2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第30期

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1、2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The expedition has left for the Andes and there is no（ ）when it will return.问题1选项A.informingB.reportingC.knowingD.advising【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。句意：探险队已出发前往安第斯山脉，但没有通知何时返回。故选A。2. 单选题Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children（ ）a violent act previ-

2、ously seen on television.问题1选项A.modifyingB.duplicatingC.acceleratingD.stimulating【答案】B【解析】动词辨析。句意：最近报道了很多案例：孩子们总是 以前在电视上见过的暴力行为。modify 修改，修饰；duplicate 复制，重复；accelerate 加速，促进；stimulate 刺激。B项duplicate 在此可译为“模仿”。3. 单选题In general，matters which lie entirely within state borders are the（ ）concern of state

3、 gov-ernments.问题1选项A.extinctB.excludingC.excessiveD.exclusive【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析。句意:般来说，国家边境问题是政府 （ ）关心的问题。extinct灭绝的；excluding除外，不包括;excessive过度的，过分的;exclusive独有的，专一的。D项exclusive独有的，专一的符合句意，在这里表示“专门的,特别的”。4. 单选题If you（ ）the bottle and cigarettes, youll be much healthier.问题1选项A.take offB.keep offC.get of

4、fD.set off【答案】B【解析】短语辨析。句意：如果你 酒瓶和烟，你会更健康。take off 脱掉，起飞； keep off挡住，禁食，不接近； get off 下车；set off出发，（使）开始。因此，B项keep off符合句意，在此表示“远离，戒掉，不接近”。 5. 单选题There is much I enjoy about the changing seasons, but my favorite time is the（ ）from fall to winter.问题1选项A.transmissionB.transformationC.transitionD.transf

5、er【答案】C【解析】名词辨析。句意：我很喜欢季节变更，但是我最喜欢的时间是秋冬的 。transmission 传递；transformation 变形，转化；transition 转变，过渡时期；transfer 迁移、传递。因此，C项符合句意。6. 单选题As one of the youngest professors in the university，Miss King is certainly on the（ ）of a brilliant career.问题1选项A.edgeB.porchC.thresholdD.course【答案】C【解析】名词辨析。句意：作为这所大学最年轻的

6、教授之一，金女士当然是站在事业辉煌的 。edge边缘，优势；porch走廊，门槛；threshold门槛，入口；course路线，航线。因此，C项threshold符合句意。7. 单选题BBCs Casualty programme on Saturday evening gave viewers a vote as to which of two patients should benefit from a donation. But it failed to tell us that we would not need to make so many life- and-death dec

7、isions if we got to grip with the chronic organ shortage.Being pussyfooting around in its approach to dead bodies, the Government is giving a kicking to some of the most vulnerable in our society. One depressing consequence of this is that a significant number of those on the waiting list take off t

8、o foreign countries to purchase an organ from a living third-world donor, something that is forbidden in the United Kingdom. The poor have no option but to wait in vain.The Human Tissue Authoritys position on the retention of body parts for medical research after a post-mortem examination is equally

9、 flawed. The new consent forms could have been drafted by some evil person seeking to stop the precious flow of human tissue into the pathological laboratory. The forms are so lengthy that doctors rarely have time to complete them and, even if they try, the wording is so graphic that relatives tend

10、to leg it before signing. In consequence, the number of post mortems has fallen quickly.The wider worry is that the moral shortsightedness evident in the Human Tissue Act seems to in- fect every facet of the contemporary debate on medical ethics. Take the timid approach to embryonic stem cell resear

11、ch. The United States, for example, refuses government funding to scientists who wish to carry out potentially ground-breaking research on the surplus embryos created by IVF treatment.Senators profess to be worried that embryonic research fails to respect the dignity of “potential personsn. Rarely c

12、an such a vacuous concept have found its way into a debate claiming to provide en- lightenment. When is this “potential” supposed to kick in? In case you were wondering, these sup- posedly precious embryos are at the same stage of development as those that are routinely terminated by the pill withou

13、t anyone crying. Thankfully, the British Government has refused the position of theUnited States and operates one of the most liberal regimes in Europe, in which licences have been a- warded to researchers to create embryos for medical research. It is possible that, in years to come, scientists will

14、 be able to grow organs in the lab and find cures for a range of debilitating diseases.The fundamental problem with our approach to ethics is our inability to separate emotion from policy. The only factor that should enter our moral and legal deliberations is that of welfare, a concept that is meani

15、ngless when applied to entities that lack self-consciousness. Never forget that the research that we are so reluctant to conduct upon embryos and dead bodies is routinely carried out on living, pain-sensitive animals.1.What has caused the chronic organ shortage?2.The expression “pussyfooting around”

