2022年考博英语-华东交通大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第77期

《2022年考博英语-华东交通大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第77期》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年考博英语-华东交通大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第77期（23页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、2022年考博英语-华东交通大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Researchers at the University of Illinois determined that the（ ）of a father can help improve a childs grades.问题1选项A.involvementB.communicationC.interactionD.association【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项involvement“涉及”；B选项communication“交流”；C选项interaction“交互”；D选项association“协

2、会”。句意：易里若斯大学的研究者们确定父亲的介入有助于孩子提高成绩。本句表示父亲的介入，因此A选项正确。2. 翻译题在西方，启蒙思想的支撑源于人们对于客观规律的认知，如哥白尼的“日心说”、牛顿的“万有引力”、伽利略的“宇宙论”等，认为整个宇宙中的一切物体都遵守同一定律，进而冲破千年的宗教束缚，将这一一理性思考引入了人类社会，从而开创了一个不断进取的新时代。在中国，几千年的封建农业社会，使得科技落后、法治传统缺乏，只是受到近代西方启蒙思想(包括马克思主义)的影响，才引入了科学、民主、法治的概念，开始与世界文明接轨。【答案】In the west, the enlightenment of the

3、 support from the people for the objective laws of cognition, such as Copernicusheliocentric theory , “gravity” of Newton, Galileos “cosmology” etc, think that everything in the universe are subject to the same law, to shake off the yoke of the religion in one thousand will be the one to think ratio

4、nally the introduction of human society, which opened a new era of continuous improvement. In China, the thousands of years of feudal agricultural society made science and technology backward and the tradition of rule of law lacking. It was only under the influence of modern western enlightenment th

5、oughts (including Marxism) that the concepts of science, democracy and rule of law were introduced and began to connect with the world civilization.3. 单选题Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science, but their form and function, their dimensions and appearance were determined by

6、 technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers using nonscientific modes of thought. Many features and qualities of the objects that a technologist thinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process. In the

7、 development of Western technology, it has been nonverbal thinking, by and large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details, and rockets exist not because of geometry or thermodynamics, but because they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them.The creative shaping proces

8、s of a technologists mind can be seen in nearly every artifact that exists. For example, in designing a diesel engine, a technologist might impress individual ways of nonverbal thinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive sense of rightness and fitness. What would be the shape of the co

9、mbustion chamber? Where should be the valves played? Should it have a long or short piston? Such questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience, by physical requirements, by limitations of available space, and not least by a sense of form. Some decisions, such as wall thickness an

10、d pin diameter, may depend on scientific calculations, but the nonscientific component of design remains primary.Design courses, then, should be an essential element in engineering curricula. Nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, the stock in trade of t

11、he artist, not the scientist. Because perceptive processes are not assumed to entail “hard thinking”, nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development of cognitive process and inferior to verbal or mathematical thought. But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Hist

12、oric American Engineering Record wished to have drawings made of machines and isometric (等距) views of industrial processes for its historical record of American engineering, the only college students with the requisite abilities were not engineering students, but rather students attending architectu

13、ral schools.If courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problem solving, are not provided, we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. For example, early models of high spe

14、ed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical system. Absurd random failures that plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial aberrations, they are a reflection of the chaos that results when design

15、 is assumed to be primarily a problem in mathematics.1. According to the author, what is the use of nonscientific thinking?2.It can be inferred that the engineering curricula（ ）.3.By saying “paradoxical” in the third paragraph, the author points out that（ ）.4.Which of the following is probably in ac

16、cordance with the authors idea?问题1选项A.Critical thinking may be derived from nonscientific thinking.B.Many features and qualities of an object can be imagined.C.Many objects are created with clear verbal descriptions.D.People from different trades may benefit from nonscientific thinking.问题2选项A.are st

17、rong despite the absence of nonscientific modes of thinkingB.should not emphasize nonverbal thinking in all coursesC.are thought to include verbal or mathematical courseD.can be strengthened when they include courses in design问题3选项A.engineering students do not understand the history of American engi

