2022年考博英语-湖南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第178期

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1、2022年考博英语-湖南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Recent research has claimed that an excess of positive ions in the air can have an ill effect on peoples physical or psychological health. What are positive ions? Well, the air is full of ions, electrically charged particles, and generally there is a rough balanc

2、e between the positive and the negative charged. But sometimes this balance becomes disturbed and a larger proportion of positive ions are found. This happens naturally before thunderstorm, earthquakes when winds such as the mistral, hamsin or sharav are blowing in certain countries. Or it can be ca

3、used by a build-up of static electricity indoors from carpets or clothing made of man-made fibers, or from TV sets, duplicators or computer display screens.When a large number of positive ions are present in the air many people experience unpleasant effects such as headaches, fatigue, irritability,

4、and some particularly sensitive people suffer nausea or even mental disturbance. Animals are also affected, particularly before earthquakes, snakes have been observed to come out of hibernation, rats to flee from their burrows, dogs howl and cats jump about unaccountably. This has led the US geograp

5、hical survey to fund a network of volunteers to watch animals in an effort to foresee such disasters before they hit vulnerable areas such as California.Conversely, when large numbers of negative ions are present, then people have a feeling of well-being. Natural conditions that produce these large

6、amounts are near the sea, close to waterfalls or fountains, or in any place where water is sprayed, or forms a spray. This probably accounts for the beneficial effect of a holiday by the sea, or in the mountains with tumbling streams or waterfalls.To increase the supply of negative ions indoors, som

7、e scientists recommend the use of ionizers: small portable machines, which generate negative ions. They claim that ionizers not only clean and refresh the air but also improve the health of people sensitive to excess positive ions. Of course, there are the detractors, other scientists, who dismiss s

8、uch claims and are skeptical about negative/positive ion research. Therefore people can only make up their own minds by observing the effects on themselves, or on others, of a negative rich or poor environment. After all it is debatable whether depending on seismic readings to anticipate earthquakes

9、 is more effective than watching the cat.1.What effect does exceeding positive ionization have on some people?2.A high negative ion count is likely to be found（ ） .3.Some scientists believe that（ ） .4.What kind of machine can generate negative ions indoors?5.In accordance with the passage, static el

10、ectricity can be caused by （ ）.问题1选项A.They think they are insaneB.They feel rather bad-tempered and short-fussed.C.They become violently sickD.They are too tired to do anything.问题2选项A.near a pond with a water pumpB.close to a slow-flowing riverC.high in some barren mountainsD.by a rotating water spr

11、inkler问题3选项A.watching animals to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than depending on seismographyB.the unusual behavior of animals cannot be trustedC.neither watching nor using seismographs is reliableD.earthquake问题4选项A.ionizersB.air-conditionersC.exhaust-fansD.vacuum pumps.问题5选项A.using home-

12、made electrical goodsB.wearing clothes made of natural materialsC.walking on artificial floor coveringsD.copying TV programs on a computer【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.细节题。第二段指出: When a large number of positive ions are present in the air many people experience unpleasant effects such as headac

13、hes, fatigue, irritability, and some particularly sensitive people suffer nausea or even mental disturbance.当空气中出现大 量的正离子时，许多人就会有不适感，如头痛、疲劳和易怒。一些体质敏感人群就会出 现恶心，甚至精神混乱现象。由此可知选B:他们会感觉易怒和短暂的焦虑。2.细节题。第三段指出：Natural conditions that produce these large amounts are near the sea, close to waterfalls or founta

14、ins, or in any place where water is sprayed, or forms a spray.产生大量负离子的地方在海边、瀑布或喷泉附近、正在喷水的地方或者有喷水的地方。由此可知选D(旋转的喷水器)正确。3.推断题。第二段指出：.US geographical survey to fund a network of volunteers to watch animals in an effort to foresee such disasters：美国地质调查局出资建立 一个自愿者网络，通过观察动物的行为，以此预报那些灾害。由此得出选择A(观察动物的行为来预报地震

15、比依赖地震测定法更有效)正确。4.细节题。根据题干关键词negative ions indoors定位至最后一段: To increase the supply of negative ions indoors, some scientists recommend the use of ionizers：为了使室内有更多的负离子，一些科学家推荐使用离子发生器。由此选A:离子发生器。5.细节题。第一段指出：.static electricity indoors from carpets or clothing made of man-made fibers, or from TV sets, d

