2022年考博英语-华中科技大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第6期

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1、2022年考博英语-华中科技大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 翻译题Although television on demand has not yet become a mainstream activity in the UK, the BBC, ITV and Channel 4 have all invested vast sums of money in technology which enables viewers to watch their favourite shows on their computers.1. But some critics, includin

2、g some internet service providers, have warned that the internet will collapse under the strain of millions of people downloading programmes at the same time.Over the next four years, it is thought that the number of videos watched over the internet will quadruple, with people moving from short clip

3、s to hour-long programmes.2. Broadband companies claim that the service will cause “traffic jams”, which will cost millions of pounds to sort out.But Mr Cerf dismissed the warnings as “scare tactics”, saying that critics had predicted 20 years ago that the net would collapse when people all around t

4、he world started to use it en masse.3. “In the intervening 30 years its increased a million times Were far from exhausting the capacity” he said, “Its an understandable worry when they see huge amounts of information being moved around online.”【答案】1. 但包括部分互联网服务提供商在内的批评人士警告说，如果几百万人在同一时间下载节目，互联网会因无法承受

5、压力而崩溃。2. 宽带公司称，这一服务会导致“网络交通堵塞”，而“疏通”成本高达数百万英镑。3. 他说：“过去三十年中，互联网的容量增加了一百万倍我们还远没用尽这些容量。看到大量信息在互联网间传输，有人产生这样的担忧是可以理解的。”2. 单选题Globalization is a phenomenon that has been affecting countries and societies for several decades, but the outline of the global system has only emerged with some clarity recentl

6、y. The rise of global markets and the increase in speed and volume of international transactions has brought about a degree of interdependence and co-operation in economic matters among states that has not so far been matched by a corresponding increase in respect for and protection of human rights

7、and democracy. Indeed, many democracies are still fragile, and have not made the transition from viewing democratic practices as instrumental to having a widely shared principled commitment to the democratic and constitutional framework.The rise of global economic networks has led to a rise in the i

8、nfluence of global actors such as multi-national corporations, global economic bodies such as the WTO, the World Bank, the IMF and regional economic organizations. These constitute a new form of global governance whose directives and imperatives states find increasingly difficult to ignore. The esta

9、blished international political organizations have not come close to replicating this effectiveness.Predictions that the phenomenon of globalization will result in a lowering of human rights standards as the mobility of capital seeks out the markets least constrained by labor and human rights standa

10、rds to maximize the highest returns need not be the case. The role of human rights organizations in this context must be to ensure that globalization drives standards up not down, and to present the case that freedom of expression and access to official information are key to sustainable human and e

11、conomic development and the prevention of corruption, which in turn support the conditions necessary for sustainable economic growth.With the demand for global trade to go hand in hand with global responsibility international financial institutions are coming under increasing pressure to regulate th

12、e global economy not simply to facilitate economic growth, but to promote compliance with human development, including international human rights norms. Multinational corporations have also been forced to recognize a degree of corporate social responsibility in the areas in which they operate and in

13、 the communities on which they have an impact. Transparency in the operations of such companies is becoming increasingly important to their gaining access to capital. They are more and more accountable to shareholders, who, in turn are increasingly diffuse and numerous. The pursuit of “shareholder v

14、alue” means that there is score to ensure that the investor citizen has a say in the way that companies conduct themselves.The task for those promoting free expression is to harness new technologies to challenge censorship, and to harness the power and influence of new global actors to ensure that t

15、hey not only take the arguments for free expression on board, but become vocal advocates for such rights.21.All of the following is not true according to the first paragraph except （ ） .22.The underlined word “which” in the third paragraph refers to （ ）.23.Multinational corporations have not to （ ）.

16、24.Which of the following expressions about the global actors is not true?25.What is not the purpose of writing this passage?问题1选项A.globalization has been developing systematically for several decadesB.protection of human rights hasnt increased enough to be correspondent with the present situationC.