16、 (Line 1，Paragraph 2) might mean（ ）.3.The moral shortsightedness is revealed in the fact that（ ）4.To which of the following is the author most likely to agree?5.The author is most critical of（ ）问题1选项A.A decrease in donation rates.B.Inefficient governmental policy.C.Illegal trade in human organs.D.Ne

17、ws medias indifference.问题2选项A.unfairB.hesitantC.secretD.strict问题3选项A.the government has stopped the experiment on human tissueB.the donation consent forms are difficult to understandC.the Human Tissue Act is all obstacle to important medical researchD.embryonic research shows disregard for human lif

18、e问题4选项A.The rich and the poor are equal in the face of death.B.More scientists are needed for the medical advancement.C.There is a double standard in medical ethics.D.The dead deserve the same attention as the living.问题5选项A.the mediaB.doctorsC.U. S. LegislatorsD.the British government【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第

19、3题:C第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.细节题。第二段指出：Being pussyfooting around in its approach to dead bodies, the Government is giving a kicking to some of the most vulnerable in our society。因此政府行为加剧了可移植器官的短缺。B项（政府政策的不作为）正确。2.语义题。根据题干定位至第二段第一行，该处讲到“政府对待尸体问题，给我们社会中最弱势的群体一个打击（giving a kicking to）”，后面句子又讲到“它造成的一个令人沮丧（depres

20、sing）的后果是等待名单上很大一部分人飞到国外从第三世界捐赠者那里购买活体器官，而这在英国是被禁止的”。由此可知，“pussyfooting around”在这里应该表示的是“谨慎的，顾虑重重的”。因此，B项“hesitant（犹豫的；踌躇的）”正确。3.细节题。根据题干关键词“moral shortsightedness”定位至第四段：The wider worry is that the moral shortsightedness evident in the Human Tissue Act seems to infect every facet of the contemporar

21、y debate on medical ethics（更令人担忧的是，人体组织法案中明显的道德短视似乎影响了当代医学伦理学辩论的各个方面）。因此，C项（人体组织法案是重要医学研究的障碍）正确。4.态度题。A项（死亡面前人人平等），B项（更多的科学家需要医学进步），C项（医学伦理学有双重标准），D项（死者应该与生者获得同等关注）。第一段反驳了A项；B选项偷换概念，排除；D项文章没有体现。因此选项C正确。4.态度题。作者是对政府政策持批判态度的。因此，C项（美国立法者）正确。8. 单选题Parents often faced the（ ）between doing what they felt w

22、as good for the development of the child and what they could stand by way of undisciplined noise and destructiveness.问题1选项A.junctionB.paradoxC.premiseD.dilemma【答案】D【解析】名词辨析。句意：父母经常面临这样的 ：是做自己认为对孩子发展有利的事情还是坐视孩子毫无纪律的吵闹和破坏。junction接合点，会合点；paradox悖论，自相矛盾的人或事；premise前提，假设；dilemma困境，进退两难。空格后有“between.and.

23、”，因此这里说的是父母在教育孩子时陷入进退两难的境况，D项dilemma符合句意。9. 单选题When he realized he had been（ ）to sign the contract by intrigue, he threatened to start legal proceedings to cancel the agreement.问题1选项A.elicitedB.excitedC.deducedD.induced【答案】D【解析】动词辨析。句意：当他意识到自己上当欺骗，被 签约时，他威胁说要通过法律程序终止协议。elicit引出，探出；excite为感到兴奋；deduce

24、推论，演绎；induce引诱，诱导。A项elicited虽然语义上符合句意，但是elicited形容主语时一般为主动形式，这里是被动，所以排除。10. 单选题Up until that time, his interest had focused almost（ ）on fully mastering theskills and techniques of his craft.问题1选项A.restrictivelyB.radicallyC.inclusivelyD.exclusively【答案】D【解析】句意：直到那个时候，他的兴趣几乎只（ ） 充分地掌握职业的技能和技巧。再根据题干中alm

25、ost和fully，可知他只关注掌握他的职业的技能和技巧。A选项restrictively限制性地；B选项radically根本地，彻底地；C选项inclusively包含地；D选项exclusively专有地；排外地。11. 单选题In the Chinese household, grandparents and other relatives play（ ）roles inraising children.问题1选项A.incapableB.indispensableC.insensibleD.infinite【答案】B【解析】句意：在中国家庭里，（外）祖父母和其他亲戚在抚养孩子的过程中

