2022年考博英语-暨南大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第76期

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1、2022年考博英语-暨南大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 不定项选择题The Commercial Revolution was not confined, of course, to the growth of trade and banking. Included in it also were fundamental changes in methods of production. The system of manufacture developed by the craft guilds in the later Middle Ages was rapidly b

2、ecoming defunct. The guilds themselves, dominated by the master men, had grown selfish and exclusive.Membership in them was commonly restricted to a few privileged families. Besides, they were so completely choked by tradition that they were unable to make adjustments to changing conditions. Moreove

3、r, new industries had sprung up entirely outside the guild system. Characteristic examples were mining and smelting and the woolen industry. The rapid development of these enterprises was stimulated by technical advances, such as the invention of the spinning wheel and the discovery of a wine method

4、 of making brass, which asked about half of the fuel previously used. In the mining and smelting industries a form of organization was adopted similar to that which has prevailed ever since.But the most typical form of industrial production in the Commercial Revolution was the domestic system, devel

5、oped first of all in the woolen industry. The domestic system derives its name from the fact that the work was done in the homes of industrial artisans instead of in the shop of a master craftsman. Since the various jobs in the manufacture of a product were given out on contract, the system is also

6、known as the putting out system. Notwithstanding the petty scale of production, the organization was basically capitalistic. The raw material was purchased by an entrepreneur and assigned to individual worker, each of whom would complete his allotted task for a stipulated payment. In the case of the

7、 woolen industry the yarn would be given out first of all to the spinners, then to the weavers, fillers, and dyer in succession. When the cloth was finally finished, it would be taken by the clothier and sold in the open market for the highest price it would bring.1. According to the article, what c

8、hanges did the Commercial Revolution bring about?2. The word “defunct” in the first paragraph most probably means（ ）.3. According to the article, in which area was it more energy-effective?4. The author implies that（ ）.5. According to the article, which one of the following statements is NOT true?问题

9、1选项A.Methods of production.B.Appearance of craft guilds.C.Increased trade volume.D.Growth of trade, banking and methods of production.问题2选项A.popularB.obsoleteC.potentialD.extensive问题3选项A.Smelting industryB.Mining industryC.BankingD.Weaving问题4选项A.the guild system was more efficientB.the domestic syst

10、em was capitalisticC.the technical advance stimulated the guild systemD.the domestic system was not as efficient as the guild system问题5选项A.Technical advances stimulated the development of enterprises.B.In the woolen industry, weavers would pass on their products to spinners.C.The domestic system is

11、also known as the putting out system.D.The word “clothier” is synonymous to “entrepreneur” in this context.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:B第5题:B【解析】第1题:细节事实题。根据文章内容，商业革命带来了哪些变化？选项A “生产方式”；选项B“手工业工会的出现”；选项C“贸易量的增加”；选项D“贸易，银行和生产方式的进步”，根据第一段第一句的内容“The Commercial Revolution was not confined, of course, to the g

12、rowth of trade and banking. Included in it also were fundamental changes in methods of production. 当然，商业革命没有限制贸易和银行业的发展。它还带来了生产方式的根本性变化”，所以商业革命的影响包括两方面的内容，选项A和选项B表达的都正确，但是只是一部分的影响，不全面，所以可以排除；选项C错误；故正确答案为选项D。第2题:词义辨析题。第一段中“defunct”这个单词大概的意思是，popular “流行的”；obsolete“废弃的，已经过时的”；potential“潜在的；有潜力的”；exten

13、sive“广泛的”，我们可以根据下文来猜测这个单词的含义，根据第一段最后一句话“The guilds themselves, dominated by the master men, had grown selfish and exclusive. 工会本身被精通技术的人主导，变得自私和排他”，这句话是对“defunct”所在句“The system of manufacture developed by the craft guilds in the later Middle Ages was rapidly becoming defunct”中世纪晚期，由手工工会发展而来的制造业迅速地变得

14、“defunct”的进一步解释说明，所以由selfish和exclusive可知defunct的意思应该是obsolete，故正确答案为选项B。第3题:推理判断题。根据文章内容，哪个地方的能源利用最高效？选项A“冶炼行业”；选项B“煤矿业”；选项C“银行业”；选项D“纺织业”；根据文章第二段中“such as the invention of the spinning wheel and the discovery of a wine method of making brass, which asked about half of the fuel previously used.如转轮的发