16、uplicators or computer display screens.室内静电来自于地毯、人造纤维的制成的衣服、电视、复印机或电脑的显示屏。由此可知选C:在人造的地板装饰物上行走。2. 单选题We all know that it is very hard to（ ） him to give his plan up.问题1选项A.endeavorB.reduceC.assertD.induce【答案】D【解析】动词辨析。句意: 我们都知道很难让他放弃他的计划。endeavor努力；尽力。reduce减少； 降低；使处于；把.分解；归纳为。assert维护，坚持；断言； 主张；声称。in

17、duce诱导；引起；引诱；感应。3. 单选题Personal computers are no longer something beyond the ordinary people; they are（ ）available these days.问题1选项A.promptlyB.instantlyC.readilyD.quickly【答案】C【解析】副词辨析。句意: 个人电脑对于普通人而言已不再遥远。现在电脑已经能被人 （ ）运用。Promptly迅速地,敏捷地; instantly立即地; readily容易地; quickly快速地。因此C项符合句意。4. 单选题People like

18、 being trusted. They are annoyed, angry, or feel hurt if they are regarded with （1） .They think that they are（2）an injustice. They like being trusted for two reasons:(l)It is a tribute to their honesty, truth, strength, （3），kindness and good character;(2)They find it easier to cheat others. These tw

19、o （4）Suggest what our attitude towards trust in （5） should be. It is not a simple attitude. We must keep a balance between two （6） over suspiciousness and infantile naivety.A parallel to our trust in people could be our trust in natural （7）.However careful we are, we cannot guarantee （8） safety for

20、ourselves in the physical world, yet we act as（9 ）we can trust an ordered series of physical events. We take the bus to work in the morning （10）that we will arrive safely at our office or school. We have no （11） that we will. The bus could be （12） in an accident.If we were to （13） every accident tha

21、t might happen to us we would never do anything.We would just remain sitting at home. Even then we could never be absolutely （14） that the ceiling would not collapse on us. （15）we are to do anything at all, we must take risks. Of course we try to reduce risks to a （16）。Similarly with regard to peopl

22、e, trusting them involves taking the risks of being （17 ） .Not trusting them places us outside the area of community activity,（18） trust is an essential bond in community living. In a competitive, materialistic world it would be（19） to trust everyone in everything. However, we should widen the area

23、of trust as far as possible. We cannot eliminate all risks in such trust （20）we should lessen them as far as possible by reliance on intelligence and experience worth our own and those of adults whose reliability has been proven.问题1选项A.superstitionB.supervisionC.suspicionD.suspension问题2选项A.suffering

24、B.challengingC.releasingD.offending问题3选项A.occupationB.performanceC.recommendationD.intelligence问题4选项A.reasonsB.examplesC.factsD.truths问题5选项A.anotherB.othersC.otherD.anyone问题6选项A.endsB.extremesC.spotsD.sides问题7选项A.mattersB.occasionsC.eventsD.situations问题8选项A.mechanicalB.materialC.relevantD.absolute问题

25、9选项A.ifB.thatC.asD.long问题10选项A.givenB.providedC.suchD.so问题11选项A.measurementB.calculationC.guaranteeD.optimism问题12选项A.evolvedB.enclosedC.engagedD.involved问题13选项A.make use ofB.take advantage ofC.take account ofD.make certain of问题14选项A.certainB.doubtfulC.suspicionsD.indifferent问题15选项A.UnlessB.IfC.LestD

26、.Before问题16选项A.dilemmaB.minimumC.maximumD.reduction问题17选项A.flatteredB.assuredC.deceivedD.convinced问题18选项A.howeverB.soC.thereforeD.because问题19选项A.evidentB.unwiseC.creativeD.romantic问题20选项A.butB.orC.andD.also【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B第6题:B第7题:C第8题:D第9题:A第10题:D第11题:C第12题:D第13题:C第14题:A第15题:B第16题:B第17