18、neeringB.engineering students should know more than architectural studentsC.engineering students should perceive and design better than architectural students doD.engineering students neglect the importance of drawings问题4选项A.Mathematical thinking is essential to any design course.B.Nonverbal thinkin

19、g has its advantages over other perceptive processes.C.Engineering design demands scientific thought.D.Artists play a primitive role in engineering work.【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B【解析】1.推理判断题。由题干关键词“nonscientific thinking”可以定位到文章第一段第一句but their form and function, their dimensions and appearance were de

20、termined by technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers using nonscientific modes of thought.（但它们的形式和功能、尺寸和外观是由技术人员、工匠、设计师、发明家和工程师用非科学的思维模式决定的。），说明各个行业的人都可以用到非科学的思维模式。因此D选项“不同行业的人可能从非科学思维中受益”正确。A选项“批判性思维可能来源于非科学思维”，文中没有提及批判性思维，所以A错误。B选项“一个物体的许多特征和品质是可以想象的”不是说的非科学性思维的用处，所以B错误。C选项“许多对

21、象都是用清晰的语言描述创建的”，由原文Many features and qualities of the objects that a technologist thinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions（技术专家思考的对象的许多特征和品质不能简化为明确的语言描述），说明不能用清晰的语言描述创建，所以C错误。2.推理判断题。由题干关键词“engineering curricula”可以定位到文章第三段第一句Design courses, then, should be an essential eleme

22、nt in engineering curricula.（因此，设计课程应该是工程课程的一个基本元素。），说明设计课程对于工程学课程来说很重要。因此D选项“如果工程学课程包括设计课的话，课程会得到加强”正确。A选项“尽管缺乏非科学的思维模式，但仍然很强大”，由原文Nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, the stock in trade of the artist, not the scientist.（非语言思维是工程设计的核心机制，它涉及到感知，是艺术家而非科

23、学家的惯用手段。）可知工程学课程包含了非科学思维，所以A错误。B选项“不应在所有课程中强调非语言思维”，C选项“被认为包括语言或数学课程”在文中没有提及，所以B，C错误。3.语义推测题。由题干关键词“paradoxical”可以定位到文章第三段第四句But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Historic American Engineering Record wished to have drawings made of machines and isometric views of industrial processes for

24、its historical record of American engineering, the only college students with the requisite abilities were not engineering students, but rather students attending architectural schools.（但自相矛盾的是，当美国工程历史记录的工作人员希望让人画出机器的图纸和工业过程的等距视图，用于其对美国工程的历史记录时，具备必要能力的大学生却不是工科生，而是就读于建筑学院的学生。），说明要求非语言思维的工程专业学生本应该有更好的

25、感知和设计能力，但他们却不如建筑学院的学生，这是自相矛盾的。因此C选项“工程专业的学生应该比建筑专业的学生更好地感知和设计”正确。A选项“工程专业的学生不了解美国工程的历史”，B选项“工程专业的学生应该比建筑专业的学生懂得更多”，D选项“工程专业的学生忽视了图纸的重要性”都不是作者想指出的内容，所以A，B，D错误。4.观点态度题。A选项“数学思维对任何设计课程都是必不可少的”，由原文they are a reflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to be primarily a problem in mathema

26、tics.（当设计被认为主要是一个数学问题时，它们反映了产生的混乱。），说明数学思维对于设计来说不是必不可少的，所以A错误。C选项“工程设计需要科学的思想”，由原文可知作者强调的是非科学思维，所以C错误。D选项“艺术家在工程工作中扮演着原始的角色”在文中没有提及所以D错误。B选项“非语言思维比其他知觉过程有优势”，由原文可知在很多方面都需要用到非语言思维，说明作者认为非语言思维是有优势的，所以B选项最能代表作者的观点。4. 单选题Under the guidance of their teacher, the pupils are building a model boat（ ）by stea

