a policy debate and an extended exegesis of a crucial phrase in a 1986 federal law that regulates the hiring procedures.问题1选项A.exportationB.expulsionC.explicationD.expiation【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项exportation“出口；输出；出口货”；B选项expulsion

2、“逐出；开除；除籍”；C选项explication“说明；阐明；展开”；D选项expiation“补偿；赎罪；抵罪”。句意：这场争论同时是一场政策辩论，也是对1986年一项管理招聘程序的联邦法律中一个关键短语的延伸注释。exegesis“注释，解释”，C选项与该词意思最相近，因此C选项正确。2. 单选题The deal was held in abeyance until his arrival.问题1选项A.adduceB.suspensionC.bayD.court【答案】B【解析】考查近义名词辨析。A选项adduce“（v.）举出；引证”；B选项suspension“悬浮；暂停；停职”；

3、C选项bay“ 海湾；狗吠声”；D选项court“法院；球场；朝廷；奉承”。句意：在他到来之前，这笔交易被暂时搁置。abeyance“中止，停顿；归属待定，暂搁”，B选项与该词词意最相近，因此B选项正确。3. 单选题With so much focus on the Ohio energy firm whose lapses may have triggered the blackout of 2003, its been hard to remember that the real question is not how it started, but why it spread so fa

4、r and so fast. Rather than tackle that question head-on, most commentators have reached for the usual metaphors: it was a chain reaction, a cascading failures domino effect. All of these are borrowed from the physical sciences. Maybe a better way to look at it is in biological terms.We already use t

5、he language of epidemiology when we speak of “viruses” propagating across the Internet, “infecting” our computer. Likewise, its tempting to view the blackout, spreading from link to link along the power grid, as a pernicious kind of electrical contagion. But thats not quite the right metaphor, eithe

6、r. The blackout was not caused by an infectious electrical disease; it was caused by the grids immune response to the threat of such a disease. In other words, the grid suffered a violent allergic reaction, a sort of anaphylactic shock.Just as the symptoms of a severe allergic reaction are caused no

7、t by the offending bee who stings itself but by the overzealous response of the bodys immune system to it, so the blackout was aggravated by the grids attempt to defend itself, one power station at a time. Threatened by a torrent of electrical energy gone berserker overwhelmed by the sudden loads pl

8、aced on it, each power plant in turn tripped its circuit breakers, detaching itself from the grid. Though this strategy achieved its desired aim-saving each plants generator from being damagedit was too myopic to serve the best interests of the grid as a whole.What is needed is a more subtle, coordi

9、nated mode of response. When our own immune systems are performing at their best, they orchestrate their defenses through countless chemical conversations among T-cells and antibodies, enabling these defenders to calibrate their response to pathogens. In the same way, the thousands of power plants s

10、ubstations in the grid need to be able to communicate with one another when any part of the system is breached, so they can collectively decide which circuit breakers should be tripped and which can safely remain intact.The technology necessary to achieve this has existed for about a decade. It reli

11、es on computer, sensors and protective devices tied together by optical fiber so that all parts of the grid would be able to talk to one another at the speed of light-fast enough to get ahead of an onrushing blackout and confine it.The sensors would continuously monitor the voltage, frequency and ot

12、her important characteristics of the electricity coursing through the transmission lines. When a line appeared at risk of being overloaded, a computer would decide whether to switch on a protective device. At present, such decisions are made purely parochially. Power plants defend themselves first,

13、and dont worry about the consequences for neighboring plants on the grid. Nor do they consider any potentially helpful or harmful actions that those neighbors might be taking at the same time.In the new approach, each plant would have nearly instantaneous information about all the other plants and p

14、ower lines in its extended neighborhood. Everyone would know what everyone else was doing and thinking. As threats arose (either from random failures or malicious attacks), the sensors would fire a flurry of warning signals down the optical fibers, and the networked computers would decide which prot

15、ective devices to activate to contain the threat most effectively. The grid would then be responding as an integrated entity, not as a ragtag collection of selfish units. It would look a lot like an organism defending itself.Granted, such a distributed control system would cost billions of dollars a