26、充当（ ）的角色。A选项incapable无能力的；B选项indispensable不可缺少的；绝对必要的；C选项insensible无感觉的；D选项infinite无限的，B选项indispensable符合句意。12. 单选题They had a fierce（ ）as to whether their company should restore the trade relationshipwhich was broken years ago.问题1选项A.debateB.clashC.disagreementD.contest【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。句意：关于公司是否应该恢复数年前

27、破裂的贸易关系，他们进行了一场激烈的 。debate讨论，辩论；clash 争论；disagreement 分歧；contest 竞争。因此，A项符合句意。13. 单选题As long as nations cannot themselves accumulate enough physical power to dominate all others,they must depend on（ ）.问题1选项A.alliesB.resourcesC.freedomD.education【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。句意：只要国家本身不能积蓄足够的力量来支配其他的人，他们就必须依赖于（ ）。all

28、ies同盟国；resources资源，物力；freedom自由，自主；education教育。选项A“同盟国”符合句意。14. 单选题The medicine（ ）his pain but did not cure his illness.问题1选项A.activatedB.alleviatedC.deterioratedD.mediated【答案】B【解析】句意：这种药（ ）他的疼痛，但不能治愈他的疾病。A选项activated触发；B选项alleviated减轻，缓解；C选项deteriorated使恶化；D选项mediated调解。选项B符合句意。15. 单选题At present, i

29、t is not possible to confirm or to refute the suggestion that there is a causal relationship between the amount of fat we eat and the（ ）of heart attacks.问题1选项A.incidenceB.impetusC.ruptureD.emergence【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。incidence发生率；impetus动力；rupture破裂，绝交；emergence出现，发生。句意：脂肪的摄入量和心脏病的 有所关联，目前对这种说法既不能肯定也无法反驳

30、。A选项符合句意。16. 单选题The town planning commission said that their financial outlook for the next year was optimistic.They expect increased tax（ ）.问题1选项A.efficiencyB.revenuesC.privilegesD.validity【答案】B【解析】名词辨析。句意：城镇规划委员会对他们下一年的经济前景持乐观态度。他们期盼税收增加。efficiency效率；revenue税收，收益；privilege特权；validity有效性。tax revenu

31、e表示“税收”，是常用词组。故本题选B。17. 翻译题Scholars and students have always been great travelers. (1). The official case for “academic mob- ility” is now often stated in impressive terms as a fundamental necessity for economic and social pro- gress in the world, and debated in the corridors of Europe，but it is cer

32、tainly nothing new. Serious students were always ready to go abroad in search of the most stimulating teachers and the most famous academies; in search of the purest philosophy, the most effective medicine, the likeliest road to gold.Mobility of this kind meant also mobility of ideas, their transfer

33、ence across frontiers, their simul- taneous impact upon many groups of people. (2). The point of learning is to share it, whether with students or with colleagues: one presumes that only eccentrics have no interest in being credited with a startling discovery，or a new technique. It must also have be

34、en reassuring to know that other people in other parts of the world were about to make the same discovery or were thinking along the same lines，and that one was not quite alone，confronted by inquisition, ridicule or neglect.In the twentieth century, and particularly in the last 20 years，the old foot

35、paths of the wandering scholars have become vast highways.(3) The vehicle which has made this possible has of course been the aeroplane，making contact between scholars even in the most distant places immediately feasible，and providing for the very rapid transmission of knowledge.Apart from the vehic

36、le itself, it is fairly easy to identify the main factors which have brought a- bout the recent explosion in academic movement.(4). Some of these are purely quantitative and re- quire no further mention: there are far more centers of learning，and a far greater number of scholars and students.(5). In

37、 addition one must recognize the very considerable multiplication of disciplines，particularly in the sciences, which by widening the total area of advanced studies has produced an enormous num-ber of specialists whose particular interests are precisely defined. These people would work in some i- sol

38、ation if they were not able to keep in touch with similar isolated groups in other countries.【答案】1.现在经常称“学术流动”是世界经济和社会进步的必备基础，这在欧洲引发了广泛议论，但显然，这已不是什么新的事物了。2.学习的目的在于分享不管是与学生分享，还是和同事分享。有人认为只有偏执狂才对由惊人的发现或新技术带来的荣誉感没有任何兴趣。3.当然，使这一切成为可能的工具是飞机，它让远隔重洋的学者们迅速取得联系变得可行，并且为知识的快速传播提供了条件。4.有一些纯粹是数量上的，无需多言：更多的学习中心，以

39、及比以前更多的学者和学生。5.另外，人们必须承认，学科门类迅速增加，特别是在科学领域，通过拓宽整个高级研究的领域，从而产生了大量专注于某一特定领域的专家学者。18. 单选题As has always been the case when tragedy has struck our community, the people of our town feel the obligation, and rightly so, to（ ） in support of the victim and his family.问题1选项A.entrenchB.rallyC.disseminateD.apol