27、m.问题1选项A.towedB.pressedC.tossedD.propelled【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项towed“拖，拉”；B选项pressed“按，压”；C选项tossed“抛，扬起”；D选项propelled“推进，推动”。句意：在老师的指导下，学生们正在制作一艘由蒸汽推动的模型船。本句表示推进船的动力，因此D选项正确。5. 单选题Assimilating the report in computing requires much time, for Im not specialized in this field.问题1选项A.DigestingB.Incorpo

28、ratingC.ImitatingD.Compiling【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项Digesting“消化”；B选项Incorporating“包含”；C选项Imitating“模仿”；D选项Compiling“编辑”。句意：消化这篇计算方面的报告要花很多时间，因为我不是这方面的专家。划线部分Assimilating是消化、吸收的意思。因此A选项正确。6. 单选题The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds（ ）his argument in favor of the new theory.问题1选项A.which to ba

29、se onB.on which to baseC.to base on whichD.which to be based on【答案】B【解析】考查定语从句。根据句意：教授很难找到充分的理由来支撑自己支持新理论的论据。由此可知，要把his argument建立在grounds 的基础上，即“base his arguments on the grounds”，变成定语从句需要将介词on提到关系代词which的前面，即“on which to base his arguments”，所以选项B正确。7. 单选题It is hardly necessary for me to cite all t

30、he evidence of the depressing state of literacy. These figures from the Department of Education are sufficient: 27 million Americans cannot read at all, and a further 35 million read at a level that is less than sufficient to survive in our society.But my own worry today is less that of the overwhel

31、ming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic a

32、ct of reading. It has been suggested that almost 80 percent of Americas literate, educated teenagers can no longer read without an accompanying noise (music) in the background or a television screen flickering at the corner of their field of perception. We know very little about the brain and how it

33、 deals with simultaneous conflicting input, but every common-sense intuition suggests we should be profoundly alarmed. This violation of concentration, silence, solitude goes to the very heart of our notion of literacy; this new form of part-reading, of part-perception against background distraction

34、, renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration, let alone that most important tribute any human being can pay to a poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to learn it by heart. Not by brain, by heart; the expression is vital.Under these circumstances,

35、 the question of what future there is for the arts of reading is a real one. Ahead of us lie technical, psychic, and social transformations probably much more dramatic than those brought about by Gutenberg, the German inventor in printing. The Gutenberg revolution, as we now know it, took a long tim

36、e; its effects are still being debated. The information revolution will touch every fact of composition, publication, distribution, and reading. No one in the book industry can say with any confidence what will happen to the book as weve known it.1. The picture of the reading ability of the American

37、 people, drawn by the author, is（ ）.2.The authors biggest concern is（ ）.3.A major problem with most adolescents who can read is（ ）.4.The author claims that the best way a reader can show admiration for a piece of poetry or prose is（ ）.5.About the future of the arts of reading the author feels（ ）.问题1

38、选项A.quite encouragingB.fairly brightC.very impressiveD.rather bleak问题2选项A.the reading ability and reading behavior of the middle classB.the surprisingly low rate of literacy in the U.S.C.the musical setting American readers require for readingD.elementary school childrens disinterest in reading clas

39、sics问题3选项A.their fondness of music and TV programsB.their lack of attentiveness and basic understandingC.their ignorance of various forms of art and literatureD.their inability to focus on conflicting input问题4选项A.to make a fair appraisal of its artistic valueB.to analyze its essential featuresC.to t

40、hink it over conscientiouslyD.to be able to appreciate it and memorize it问题5选项A.upsetB.uncertainC.alarmedD.pessimistic【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是：作者所描绘的美国人的阅读能力是怎样的？根据原文第一段的首句It is hardly necessary for me to cite all the evidence of the depressing state of literacy.（我几乎没有必要列举所有令人沮

41、丧的人们的识字状况）。由此可知，D选项“相当凄凉”符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是：作者最关心的是？根据原文第二段的首句But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spac