15、明和葡萄酒生产铜的方法，它们只需要以前大约一半的燃料使用”，可知由于技术的改进，在冶炼行业能源的使用变得十分的高效,故正确答案为选项A。第4题:细节事实题。作者暗示什么，选项A“工会制度更加高效”；选项B“家庭手工制是资本主义”；选项C“技术进步刺激了工会制度”；选项D“家庭手工制不如工会制度那么有效率”，根据文章第三段中“Notwithstanding the petty scale of production, the organization was basically capitalistic尽管生产规模小，组织基本上是资本主义”，可知家庭手工制是资本主义，故正确答案为选项B。第5题:

16、细节事实题。根据文章内容，以下哪个陈述是不对的？选项A“技术进步刺激了企业的发展”；选项B“在羊毛工业中，织布工可以把产品传递给纺纱工”；选项C“家 庭手工业也称为散工制”；选项D在这篇文章中，“呢绒商”是“企业家”的代名词，根据文章第三段中“In the case of the woolen industry the yarn would be given out first of all to the spinners, then to the weavers 羊毛产业的纱线会首先给纺纱工，然后传递给织布工”，可知并非织布工把产品传递给纺纱工，故正确答案为选项B。2. 不定项选择题Good

17、 sense is the most equitably distributed thing in the world, for each man considers himself so well provided with it that even those who are most difficult to satisfy in everything else do not usually wish to have more of it than they have already. It is not likely that everyone is mistaken in this;

18、 it shows, rather, that the ability to judge rightly and separate the true from the false, which is essentially what is called good sense or reason, is by nature equal in all men, and thus that our opinions differ not because some men are better endowed with reason than others, but only because we d

19、irect our thoughts along different paths, and do not consider the same things, for it is not enough to have a good mind: what is most important is to apply it rightly. The greatest souls are capable of the greatest vices; and those who walk very slowly can advance much further, if they always keep t

20、o the direct road, than those who run and go astray.For my part, I have never presumed my mind to be more perfect than average in anyway. I have, in fact, often wished that my thoughts were as quick, or my imagination as precise and distinct, or my memory as capacious or prompt, as those of some oth

21、er men. And I know of no other qualities than these which make for the perfection of the mind; for as to reason, or good sense, inasmuch as it alone makes us men and distinguishes us from the beasts, I am quite willing to believe that it is whole and entire in each of us, and to follow in the common

22、 opinion of the philosophers who say that there are differences of more or less only among the accidents, and not among the forms, or natures, or the individuals of a single species.11. According to the author, the three elements that comprise the perfect mind are（ ）.A. tenacity of thought, capaciou

23、s memory, quickness of mindB. precise imagination, tenacity of memory, quickness of mindC. quickness of wit, ease of conscience, quickness of thoughtD. promptness of memory, distinctness of imagination, quickness of thought12. The basic idea of the first paragraph may be stated as follows:（ ）.A. all

24、 persons have an equal portion of good will when they are bornB. great souls are capable of great evilC. good sense, in terms of its distribution among persons, may be called common senseD. good sense is the mark of the truly good person13. About himself the author states that what sets human beings

25、 apart from beasts is（ ）.A. he had always sensed his mental superiority over most personsB. his awareness of his mental superiority over other was something that grew slowly with experienceC. he actually regards his own mental faculties as inferior in many ways to those of the great majority of pers

26、onsD. he has never had the feeling that his mind was more perfect than average in any way14. The author claims that what sets human beings apart from beasts is（ ）.A. a sense of organization combined with the ability to createB. the ability to adapt to the surroundingsC. a sense of reason coupled wit

27、h a strong sense of practicalityD. a sense of reason15. According to the author, the ability to distinguish between the true and the false is（ ）.A. endowed by nature to all creaturesB. endowed in equal measure to all personsC. more heavily present in some persons than in othersD. an unnatural, culti

28、vated trait in all persons问题1选项A.tenacity of thought, capacious memory, quickness of mindB.precise imagination, tenacity of memory, quickness of mindC.quickness of wit, ease of conscience, quickness of thoughtD.promptness of memory, distinctness of imagination, quickness of thought问题2选项A.all persons

29、 have an equal portion of good will when they are bornB.great souls are capable of great evilC.good sense, in terms of its distribution among persons, may be called common senseD.good sense is the mark of the truly good person问题3选项A.he had always sensed his mental superiority over most personsB.his

30、awareness of his mental superiority over other was something that grew slowly with experienceC.he actually regards his own mental faculties as inferior in many ways to those of the great majority of personsD.he has never had the feeling that his mind was more perfect than average in any way问题4选项A.a