27、题:C第18题:D第19题:B第20题:A【解析】（1）形近词辨析。前一句句意: 人们乐于得到别人的信任，因此推断此句意为: 而当不被信任时.人们会感到气恼、生气或受到伤害”，故该空应填trust的反义词。结合选项考虑，应填suspicion。to be regarded with suspicion表示“受到猜疑，不被人信任”。（2）动词辨析。此处应填一个谓语动词的现在分词形式。句意为: 他们觉得自己 了不公正待遇。Suffer 遭受; challenge 挑战; release释放； offend 冒犯。故选A。（3）名词辨析。该句提到，“赋予信任是对人们的诚实、求真、能力、 、善良和好性

28、格的尊敬”，据此推测这个空也应相应选择 intelligence。occupation 职业；performance 表现；recommendation 推荐; intelligence智力。（4）语义连接。根据上文中的“They like being trusted for two reasons”推测此处选A项。（5）代词辨析。句意: 这两个原因说明了我们对他人的信任所应持有的态度。another另一个人；other不加复数时必须跟名词，或者与 any, another连用。anyone 般用在否定句与疑问句中。因此选B项others。（6）名词辨析。句意: 我们必须在过度猜疑和天真幼稚这

29、两个 极端 之间保持平衡。（7）名词辨析。我们对人们的信任可以和我们对自然 的信任类比。下文提示: We can trust an ordered series of physical events。因此推测此处选C项events。（8）形容词辨析。句意: 不管我们多么小心，我们也无法保证我们在世界中的 安全。mechanical机械的；material物质的；relevant 相关的; absolute绝对的。（9）固定搭配。as if表示“似乎”，“我们表现得似乎.”。（10）连词辨析。句意: 我们早上坐公车, 安全达到办公室或学校，这里应该填一个连词。given作连词指“考虑到”；pro

30、vided表示“如果”，是一种假设，such不能这样用，因此D项正确, 表示 “因此, 以便”。（11）名词辨析。参照第18空的那句话: 我们无法保证，因此此处为“保证”的名词形式。measurement为尺寸，度量calculation 计算；guarantee 保证;optimism乐观。（12）固定搭配。to be involved in sth.指“牵扯到，卷入到”，一般指不好的事件。（13）短语辨析。如果我们 每一场可能的发生在我们身上的事故，那我们什么都不能做了。”显然应当是“考虑、担心”，take account of固定短语，指“考虑，将.并入到考虑范围内”。其他选项male

31、use of, take advantage of 都是“利用”的意思，take account of考虑，将.并入到考虑范围内; make certain of 确定。因此C项符合句意。（14）形容词辨析。我们不能老是对危险惴惴不安，否则我们得一直待在家里。即使待在家里，也不能 屋顶不会塌下来。Certain 确定, 肯定。（15）逻辑分析。句意: 我们想做点什么事，任何事，都必须承担风险。因此B项if(如果)符合句意。（16）名词辨析。句意: 我们得承担风险，但是可以将风险降到最低。（17）动词辨析。句意: 与人打交道类似，相信别人可能有被 的风险。flattered被奉承，assure是

32、确定，一般不用在被动语态，过去分词assured作形容词，指“确定的，确信的”；deceived 被欺骗; convinced确信。故C项符合句意。（18）逻辑分析。句意: 不相信别人会让我们被排除在大家的活动之外， 信任是大家一起生活至关重要的纽带。前后为因果关系, 故选D。（19）形容词辨析。信任所有人所有事是明显 。evident明显的，unwise 理智的, creative创新的，romantic浪漫的。故B项符合句意。（20）逻辑分析。句意: 我们不能消除所有风险, 我们可以尽可能减少。前后为转折关系, 故选A。5. 单选题According to the new tax law,

33、 any money earned over that level is taxed at the （ ）of 59 percent.问题1选项A.ratioB.percentageC.proportionD.rate【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。句意: 根据新税法，任何赚得的收入都需要按照百分之五十九的比例收税。at the rate of 按照.的比例。6. 单选题He （ ）himself as gentle and romantic toward a woman he was trying to impress.问题1选项A.expressedB.conveyedC.demonstrat