42、es of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading.（但我今天担心的与其说是基本识字这个压倒性的问题，不如说是一个更为奢侈的问题，即美国中产阶层读者阅读技能的衰退，他们不愿意在安静的地方，牺牲难得在家的时间，集中注意力用以读书，而这些与经典阅读行为息息相关），由此可知A选项“中产阶级的阅读能力与阅读行为”符合题意。3.细节事实题。题目问的是：大多数识字青少年最主要的一个问题是？根据原文第二段中的

43、It has been suggested that almost 80 percent of Americas literate, educated teenagers can no longer read without an accompanying noise (music) in the background or a television screen flickering at the corner of their field of perception.（有人认为，近80%有文化，受过良好教育的美国青少年，没有背景音乐和闪烁的电视屏幕的陪伴就无法阅读）以及this new f

44、orm of part-reading, of part-perception against background distraction, renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration（而这种边阅读边在背景干扰下进行理解的新方法使某些基本的理解和集中行为变得不可能），由此可知，B选项“他们缺乏注意力和基本理解力”符合题意。4.细节事实题。题目问的是：作者认为，读者对一篇诗歌或散文表现赞赏的最好方式是？根据第二段倒数第二句let alone that most important tri

45、bute any human being can pay to a poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to learn it by heart.（更不用说人们对他们真正喜欢的诗歌或散文给予的最高评价了，那就是把它记在心里），由此可知D选项“能够欣赏它并记住它”符合题意。5.观点态度题。题目问的是：关于阅读艺术的未来，作者的感觉是怎样的？根据原文最后一段的第一句Under these circumstances, the question of what future there is for the arts o

46、f reading is a real one.（在这种情况下，阅读艺术的未来是什么，这确实是一个大问题。）以及最后一句话No one in the book industry can say with any confidence what will happen to the book as weve known it.（在图书界没有人能自信地说他知道未来将会发生什么。）由此可推断，作者认为阅读艺术的未来充满了不确定性，所以选项B正确。8. 单选题It was a bold idea to build a power station in the deep valley, but it（

47、）as well as we had hoped.问题1选项A.came offB.went offC.brought outD.made out【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项come off“成功，实现”；B选项go off“离开，变质”；C选项bring out“出版，生产”；D选项make out“辨认出，理解”。根据句意：在深谷里建发电站是个大胆的想法，但结果与我们原来所希望的一样。也就说，这个想法得到实现，所以选项A符合语境。9. 单选题From this material we can（ ）hundreds of what you may call direct produ

48、cts.问题1选项A.deriveB.discernC.diminishD.displace【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项derive“源自，获得”；B选项discern“觉察出，识别”；C选项diminish“减少，缩小”；D选项displace“取代”。根据句意：我们能够从这个材料中 数百个你称之为直接产品的东西。根据介词短语from this material 可知，这里应该是表示来源并且能够与介词 from搭配，所以只有选项A符合要求。10. 单选题The wooden cases must be secured by overall metal strapping so th

49、at they can be strong enough to stand rough handling during（ ）.问题1选项A.transitB.motionC.shiftD.traffic【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项transit“搬运”；B选项motion“运动”；C选项shift“转移”；D选项traffic“交通”。句意：木箱必须用整体金属带固定，这样才能保证木箱在运输过程中足够坚固，经得起粗暴的搬运。本句表示木箱的搬运过程，因此A选项正确。11. 单选题This book is about how these basic beliefs and values

50、 affect important（ ）of American life.问题1选项A.facetsB.formatsC.formulasD.fashions【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项facets“方面”；B选项formats“构成”；C选项formulas“方案”；D选项fashions“风尚”。句意：这本书是关于这些基本信念和价值观如何影响美国生活的重要方面。本句表示美国生活的重要方面。因此A选项正确。12. 单选题The（ ）point of view presents ideas and facts that both supporters and opponents

51、can agree.问题1选项A.mainB.controversialC.subjectiveD.neutral【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项main“主要的，最大的”，B选项controversial“引起争论的，有争议的”，C选项subjective“主观的，个人的”，D选项neutral“中立的，中性的”，中立的观点代表了支持者和反对者都能认同的观点和事实。因此，A选项符合句意。13. 单选题The idea that boys and girls have different learning styles seems to be losing ground，but the