17、democracy has been fully developed in the worldD.many countries has constructed a democratic and constitutional framework问题2选项A.human rights organizationsB.the prevention of corruptionC.sustainable human and economic development and the prevention of corruptionD.freedom of expression and access to o

18、fficial information问题3选项A.recognize its social responsibilityB.be responsible to their shareholdersC.be transparent in operationD.be responsible in other communities in the same area问题4选项A.They are becoming more and more influential.B.Sometimes they can influence the decision of a country.C.They are

19、 not so effective as the international political organization.D.WTO and IMF are included.问题5选项A.To point out the negative effects of globalization.B.To bridle the power and influence of global actors.C.To call the global actors awareness of human rights.D.To harness new technologies to challenge exa

20、mination.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】21.细节判断题。根据题干要求，将信息点定位到原文第一段第二句The rise of global markets and the increase in speed and volume of international transactions has brought about a degree of interdependence and co-operation in economic matters among states that has not so far been matched by a

21、 corresponding increase in respect for and protection of human rights and democracy.（全球市场的兴起以及国际交易的速度提升和数量的增加，在各国之间的经济事务中带来了一定程度的相互依赖和合作，而迄今为止，这些国家在尊重和保护人权与民主方面并没有相应的提升。），从而得出本题答案。22.事实细节题。根据题干要求，定位到原文第三段最后一句The role of human rights organizations in this context must be to ensure that globalization

22、drives standards up not down, and to present the case that freedom of expression and access to official information are key to sustainable human and economic development and the prevention of corruption, which in turn support the conditions necessary for sustainable economic growth.（人权组织在这方面的作用必须是确保

23、全球化提高而不是降低标准，并提出言论自由和获得官方资料是可持续的人力和经济发展和防止腐败的关键，而这反过来又支持可持续经济增长所必需的条件。）从而得出本题答案。23.细节推理题。根据题干关键词“Multinational corporations”定位到原文第四段。选项A与第四段第二句中的recognize a degree of corporate social responsibility对应；选项B与原文第四段第四句中的more and more accountable to shareholders；选项C与原文第四段第三句中的Transparency in the operation

24、s对应。选项D的表述不对，因为文中对需负责任的团体的限定是on which they have an impact。即可得出本题答案。24.细节判断题。根据题干要求定位到原文第二段，由第二段第一句The rise of global economic networks has led to a rise in the influence of global actors.（全球经济网络的崛起导致了全球参与者影响力的上升。）可知A正确；由第二段第二句可知选项B正确；D很显然也是正确的。而通过最后一句“The established international political organiza

25、tions have not come close to replicating this effectiveness”说明，国际政治组织没有经济组织有效力。可判断选项C与原文不符，即可得出本题答案。25.主旨大意题。通读全文，可知作者并未提及全球化的负面影响。从而得出本题答案。3. 单选题strophysicists wrestling with the study of a new kind of star, the flat, “two-dimensional” configurations known as accretion disks have recently gained ne

26、w insights into the behavior of these stars. Accretion disks exist in a variety of situations where matters swirl around a compact star such as a white dwarf star or a neutron star. Accretion disks are also suspected of playing a part in more exotic situations, in which the central object is imagine

27、d to be a supermassive black hole, the ultimate form of collapsed matter, rather than a compact star. The modeling of accretion disks is still in its infancy, a situation analogous to the days when ordinary stars were modeled by using elementary scaling laws without benefit of knowledge of the nucle

28、ar processes that power the stars. Similarly, the basic physics of the power by which accretion disks radiate, thought to originate in a form of turbulent friction, is known only at the crudest level.Accretion disks were first defined in the context of Cataclysmic variables. In these systems, matter

29、 from the outer layers of an ordinary star is attracted by the gravitational influence of a nearby orbiting white dwarf star, the matter lost from the ordinary star cannot strike the surface of the tiny white dwarf directly but settles into an orbit around the star. The viscosity in the disk thus fo

30、rmed causes heating, radiation, and a slow spiraling of disk matter onto the surface of the white dwarf.The rapid advances made in x-ray astronomy in the past decade have identified a second type of system in which accretion disks occur. In such a system, an accretion disk whirls about a neutron sta

31、r rather than a white dwarf. The inner reaches of the accretion disk extend deeply into the gravitational potential of the neutron star where very rapid motion is the rule. The energy released by friction and the actual raining of the material from the disk onto the surface of the neutron star is so

32、 great that radiation is given off in a powerful flood of x-rays. And in at least one case, x-ray astronomers believe that the object in the center of an accretion disk is a black hole, suggesting that a third system may exist.It had been assumed that portions of accretion disks would be unstable an