16、nd, in this era of deregulation, there would be little incentive for energy companies to join forces and build it, especially when the big money is in power generation. But the construction of a system wide immune network would be well worth the cost. Without it, our overburdened grid is likely to f

17、ail more and more often, and might even collapse, with costs that would be incalculable, both economically and in terms of national security. State and federal governments need to step in and provide incentives for utilities to do the right thing.Of course, even if this new kind of smart defense sys

18、tem were to be built someday, one can already imagine an insidious disorder that might eventually outsmart it and afflict it, a catastrophic disruption of the immune system itself, rather than the grid its supposed to protect. Such a thing would be the technological analog of AIDS.A grim prospect, p

19、erhaps, but a realistic one. We need to stop pretending that the grid is ever going to be a perfectible machine. Just as bacteria eventually develop resistance to the antibiotics used to kill them, the defense of the grid will require ever-more inventive strategies on our part. We should recognize t

20、hat the power grid needs to evolve and adapt, just like any other successful living creature.1. In the authors opinion, which of the following is an appropriate description for why the blackout of 2003 spread so far and so fast?（ ）2. The authors attitude towards the views made by most commentators o

21、n the blackout of 2003 is（ ）.3. The article says the best way to prevent such a blackout from happening in the future is to（ ）.4. Setting up a distributed control system for the grid would be（ ）.5. The article points out that the proposed preventive measures against blackouts（ ）.问题1选项A.A cascading f

22、ailure.B.An electrical contagion.C.A severe allergic reaction.D.An attack by viruses.问题2选项A.positiveB.negativeC.neutralD.sarcastic问题3选项A.develop a new system to coordinate all plantsB.build a better system to make each plant more sensitiveC.make each plant more independent of other plantsD.suspend p

23、ower when the system is overloaded问题4选项A.welcomed by all energy companiesB.unattractive to energy companiesC.useless to prevent such a blackoutD.harmful to national security问题5选项A.must cause a catastrophic disruption of the power gridB.are going to be perfect through repeated practiceC.appear to be

24、realistic but in fact are not feasibleD.are ejected to improve as time goes by【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:B第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“it was a chain reaction, a cascading failures domino effect.（这是一个连锁反应，一个连锁失败的多米诺骨牌效应。）”和第二段“The blackout was not caused by an infectious electrical disease; it was cau

25、sed by the grids immune response to the threat of such a disease. In other words, the grid suffered a violent allergic reaction, a sort of anaphylactic shock.（这次停电并不是由传染性电疾病引起的；它是由网格对这种疾病威胁的免疫反应引起的。换句话说，电网遭受了剧烈的过敏反应，一种过敏性休克。）”由此可知这次停电是一次过敏反应。A选项“连锁故障”；B选项“电传染病”；D选项“病毒攻击”说法都不正确，只有C选项“严重的过敏反应”符合题意，因此C

26、选项正确。2.作者意图题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“Rather than tackle that question head-on, most commentators have reached for the usual metaphors: it was a chain reaction, a cascading failures domino effect.（大多数评论家没有正面回答这个问题，而是用了一些常见的比喻：这是一个连锁反应，一个连锁失败的多米诺骨牌效应。）”以及第二段作者说到“But thats not quite the right metaphor, either.（但

27、这也不是一个正确的比喻。）”，由此可知作者并不认同多数评论家的比喻。A选项“积极的”不正确；B选项“消极的”正确；C选项“中立的”以及D选项“讽刺的”都不是作者的态度，因此B选项正确。3.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第四段“What is needed is a more subtle, coordinated mode of response.（现在需要的是一种更微妙、更协调的反应模式。）”。A选项“开发一个新的系统来协调所有的发电厂”；C选项“让每个发电厂独立于其他电厂”和D选项“系统过载时暂停供电”都不符合题意，只有B选项“建立一个更好的系统，使每个发电厂更加灵敏”符合题意，因此B选

28、项正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第八段“Granted, such a distributed control system would cost billions of dollars and, in this era of deregulation, there would be little incentive for energy companies to join forces and build it, especially when the big money is in power generation.（诚然，这样一个分布式控制系统将花费数十亿美元，而且在这个放松