52、re are still many（ ）supporters of single-sex education.问题1选项A.compulsoryB.pervasiveC.criticalD.passionate【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项compulsory“义务的，强制的”，B选项pervasive“遍布的，普遍的”，C选项critical“批判性的，关键的”，D选项passionate“狂热的，热情的”，句意：认为男孩和女孩有不同的学习方式的观点似乎正在失势，但仍有许多普遍支持男女分校教育的人。因此，B选项符合句意。14. 翻译题In fact, the robots that

53、 are doing the most for you and me the industrial robots dont even have a head. A tiny microprocessor capable of fitting on a silicon chip the size of a pea makes up part of the robots “brain”. Several of these silicon chips are placed on two or three printed circuit boards to provide the input and

54、memory bank functions. When plugged into an electrical outlet, this assembly of microprocessors, much like the human brain, transmits electrical impulses along pathways which run from the computer itself down the robots arm and into its hand. In humans, these pathways are the nerve fibers; in robots

55、, they are electrical cables.【答案】【参考译文】事实上，那些对人类贡献最大的机器人工业机器人甚至连头都没有。一个能装在豌豆大小的硅芯片上的微型处理器，构成了机器人“大脑的一部分”。几块这样的芯片被放置在两到三块印刷电路板上，提供输入和记忆库的功能。当插入电源插座时，这组微型处理器就像人类的大脑一样，将电脉冲从计算机本身传递到机器人的手臂，再传递到它的手。对人类来说，这些路径是神经纤维，而对机器人来说，它们就是电缆。15. 单选题The statistics Ive cited and the living examples are all too familiar

56、 to you. But what may not be so familiar will be the increasing number of women who are looking actively for advancement of for a new job in your offices. This woman may be equipped with professional skills and perhaps valuable experience. She will not be content to be Executive Assistant to Mr. Sel

57、dom Seen of the Assistant Vice Presidents Girl Friday, who is the only one who comes in on Saturday.She is the symbol of what I call the Second Wave of Feminism. She is the modern woman who is determined to be.Her forerunner was the radical feminist who interpreted her trapped position as a female a

58、s oppression by the master class of men. Men, she believed, had created a domestic, servile role for women in order that men could have the career and the opportunity to participate in making the great decisions of society. Thus the radical feminist held that women through history had been oppressed

59、 and dehumanized, mainly because man chose to exploit his wife and the mother of his children. Sometimes it was deliberate exploitation and sometimes it was the innocence of never looking beneath the pretensions of life.The radical feminists found strength in banding together. Coming to recognize ea

60、ch other for the first time, they could explore their own identities, realize their own power, and view the male and his system as the common enemy. The first phases of feminism in the last five years often took on this militant, class-warfare tone. Betty Friedan, Gloria Steinem, Germaine Greer, and

61、 many others hammered home their ideas with a persistence that aroused and intrigued many of the brightest and most able women in the country. Consciousness-raising groups allowed women to explore both their identities and their dreamsand the two were often found in direct conflict.What is the stere

62、otyped role of American women? Marriage. A son. Two daughters. Breakfast. Ironing. Lunch. Bowling, maybe a garden club of for the very daring, non-credit courses in ceramics. Perhaps an occasional cocktail party. Dinner. Football or baseball on TV. Each day the same. Never any growth in expectations

63、 unless it is growth because the husband has succeeded. The inevitable question: “Is that all there is to life?” The rapid growth of many feminist organizations attests to the fact that these radical feminists had touched some vital nerves. The magazine “Ms.” was born in the year of the death of the

64、 magazine “Life.” But too often the consciousness-raising sessions became ends in themselves. Too often sexism reversed itself and man-hating was encouraged. Many had been with the male chauvinist.It is not difficult, therefore, to detect a trend toward moderation. Consciousness-raising increasingly is r