33、d that, as a result, clumping of their matter into rings would occur. There is no evidence from observation, however, that accretion disks do, in fact, suffer from these instabilities. In recent work, Abramowicz has shown that added gravitational effects due to general relativity may alter the expec

34、ted Newtonian gravitational relationships in such a way that the disk remains stable, indicating that it is possible that these predicted instabilities do not occur.Further progress toward understanding accretion disks will involve defining and proposing solutions to restricted problems just as was

35、done in this case and was done and continues to be done for ordinary stars. Abramowicz work is a valuable example of the care that must be taken before reaching conclusions regarding accretion disks.1.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with（ ）.2.It can be inferred from the passage that

36、 predictions of the instability of accretion disks were based on which of the following?3.The authors attitude toward Abramowicz work can best be described as one of（ ）.4.The passage suggests which of the following about current scientific knowledge of the nuclear processes of ordinary stars?5.The p

37、assage suggests that Abramowicz work was motivated by which of the following assumptions?6.The passage implies which of the following about the progress of knowledge in astrophysics?7.The passage suggests that, compared to the study of ordinary stars, the study of accretion disks is（ ）.8.According t

38、o the passage, some accretion disks originated in（ ）.9.It can be inferred from the passage that the significance of Abramowicz work is that it（ ）.问题1选项A.comparing Abramowicz work to the work of earlier astrophysicistsB.providing information about accretion disks and discussing significant new workC.

39、defining the conditions under which accretion disks can be observedD.exploring the question of whether a black hole can ever be the central object of an accretion diskE.describing the phenomenon of accretion disks and reviewing several conflicting theories of their origins问题2选项A.A calculation of the

40、 probable effects of standard Newtonian gravitational relationshipsB.A calculation of the probable relationship between general relativity and standard Newtonian gravitational relationshipsC.A calculation of the energy released by friction within a compact starD.Observation of the x-rays radiated by

41、 compact starsE.Observation of the clumping of accretion disk matter into rings around compact stars问题3选项A.uncertain approvalB.unqualified respectC.mild interestD.careful dismissalE.hostile skepticism问题4选项A.Its pattern of development has been analogous to that of developments in x-ray astronomy.B.It

42、s role in the explanation of turbulent friction has been significant.C.It has contributed to a more accurate modeling of ordinary stars.D.It lags behind knowledge of scaling laws.E.It explains the behavior of accretion disks as well as that of ordinary stars.问题5选项A.The quantity of energy released by

43、 accretion disks can be as large as it is only if the disks are stable.B.Improved techniques in x-ray astronomy would reveal any instabilities occurring in accretion disks.C.The lack of observational evidence of instabilities in accretion disks suggests that predictions of their occurrence might be

44、wrong.D.Known methods of observing accretion disk surrounding compact stars and black holes do not permit the observation of the matter in accretion disks.E.The gravitational potential of compact stars does not vary from star to star.问题6选项A.Adherence to outdated theories has, in the past, limited th

45、e activities of astrophysicists and restricted progress.B.Progress has, in the past, occurred only as a result of significant breakthroughs in basic physics and chemistry.C.Progress has, in the past, occurred as a result of a process of defining and solving restricted problems.D.Given the recent acq

46、uisition of knowledge about the nuclear processes of stars, further progress is likely to be limited to the refinement of what is already known.E.Conclusions in astrophysics have, in the past, been seriously flawed, thus limiting progress, although there have recently been signs of change.问题7选项A.der

47、ivativeB.more sophisticatedC.less clearly focusedD.at an earlier stage of developmentE.more dependent on technological advances问题8选项A.an increase in heat and radiation around an ordinary starB.a powerful flood of x-rays emitted by a neutron starC.a collision between two starsD.the turbulent friction

48、 on the surface of a compact starE.the accumulation of matter removed from an ordinary star问题9选项A.provides a means of measuring the gravitational potential of neutron starsB.opens a new area for exploration in the field of x-ray astronomyC.proves that scaling laws cannot be applied to accretion disk

49、sD.proposes a new system of classification of starsE.suggests a resolution of a discrepancy between a theoretical prediction and actual observation【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C第6题:C第7题:D第8题:E第9题:E【解析】1.主旨大意题。通读全文，原文多次出现关键词“accretion disks” “new insights”,从而即可了解作者的写作主旨，得出本题答案。2.细节推断题。根据题干关键词“instabil