34、edD.presentedf【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。句意: 他 他对待女性温柔且浪漫，他也正努力地给人留下这样的印象。express:表达，表示，表露。convey:传达，运输。demonstrate: 证明，证实，论证。present:提出，提交，提供。因此A项符合句意,在句子中语义为 “认为”。7. 单选题President Clintons decision on Apr. 8 to send Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji packing without an agreement on Chinas entry into the World Trade Org

35、anization seemed to be a massive miscalculation. The President took a drubbing from much of the press, which had breathlessly reported that a deal was in the bag. The Cabinet and White House still appeared divided, and business leaders were characterized as furious over the lost opportunity. Zhu cha

36、rged that Clinton lacked the courage” to reach an accord. And when Clinton later telephoned the angry Zhu to pledge a renewed effort at negotiations, the gesture was widely portrayed as a flip-flop.In fact, Clinton made the right decision in holding out for a better WTO deal. A lot more horse tradin

37、g is needed before a final agreement can be reached. And without the Administrations goal of a “bullet-proof agreement” that business lobbyists can enthusiastically sell to a Republican Congress, the whole process will end up in partisan acrimony that could harm relations with China for years.THE HA

38、RD PART. Many business lobbyists, while disappointed that the deal was not closed, agree that better terms can still be had. And Treasury, Secretary Robert E. Rubin, National Economic Council Director Gene B. Spelling, Commerce Secretary William M. Daley, and top trade negotiator Charlene Barshefsky

39、 all advised Clinton that while the Chinese had made a remarkable number of concessions, “were not there yet， according to senior officials.Negotiating with Zhu over the remaining issues may be the easy part. Although Clinton can signal U.S. approval for Chinas entry into the WTO himself, he needs C

40、ongress to grant Beijing permanent most-favored-nation status as part of a broad trade accord. And the temptation for meddling on Capital Hill may prove over-whelming. Zhu had barely landed before Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott (R-Miss) declared himself skeptical that China deserved entry into th

41、e WTO. And Senator Jesse A. Helms (R-N C) and Ernest F. Hollings (D-S. C ) promised to introduce a bill requiring congressional approval of any deal.The hidden message from these three textile-state Southerners: Get more protection for the U S. clothing industry. Hoping to smooth the way, the Admini

42、stration tried, but failed, to budge Zhu on textiles. Also left in the lurch: Wall Street, Hollywood, and Detroit. Zhu refused to open up much of the lucrative Chinese securities market and insisted on cultural restrictions on American movies and music. He also blocked efforts to allow U. S. auto ma

43、kers to provide fleet financing.BIG JOB. Already, business lobbyists are blanketing Capitol Hill to presale any eventual agreement, but what theyve heard so far isnt encouraging Republicans, including Lott, say that the time just isnt right” for the deal. Translation: Were determined to make it look

44、 as if Clinton has capitulated to the Chinese and is ignoring human, religious, and labor rights violations; the theft of nuclear-weapons technology; and the sale of missile parts to Americas enemies. Beijings fierce critics within the Democratic Party, such as Senator Paul D. Wellstone of Minnesota

45、 and House Minority leader Richard A. Gephardt of Missouri, wont help, either.Just how tough the lobbying job on Capitol Hill will be become clear on Apr. 20, when Rubin lectured 19chief executives on the need to discipline their Republican allies. With business and the White House still trading cha

46、rges over who is responsible for the defeat of fast-track trade negotiating legislation in 1997, working together wont be easy. And Republicans-with a wink-say that theyll eventually embrace Chinas entry into the WTO as a favor to Corporate Amenity. Though not long before they torture Clinton. But Z

47、hu is out on a limb, and if Congress overdoes the criticism, he may be forced by domestic critics to renege. Business must make this much dear to both its GOP allies and the White House: This historic deal is too important to risk losing to any more partisan squabbling.1.The main idea of this passag

48、e is（ ） .2.It can be inferred from the passage that （ ）.3.What does the sentence Also left in the lurch: Wall Street, Hollywood, Detroit convey?4.Who plays the leading part in the deal in America?5.What was the attitude of the Republican Party toward Chinas entry into the WTO?A. Contradictory B. App

49、reciative C. Disapproving. D. Detestful.问题1选项A.The Contradiction between the Democratic Party and the Republican PartyB.On Chinas entry into WTOC.Clinton was rightD.Business Lobbyists Control Capitol Hill问题2选项A.America will make concessionsB.America will hold out for a better WTOC.Clinton has the ri

50、ght to signal U. S. approval for Chinas entryD.Democratic party approve Chinas entry into the WTO问题3选项A.Premier Zhu rejected their requirements.B.The three places overdid criticism.C.They wanted more protection.D.They are in trouble.问题4选项A.White HouseB.RepublicansC.The Democratic PartyD.Businessmen.