29、管制的时代，能源公司将没有什么动力联合起来建设它，尤其是当最大的钱在发电上的时候。）”，由此可知该分布式控制系统并不受能源公司的欢迎。A选项“受到所有能源公司的欢迎”说法错误；B选项“对能源公司没有吸引力”说法正确；C选项“阻止这样的停电是没有用的”以及D选项“危害国家安全”文中均没有提到。因此B选项正确。5.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第十段“A grim prospect, perhaps, but a realistic one.（也许前景黯淡，但却是现实的。）”，由此可知虽然该措施看起来可行，但是前景黯淡。A选项“一定会对电网造成灾难性的破坏”；B选项“通过反复的练习会变得完美”；

30、D选项“随着时间的推移被逐出改善”都不符合题意，只有C选项“看似现实，实则不可行”符合题意，因此C选项正确。4. 单选题Many more eighteenth-century novels were written by women than by men, but this dominance has, until very recently, been regarded merely as（ ）fact, a bit of arcane knowledge noted only by bibliographers.问题1选项A.a controversialB.a statistical

31、C.an explicitD.an unimpeachable【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项controversial“有争议的；有争论的”；B选项statistical“统计的；统计学的”；C选项explicit“明确的；清楚的；直率的；详述的”；D选项unimpeachable“无可指责的；无可怀疑的；无懈可击的；无过失的，无罪的”。句意：18世纪的小说中，女性的作品要比男性的多得多，但直到最近，这种主导地位一直被认为只是一个统计事实，一种只有文献学家才注意到的晦涩知识。因此B选项正确。5. 单选题The snow seems to have set（ ） for the eve

32、ning.问题1选项A.uponB.inC.aboutD.down【答案】B【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项set upon“袭击；挑拨，唆使；开始”；B选项set in“开端；来临；到来”；C set about选项“开始着手；考虑”；D选项set down“放下；记下；登记；写下”。句意：晚上似乎要下雪了。因此B选项正确。6. 单选题In scientific studies, supporting evidence is much more satisfying to report than are discredited hypotheses, but, in fact, the（ ）of

33、 errors is more likely to be（ ）than is the establishment of probable truth.问题1选项A.formulation, permittedB.correction, ignoredC.detection, usefulD.accumulation, agreeable【答案】D【解析】考查名词与形容词辨析。A选项formulation，permitted“制订，规划；系统阐述；表达方式；制剂，配方”，“被允许的，可能的”；B选项correction，ignored“改正，修正”，“被忽视的；被忽略的”；C选项detectio

34、n，useful“侦查，探测；发觉，发现；察觉”，“有用的，有益的；有帮助的”；D选项accumulation，agreeable“积聚，累积；堆积物”，“令人愉快的；适合的；和蔼可亲的”。句意：在科学研究中，报告支持的证据比不可信的假设更令人满意，但事实上，错误的积累比可能真理的建立更容易令人满意。因此D选项正确。7. 单选题His trial is fixed for next week, but he has been allowed out on（ ）.问题1选项A.paroleB.leaveC.bailD.perjury【答案】C【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项on parole“被假释

35、；假释”；B选项on leave“休假；在休假中；放假”；C选项on bail“保释；保释中”；D选项perjury“伪证；伪证罪；背信弃义”，没有on perjury这个说法。bail与parole的区别：在欧美，被告如果没有逃亡或串供之虞，法官常常裁定保释，类似于我国的取保候审；假释是指已经在服刑的犯人，如果服完了最低刑期标准，同时在狱中表现良好，经假释审查委员会评估通过，就可以提早出狱。句意：他的审判定在下周，但他已获准保释。8. 单选题No longer are these considered arcane questions that draw scrutiny only from

36、 the few Washingtonians who read the “notices of proposed rule-making” in the Federal Reserve.问题1选项A.feasibleB.challengingC.little-knownD.hidden【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项feasible“可行的；可能的；可实行的”；B选项challenging“挑战的；引起挑战性兴趣的”；C选项little-known“鲜为人知的；很少人知的”；D选项hidden“隐藏的”。句意：这些被认为是晦涩难懂的问题，不再只会引起少数读过美联储的“拟议规则制定通知