31、sense of organization combined with the ability to createB.the ability to adapt to the surroundingsC.a sense of reason coupled with a strong sense of practicalityD.a sense of reason问题5选项A.endowed by nature to all creaturesB.endowed in equal measure to all personsC.more heavily present in some person

32、s than in othersD.an unnatural, cultivated trait in all persons【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:D第4题:D第5题:B【解析】第1题:推理判断题。由文章第二段开头可知，“我”从未认为自己的理智比一般人更完美，由此可推断接下来作者将介绍完美理智的特点。由I have, in fact, often wished that my thoughts were as quick, or my imagination as precise and distinct, or my memory as capacious or prompt,

33、 as those of some other men（事实上，我常常希望我的思想能像别人那样敏捷，我的想象力能像别人那样精确而清晰，我的记忆力能像别人那样丰富而迅速）可以推断，作者认为完美的理智需要的是敏捷的思维、精确清晰的想象力和快速的记忆力，因此D选项符合题意。第2题:主旨大意题。第一段介绍了人们的理智是by nature equal in all men（天生就是平等的），之所以意见不一致，是因为思维方向不同，因此A选项“人生来就有着同样的善意”符合题意。第3题:事实细节题。由文章第二段第一句For my part, I have never presumed my mind to b

34、e more perfect than average in anyway（就我而言，我从来没有认为我的头脑比一般人更完美）可知D选项“他从未觉得自己的头脑比一般人更完美”符合题意。第4题:事实细节题。由第二段第三句中的for as to reason, or good sense, inasmuch as it alone makes us men and distinguishes us from the beasts（因为只有理智才能使我们成为人，才能使我们区别于野兽）可知D选项“理智”正确。第5题:事实细节题。由文章第一段第二句中的the ability to judge rightl

35、y and separate the true from the false, which is essentially what is called good sense or reason, is by nature equal in all men（人们辨别是非的能力，就其本质而言即理性，天生就是平等的）可知B选项“被平等地赋予所有人”正确。3. 单选题The eastern part of Australia is（ ）in climate to that of the western part.问题1选项A.productiveB.superiorC.prosperousD.sple

36、ndid【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项productive“多产的”；B选项superior“优越的，上级的”；C选项prosperous“繁荣的，兴旺的”；D选项splendid“辉煌的，灿烂的”。句意：澳大利亚东部的气候比西部的气候好。本句有一个比较关系，be superior to“比好，优于”，所以B选项正确。因此B选项符合题意。4. 单选题A week later, （ ）actions were taken to control the inflation, which caused riots all over the country.问题1选项A.desperateB

37、.ambivalentC.ambiguousD.deliberate【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项desperate“拼命的，绝望的”；B选项ambivalent“矛盾的”；C选项ambiguous“模棱两可的”；D选项deliberate“故意的，深思熟虑的”。句意：一周后，政府采取了深思熟虑的措施来控制造成全国混乱的通货膨胀。此处填入空格的形容词修饰actions（措施，行动）。由句意可知一周之后才采取措施，那肯定是经过深思熟虑的，D选项“深思熟虑的措施”符合题意，其他选项都不准确。因此D选项正确。5. 单选题Chinese products enjoy high interna

38、tional prestige because of their（ ）quality.问题1选项A.indistinctiveB.indisputableC.indispensableD.indistinguishable【答案】B【解析】本题考查了同形词辨析。indistinctive“无特色的”；indisputable“无可争议的，不争的”；indispensable“不可缺少的”；indistinguishable“不能区别的”，由此句中的“prestige” 可以知道中国产品享有如此声誉是因为它们的质量很好，四个选项中能用来形容这种质量的形容词只有indisputable，故正确答案

39、为选项B。句意是：中国的产品享有非常高的国际声誉是因为它们无可争议的质量。6. 单选题With their modern, lightweight boat, they soon（ ）the older vessels in the race.问题1选项A.overranB.exceededC.outstrippedD.caught up【答案】C【解析】本题考查了同义词辨析。overran“超过（范围）”；exceeded“超过，超越（数量，限制）”；outstripped“超过，赶上”；caught up“追上，赶上（接名词时跟with连用）”，此处指的是在比赛中超过，赶上别人，所以可以排

40、除选项A、B，此处如果使用catch up的话后面应该加with，用catch up with的形式，故正确答案为选项C。7. 单选题For shortage of food and water, the illegal immigrants（ ）down from 112 to 58.问题1选项A.seizedB.starvedC.calculatedD.split【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项seized“逮住，抓住”；B选项starved“使挨饿，饿死”；C选项calculated“计算”；D选项split“劈开”。句意：由于食物和水的短缺，非法移民数量从112人下降到了58人。