51、问题5选项A.ContradictoryB.AppreciativeC.Disapproving.D.Detestful.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:A第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章的主旨句为: Clinton made the right decision in holding out for a better WTO deal (克林顿故意拖延以谋取更多的利益的决定是正确的)。2.推断题。题干问的是从文章中推断出什么。选项C:克林顿有签署批准中国入世之权。D：民主党赞成中国加入世贸，这两项都是事实, 因此排除。选项B:美国会故意拖延以求取得更好的条件。根据文章推断

52、这可能性小。推断选项A (美国将会作出让步)正确。3.推断题。根据题干定位至第五段，题干句子后一句: Zhu refused to open up much of the lucrative Chinese securities market and insisted on cultural restrictions on American movies and music. He also blocked efforts to allow U. S. auto makers to provide fleet financing (朱镕基拒绝开放利润丰厚的中国证券市场，坚持对美国电影和音乐实行

53、“文化”限制。他还阻止了美国汽车制造商提供车队融资)。因此A项(朱总理拒绝了他们的要求)正确。4.细节题。通过文章内容推断商界在美国的交易中起主导作用。5.态度方向。共和党一开始是反对的。第六段说时间不对。最后一段共和党一下子有所改变，他们最终将会接受中国加入世贸组织以表示对整体美国的好感。不管是商人院外活动集团的作用，还是明确指出重开谈判的重要性。这一历史事件太重要绝不能因党争而失去机会。共和党纵然心中不愿，也不得不接受现实。心情是矛盾的。由此得出选择A:矛盾。8. 单选题The president explained that the purpose of taxation was to（

54、 ） government spending.问题1选项A.financeB.expandC.enlargeD.budget【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。句意: 总统解释说，税收的目的是为政府开支（ ）。 Finance为.提供资金; expand扩大; enlarge扩大; budget安排开支,预算。故选A。9. 单选题In ancient India, there used to be a very formidable（ ） in religious and social life.问题1选项A.hierarchyB.powerC.despotD.president【答案】A【解析】名词

55、辨析。句意: 在古印度，在社会和宗教生活中有很可怕的等级制度。hierarchy等级制度。power功率;力量；能力。despot专制君主，暴君。president总统；董事长；校长。10. 单选题The authorities are discouraging new（ ） who want to enter the country as there arent enough jobs for them.问题1选项A.passengersB.migrantsC.immigrantsD.emigrants【答案】C【解析】名词辨析。句意: 当局正在阻止新的想进入这个国家的移民，因为这的工作岗位

56、不够。passenger旅客；乘客；过路人 migrant移居者immigrant移民（移进来）emigrant移民；侨民（移出的）。11. 单选题Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years-and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of nat

57、ural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times-are questions which have interested the modernm philosopher not less than the objects with which these sciences are more im

58、mediately conversant. Was it the employment of a new method of research, or in the exercise of greater virtue in the use of the old methods, that this singular modernm phenomenon had its origin? Was the long period one of arrested development, and is the modernm era one of normal growth? Or should w

59、e ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents-to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?The explanation which has become commonplace, that the ancients employed d

60、eduction chiefly in their scientific inquiries, while the modernms employ induction, proves to be too narrow, and fails upon close examination to point with sufficient distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modernm scientific doctrines and inquiries. For all knowledge is found

61、ed on observation, and proceeds from this by analysis, by synthesis and analysis, by induction and deduction, and if possible by verification, or by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deduction-by steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method; and the ancient sciences afford e

62、xamples of every one of these methods, or parts of one method, which have been generalized from the examples of science.A failure to employ or to employ adequately any one of these partial methods, an imperfection in the arts and resources of observation and experiment, carelessness in observation, neglect of relevant facts, by appeal to experiment and observat