37、”华盛顿人的关注。arcane“神秘的；晦涩难解的；秘传的”，C选项与该词意思最相近，因此C选项正确。9. 单选题The senator was accused of waffling on major issues.问题1选项A.vaguingB.stiffeningC.vacillatingD.reshuffling【答案】A【解析】考查同义形容词辨析。A选项vaguing“模糊的，含糊的，不明确的，暧昧的”；B选项stiffening“变硬，（使）变粘稠”；C选项vacillating“踌躇的，摇摆的”；D选项reshuffling“重新安排，重新排序”。句意：这位参议员被指责在重大问题

38、上含糊其辞。Waffling“优柔寡断的，模糊不清的”，A选项与该词意思最相近，因此A选项正确。10. 单选题His argument does not（ ）up to close scrutiny.问题1选项A.holdB.standC.comeD.look【答案】B【解析】考查固定短语搭配。根据题干可知考查stand up to close scrutiny“经得起仔细的检查”。句意：他的论点经不起推敲。因此B选项正确。11. 单选题He has been left to squirm in a mire of new allegations.问题1选项A.quagmireB.morain

39、eC.plumedD.fragmire【答案】A【解析】考查近义名词辨析。A选项quagmire“沼泽，泥泞地；困境，尴尬的处境”；B选项moraine“冰碛石”；C选项plumed“（adj）有羽毛的；羽毛状的；用羽毛装饰的”；D选项fragmire无实际意义。句意：他陷入了新的指控的泥沼中。mire“泥潭；泥沼”，与该词意思最相近的是A选项，因此A选项正确。12. 单选题It is fashionable in the sixties but definitely passe in the eighties.问题1选项A.clivoseB.demodeC.abrimD.xenial【答案】

40、B【解析】考查近义形容词辨析。A选项clivose“小山的，丘陵的”；B选项demode“陈旧的；老式的”；C选项abrim“充满着的”；D选项xenial“主客关系的；款待的”。句意：那在六十年代是时髦的，但在八十年代肯定是过时了。passe“已过盛年的；过时的；凋谢的”，B选项与该词词意最相近，因此B选项正确。13. 单选题In some cultures the essence of magic is its traditional integrity; it can be efficient only if it has been（ ）without loss from primeva

41、l times to the present practitioner.问题1选项A.conventionalizedB.manipulatedC.transmittedD.aggrandized【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项conventionalized“使习俗化；使样式化”；B选项manipulated“操作”；C选项transmitted“传输；传送”；D选项aggrandize“增加；夸大；强化”。句意：在一些文化中，魔术的精华是它传统的完整性；只有当它从古代到今天都完整地传递下来时它才有效果。因此C选项正确。14. 单选题It would appear that Kenne

42、dy pursued a policy at times more rigid than that of Eisenhower, that he feared China more intensely and that he placated Chiang Kai-shek more assiduously.问题1选项A.provascularlyB.arbitrativelyC.formidablyD.sedulously【答案】D【解析】考查近义副词辨析。A选项provascularly和B选项arbitratively形式的副词不存在；C选项formidably“强大地；难对付地；可怕地

43、”；D选项sedulously“孜孜不倦地；勤勉地”。句意：肯尼迪奉行的政策有时似乎比艾森豪威尔的更为严格，他更害怕中国，更积极地安抚蒋介石。assiduously“刻苦地；勤勉地”，D选项与该词词意最相近，因此D选项正确。15. 单选题Prices for bikes at that store run（ ）250 dollars.问题1选项A.as high asB.as high toC.so high toD.so high as【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。as high as/to都意为“高达”，但是后面明确接的是高达的数字时，用to。as虽然也是高达，但是用在两者作为比较的时候

44、用的，如Tom is as high as his sister. 句意：那家商店的自行车价格高达250美元。因此B选项正确。16. 单选题We carried out（ ）checks on the vehicles before they leave the depot.问题1选项A.spotB.potC.rainD.coat【答案】A【解析】考查固定短语搭配。A选项spot“地点，斑点，认出，弄脏”；B选项pot“壶，盆，罐”；C选项rain“雨，下雨，雨天，雨季”；D选项coat“外套，覆盖的表面”。spot check意为抽查。其他关于spot的固定搭配还有on the spot“立