41、根据前半句表述的因为缺少食物和水，可知后半句中非法移民数量减少的原因是挨饿。所以空格处填B选项starved“使挨饿，饿死”合适。因此B选项符合题意。8. 单选题The famous artist, when asked on the news release for his recent works, his success to diligence and intelligence（ ）.问题1选项A.contributedB.attributedC.devotedD.dedicated【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项contributed“有助于，贡献”；B选项attributed

42、“把归因于，归结”；C选项devoted“献身于，致力于”；D选项dedicated“把奉献给”。句意：这位著名的艺术家在新闻发布会上被问到他最近的作品时，他把他的成功都归功于勤奋和聪明。由空格前diligence and intelligence（勤奋和聪明）以及success（成功）的逻辑关系可知是成功归因于勤奋和聪明，所以B选项意思正确。因此B选项符合题意。9. 单选题Having decided to rent a flat we（ ）contacting all the accommodation agencies in the city.问题1选项A.set outB.set to

43、C.set aboutD.set off【答案】C【解析】本题考查了同义词组的辨析。set out“动身；着手做某事”；set to“开始做某事”；set about“开始做某事”；set off“出发；动身”，set to后面应该接动词原形，此句中的动词是用的现在分词形式，所以可以排除选项B；选项D是“出发，动身去某地”的意思， 不符合此处的语境；set out一般与不定式to do连用，所以可以排除选项A，故正确答案为选项C。10. 不定项选择题Visiting a National Park can be relaxing, inspiring and rejuvenating, but

44、 it can also be disturbing. As you drive into Rocky Mountain National Park, and you will see starving el, damaged meadows and dying forests. Our parks are growing old because we have mistakenly protected them from national Parks, the National Park Service must change its management priorities to pre

45、vent over population of animals and to restore natural process in the forest in order to prevent their stagnation and “death” by old age. We must act soon: our parks are dying of old age because we have altered the forces in nature that keep them young and strong.By tracing the history of our Nation

46、al Parks, we can understand the problem and see why we need active management. In the early part of the 20th century, settlers exploited wildlife heavily, resulting in near-extinction of many species. Therefore, several National Parks were established by Congress primarily to save endangered animals

47、. However, stricter wildlife protection laws and improved wildlife management technique resulted in greater populations of animals overcrowding in areas of high concentration, such as the Yellowstone elk herds. Complicating the problem, theNational Park Service in the early part of the 20th century

48、adopted a policy of aggressive predator elimination, thus reducing natural wildlife population control. Subsequently, elk and population exploded in many National Parks, resulting in severe damage to native vegetation. Vigorous forest fire and insect suppression in the National Parks throughout the

49、20th century further altered the natural environment by allowing forests to over-mature, without natural thinning processes. Park managers thought that they were protecting the land, but actually they were removing important controls from the forest ecosystem.Clearly, we must immediately if we want

50、to pass down to our children and grandchildren the green legacy of our National Parks; we must step in and restore the natural processes which we have altered through our well-intentioned, but misguided, policies in the past.1. According to the article, strict wildlife protection laws and improved w

51、ildlife management techniques（ ）.2. According to the author, there would not be starving elks, damaged meadows or dying forests in National Parks if（ ）.3. According to the article, the population explosion of elk and deer was caused also by（ ）.4. From the article, we can deduce that the author（ ）.5.

52、 Which one of the following statements is NOT true according to the article?问题1选项A.caused the near extinction of the endangered animals.B.intervened the natural process.C.made the visit of National Parks relaxing, and inspiring and rejuvenating.D.saved the elks in the Rocky Mountain Park from starva

53、tion.问题2选项A.the government introduced stricter wildlife laws.B.the National Park Service employed more wildlife management technique.C.the natural processes were restored.D.if we continued to improve our natural environment.问题3选项A.the adoption of a policy of aggressive predator elimination.B.the inc

54、reased number of National Parks.C.the deceasing number of visitors to National Parks.D.the heavy exploitation of endangered animals in the 20 century.问题4选项A.is in support of the resent policies.B.appreciates the present management techniques.C.thinks that the forces in nature should be altered.D.is

55、strongly in favor of the natural processes.问题5选项A.Park managers interrupted the forest ecosystems throughout the 20th century.B.Flesh-eating animals should not be eliminated.C.Insect suppression may cause the forests to over-mature.D.Severe damage to native vegetation in the forest is caused by fire