40、ogize【答案】B【解析】固定搭配。句意：当社会内有悲剧事情发生时，我们镇的居民感到有义务， （ ） 以支持受害者和他的家人。 entrench保卫、防护；rally重整、团结；disseminate散播、宣传；apologizes道歉。B项rally in意为 “举行集会”符合句意。19. 翻译题Throughout history new technologies have revolutionized warfare, sometimes abruptly, sometimes only gradually: think of gunpowder, aircraft, radar an

41、d nuclear fission. So it has been with informa-tion technology. Computers and the internet have transformed economies and given Western armies great advantages, such as the ability to send remotely piloted aircraft across the world to gather intelli-gence and attack targets. (1). But the spread of d

42、igital technology comes at a cost: it exposes armies and societies to digital attack. Some scenarios (电影)imagine the almost instantaneous failure of the systems that keep themodernworld turning. As computer networks collapse, factories and chemical plants explode, satellites spin out of control and

43、the financial and power grids fail. Cyberspace has become the fifth domain of warfare, after land, sea, air and space.The cyber attacks on Estonia in 2007 and on Georgia in 2008 (the latter strangely happened to coincide with the advance of Russian troops across the Caucasus) are widely assumed to h

44、ave been di-rected by the Kremlin (克里姆林宫),but they could be traced only to Russian cyber-criminals. Many of the computers used in the attack belonged to innocent Americans whose PCs had been hi-jacked. Companies suspect China of organizing mini-raids to ransack Western know-how: but it could just ha

45、ve easily been Western criminals, computer-hackers showing off or disillusioned former employ-ees. (2). One reason why Western governments have until recently been reticent about cyber-espio-nage （间谍）is surely because they are dab hands at it, too.Cyber-weapons are being developed secretly, without

46、discussion of how and when they might be used.（3）. If cyber arms-control is to Americas advantage，it would be wise to shade such accords （协议）while it still has the upper hand in cyberspace. In the meantime，however, countries should agree on modest accords, or even just informal “rules of the road” t

47、hat would raise the political cost of cy-ber-attacks. Perhaps there could be a deal to prevent the crude “ denial-of-service ” assaults that brought down Estonian and Georgian websites with a mass of bogus （伪造的）requests for informa-tion ；NATO and the European Union could make it clear that attacks i

48、n cyberspace, as in the real world, will provoke a response: the UN or signatories of the Geneva Conventions could declare that cyber-attacks on civilian facilities are, like physical attacks with bomb and bullet, out of bounds in war； rich countries could exert economic pressure on states that do n

49、ot adopt measures to fight online criminals. Countries should be encouraged to spell out their military policies in cyberspace, as Ameri-ca does for nuclear weapons, missile defense and space. （4）. And there could be an international cen-tre to monitor cyber-attacks, or an international duty to assi

50、st countries under cyber-attacks, regard-less of the nationality or motive of the attacker akin to the duty of ships to help mariners （水手）in distress.The internet is not a “commons” ,but a network of networks that are mostly privately owned. A lot could also be achieved by greater co-operation betwe

51、en governments and the private sector.（5） But in the end more of the burden for ensuring that ordinary peoples computer systems are not co-opted by criminals or cyber-warriors will end up with the latter especially the internet-service providers that run the network. They could take more responsibil

52、ity for identifying infected computers and spotting attacks as they happen.【答案】1. 但是数字技术的传播是有代价的：它使军队和社会面临数字攻击。一些电影想象出了维持现代社会运转的各个系统几乎瞬时崩溃的场景。2. 西方政府直到最近都对网络间谍活动保持沉默，原因之一是他们自己也是内行。3. 如果网络军备控制对美国有利，那么在它在网络空间仍占上风时指定这样的协议是明智的。4. 还应建立国际中心以监控网络攻击，或者承担救援遭遇网络袭击的国家的国际责任，不管攻击者的国籍或动机如何，就像船舶有援助遇险的水手的责任一样。5.但最终

53、，确保普通人的电脑系统不被犯罪分子和网络战士占为己有的重任将更多地落到后者身上尤其是运营网络服务的提供商。20. 单选题Perfect certainty belongs only to the gods； the rest of us have to make do with science and its（ ）.问题1选项A.imperfectionsB.conclusionsC.methodologiesD.hyperbole【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。句意：完美只属于上帝，其余的我们必须用科学弥补 。imperfections 不完美；conclusions 结论；methodologies 方法论；hyperbole 夸张。故选A。