50、ity”将信息点定位到原文第四段第二、三句。 “There is no evidence from observation, however, that accretion disks do, in fact, suffer from these instabilities. In recent work, Abramowicz has shown that added gravitational effects due to general relativity may alter the expected Newtonian gravitational relationships in s

51、uch a way that the disk remains stable, indicating that it is possible that these predicted instabilities do not occur.”从而得出本题答案。3.观点态度题。根据题干关键词“Abramowicz work”，可将信息点定位到原文最后一段最后一句。“Abramowicz work is a valuable example of the care that must be taken before reaching conclusions regarding accretion d

52、isks.（阿布拉莫维奇的工作是一个很有价值的例子，说明在得出关于吸积盘的结论之前必须小心谨慎。）”作者对其研究是绝对的尊重。从而得出本题答案。4.细节推断题。根据题干关键词“the nuclear processes of ordinary stars”,将信息点定位到原文最后一段第一句。“Further progress toward understanding accretion disks will involve defining and proposing solutions to restricted problems just as was done in this case

53、and was done and continues to be done for ordinary stars.”从而得出本题答案。5.细节事实题。根据题干关键词“Abramowicz work”，将信息点定位为原文第四段第三句 “In recent work, Abramowicz has shown that added gravitational effects due to general relativity may alter the expected Newtonian gravitational relationships in such a way that the dis

54、k remains stable, indicating that it is possible that these predicted instabilities do not occur.（在最近的工作中，Abramowicz已经表明，由广义相对论引起的附加引力效应可能会改变预期的牛顿引力关系，使圆盘保持稳定，这表明这些预测的不稳定性可能不会发生。）”，从而得出本题答案。6.事实细节题。信息点定位为原文最后一段第一句。根据“involve defining and proposing solutions to restricted problems just as was done in

55、 this case（就像在本例中所做的那样，涉及到对受限问题的定义和提出解决方案）”即可得出本题答案。7.事实细节题。根据题干将信息点定位到原文第一段第四句。根据“The modeling of accretion disks is still in its infancy, a situation analogous to the days when ordinary stars were modeled by using elementary scaling laws without benefit of knowledge of the nuclear processes that p

56、ower the stars.（吸积盘的建模仍处于初级阶段，类似于普通恒星使用基本尺度定律建模的日子，而不需要了解恒星的核反应过程。）”即可得出本题答案。8.细节事实题。根据题干信息将本题信息点定位到原文第二段第二句。“In these systems, matter from the outer layers of an ordinary star is attracted by the gravitational influence of a nearby orbiting white dwarf star, the matter lost from the ordinary star c

57、annot strike the surface of the tiny white dwarf directly but settles into an orbit around the star.（在这些系统中，来自普通恒星外层的物质受到附近环绕白矮星的引力影响而被吸引，普通恒星失去的物质不能直接撞击微小白矮星的表面，而是进入围绕恒星的轨道。）”从而得出本题答案。9.细节推断题。根据题干信息可将本题信息点定位为原文最后一段。根据段落信息合理推断后即可得出本题答案。4. 单选题There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant ind

58、ustries has been accompanied by an equivalent surge in industrial research. A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individual inventors working alone, independent of organized industrial research. While industrial lab

59、oratories contributed such important products as nylon and transistors, independent inventors developed air conditioning, the automatic transmission, the jet engine, the helicopter, insulin, and streptomycin. Still other inventions, such as stainless steel, television, silicones, and Plexiglas were

60、developed through the combined efforts of individuals and laboratory teams.Despite these finding, we are urged to support monopolistic power on the grounds that such power creates an environment supportive of innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm, cannot af

61、ford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources; that only the giant corporation or conglomerate, with its prodigious assets, can afford the kind of expenditures that produce the technological advances vital to economic pro

62、gress. But when we examine expenditures for research, we find that of the more than $35 billion spent each year in this country, almost two-thirds is spent by the federal government. More than half of this government expenditure is funneled into military research and product development, accounting

63、for the enormous increase in spending in such industries as nuclear energy, aircraft, missiles, and electronics. There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will either improve our standard of living or do much to protect our diminishing resources.Recent

64、history has demonstrated that we may have to alter our longstanding conception of the process actuated by competition. The price variable, once perceived as the dominant aspect of the process, is now subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure, and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by a single corporation, investment in innovation a risky and expensive budget item might meet resistance from m