45、刻，当场，在危险中，处于负责地位”；a spot of“少量的，一点儿”等，因此A选项正确。17. 单选题America will never again have as a nation the spirit of adventure as it（ ）before the West was settled.问题1选项A.couldB.wasC.wouldD.did【答案】D【解析】考查助动词替代。题干中的as作为连词，引导方式状语从句，意为“像一样”。根据平行结构原则，从句中应填入实义动词had，但主句中已有了一个have，为了避免重复，可用助动词did代替had，例如：Study as L

46、enin did (did用来代替studied)像列宁那样学习。因此D选项正确。18. 翻译题加拿大移民条例虽不把英籍香港华人与其他英国殖民地人民一视同仁，然加拿大比美国较为关心香港移民却是千真万确的事。1962年，加拿大方面鉴于香港难民众多，在各方呼吁下，自动提出愿意接受香港方面100个家庭单位来加。多伦多明星报（Toronto Star） 在3月23日的社论中还讥讽其为一种姿态罢了。其实，移民局早已着手调查，寻找符合条件并愿意赴加的家庭。还有一些组织和机构，如“教会联合总会”（General Council of the United Church）于9月开会时曾大声疾呼加拿大应该容纳香

47、港难民10000名。11月21日第一批来自香港的家庭抵加，至年底计有62个家庭单位，合共人数139名由港抵加。11月16 日，贝尔宣布调查中国移民舞弊案结束。移民局长表示那些在加华人如愿归化入籍，手续将加以简化。反对党派、舆论界、加拿大华人团体一致拥护移民局的这项宣布。【答案】It is true that Canada is more concerned about Hong Kong immigration than the United States, although Canadas immigration laws do not treat British Hong Kong Chi

48、nese as equals to other British colonists. In 1962, in view of the large number of refugees in Hong Kong, Canada voluntarily offered to accept 100 family units from Hong Kong under the appeal of all parties, which has been satirized as a practice of formalism by Toronto Stars Editorial on March 23th

49、. But the truth is the Immigration Authority has already undertaking investigation, looking for qualified families who are willing to Canada. Other institutions and organization, such as the General Council of the United Church, have clamored in meeting Canada should accept 10000 Hong Kong refugees

50、General Council of the United Church in September. On November 21th, the first batch of family from Hong Kong arrived in Canada. An estimated 62 family unit from Hong Kong, total number of 139 following till this year end. On November 16, Baer announced the end of Chinese Immigration Fraud investiga

51、tion. The immigration minister says the process will be simplified for those Chinese in Canada who want to become naturalized. Opposition parties, opinion makers and the Chinese Canadian community all supported the announcement.19. 单选题Lying（ ） far back in the mountains, the coal had to be hauled fro

52、m a deep valley.问题1选项A.as it isB.as it didC.was isD.did it【答案】B【解析】考查强调句用法。“过去分词+as it is(was)”“现在分词+as it does (did)”是一种强调语气的表示原因的结构。由于lying为lie的现在分词，故用“现在分词+as it does (did)”这个句型，此句相当于：As it lay far back in the mountains.句意：由于煤矿位于深山深处，所以必须从深谷里运来。因此B选项正确。20. 单选题What is most important to the monkeys

53、 in the sanctuary is that they are a group; this is so because primates are inveterately（ ）and build their lives around each other.问题1选项A.independentB.proprietaryC.socialD.stable【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项independent“独立的；单独的；无党派的；不受约束的”；B选项proprietary“专卖的，专营的；所有的，所有权的”；C选项social“社会的，社交的；群居的”；D选项stable“稳定的，牢固的；稳重的，沉稳的；持久的”。句意：对于禁猎区的猴子而言，最重要的一点是它们是一个群体；这之所以如此，是因为灵长目动物具有一种根深蒂固的群居习性，均围绕着对方而营造其生活。