56、.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:D【解析】第1题:推理判断题。根据文章，严格的野生动物保护法和改善后的野生动物管理技术选项A“造成了濒危动物的濒临灭绝”；选项B“干预了自然过程”；选项C“使参观国家公园变得轻松愉快充满活力”；选项D“拯救了洛基山国家公园中快要饿死的麋鹿”，根据文章第二段中“However, stricter wildlife protection laws and improved wildlife management technique resulted in greater populations of animals overcrowding

57、 in areas of high concentration, such as the Yellowstone elk herds. 然而，严格化的野生动物保护法和改良的野生动物管理技术导致大量的动物拥挤在动物密度非常大的地区，比如黄石公园的麋鹿”，根据此句可知其所带来的影响是负面的，故可以排除选项C、D；选项A所表达的意思与此句相反，故错误；所以正确答案为选项B。第2题:细节事实题。根据作者的观点，国家公园将不会再有快要饿死的麋鹿、被破坏的草地和奄奄一息的森林选项A“政府采用更加严格的野生动物法”；选项B“国家公园管理局采用更多野生动物管理技术”；选项C“重新恢复自然进程”；选项D“我们继

58、续改善我们的自然环境”。根据文章第一段中“the National Park Service must change its management priorities to prevent over population of animals and to restore natural process in the forest in order to prevent their stagnation and death by old age.”国家公园管理局必须改变他们的管理优先级来阻止动物数量的增加和恢复自然进程，不让公园停滞不前或者随着时间死去，可知“阻止动物数量的增加”和“恢复自然

59、进程”是两个有效的解决办法，故正确答案为选项C。第3题:推理判断题。根据这篇文章，麋鹿和鹿的数量的激增也是由于什么造成的，选项A“采取了消除食肉动物的政策”；选项B“国家公园数量的增加”；选项C“国家公园 游客的减少”；选项D“20世纪对濒危动物的过度开发”，根据第二段中“the National Park Service in the early part of the 20th century adopted a policy of aggressive predator elimination, thus reducing natural wildlife population cont

60、rol.”国家公园管理局在20世纪早期采取了消除食肉动物的政策，因此失去了对野生动物数量的控制，由此可知采取了消除食肉动物的政策也是麋鹿和鹿的数量激增的一个原因，故正确答案为选项A。第4题:观点态度题。根据这篇文章，我们可以推断出作者选项A“支持现有的政策”；选项B“欣赏现有的管理技术”；选项C“认为应该改变自然的力量”；选项D“强烈支持自然进程”， 作者在这篇文章中表示了对国家公园管理局采取的对国家公园的管理措施的批判，认为其干预了自然的进程，于是破坏了生态的平衡，所以作者是支持自然进程的，故正确答案为选项D。第5题:细节事实题。根据这篇文章，以下哪个陈述是不正确的？选项A“20世纪，公园管

61、理者干扰了森林的生态系统”；选项B“食肉动物不应该被消除”；选项C“防虫会造成 森林的过熟”；选项D“森林中当地蔬菜的严重的损害是由火灾造成的”，选项A、B 符合文章的中心思想，排除；根据文章第二段中“Vigorous forest fire and insect suppression in the National Parks throughout the 20th century further altered the natural environment by allowing forests to over-mature整个20世纪国家公园中严重的森林火灾和防虫造成了森林的过熟，改

62、变了自然环境”，可知火灾和防虫造成了森林的过熟，所以选项C正确，排除；根据“elk and population exploded in many National Parks, resulting in severe damage to native vegetation. 许多国家公园中麋鹿数量的急剧增加造成了当地蔬菜的严重破坏”，可知造成蔬菜破坏的是麋鹿数量的增加，故选项D表达错误，故正确答案为选项D。11. 单选题People innately（ ）for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form

63、 of an exaggerated lust for power.问题1选项A.striveB.ascertainC.justifyD.adhere【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。strive“努力；抗争”；ascertain“确定；查明”；justify“证明合法”；adhere“坚持；依附”，根据句子结构可知此处应该填入一个动词与for构成词组，根据后面的superiority，分析四个选项可知此处填入strive最为恰当。句意：人天生会去使自己比别人优越，尽管这经常以对权利极大的欲望来体现。故正确答案为选项A。12. 单选题We had a marvelous holiday; only the last two days was slightly（ ）by weather.问题1选项A.damagedB.enhancedC.spo