2022年考博英语-福建师范大学考试题库及模拟押密卷85（含答案解析）

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1、2022年考博英语-福建师范大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题The bad weather （ ）all our hopes of going out.问题1选项A.haltedB.frustratedC.submergedD.immersed【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。halt意为“停止，中止”；frustrate意为“使沮丧，阻止，挫败”；submerge意为“浸没，淹没”；immerse意为“深陷于，沉浸在”。句意：坏天气破坏了我们出行的愿望。2. 单选题Greater effort to increase agricultural production must

2、be made if food shortage（ ）avoided.问题1选项A.is to beB.can beC.will beD.has been【答案】A【解析】考查将来时。be to do sth.意为“计划、安排或命令要做的事”，此处含有强制要求做某事，因此选A。will表示一般的将来，或者临时决定做某事；can be能够（避免）不符合句意；has been表示已经避免更不符合句意句意：如果要避免食物短缺，就必须作出更大的努力来增加农业产量。3. 翻译题Translate the following sentences into ChineseIn the evening, af

3、ter the banquets, the concerts and table tennis, he would work on the drafting of the final communique.John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.Noontime came and went; Nixon, who rarely had lunch, and Kissinger, who rarely missed it, skipped the meal and went right on talking for al

4、most four hours.See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the news for the next four weeks was never distinct.Mathematicians who have tried to use computers to copy the way the brain works have found that using even the latest electronic equipment they would have to build a computer which

5、weighed over 10,000 kilos.We maintain that no peace situation is permanent which does not take into account the legitimate wishes of the majority of the people of any country.His eight-minute valedictory was everything that Gore wasnt during his eighteen-month campaign: graceful, authentic, inspirin

6、g.For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.Ours is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a precept that transcends the virtue of

7、 uttering the truths sake, and that is “as far as do no harm.Dont be above asking about things you dont understand.【答案】晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后，他将起草最后公报。约翰是可以信赖的。他忠诚而守规矩。中午到了，又过去了；很少吃午饭的尼克松和很少错过午餐的基辛格跳过了这顿饭，他们直接洽谈了将近四个小时。在那以后的四个星期内，消息时好时坏，两种情况不断地交替出现，一直没有明朗化。试图使用计算机复制大脑工作方式的数学家发现，即使是使用最新的电子设备，他们必须制造一

8、台体重超过1万公斤的计算机。我们认为没有任何和平局面是永久的，如果不考虑任何国家大多数人民的合法愿望。他八分钟的告别演讲很成功，Gore在他十八个月的竞选活动中却没有表现出来：优雅、真诚、鼓舞人心。例如，对于一个四口之家来说，与其外出到别的地方去找乐子，还不如舒适地坐在家里，因为更方便，也更便宜，而且几乎可以享受无限的乐趣。我们的职业传统上恪守一个信条，那就是尽可能的不造成伤害，这一信条胜过为讲真话而讲真话的美德。不懂的事，不要怕问。4. 单选题Nearly everybody cheats, but usually only a little. That is one of the them

9、es in Dnanel Arielys new book “the (Honest) Truth About Dishonesty”. Most of us think we are very wonderful. We can cheat at a little and still keep that “good parson” identity.Ariely, who is one of the most creative social scientists on the planet, had one blind colleague and one sighted colleague

10、take rides. The drivers cheated the sighted colleague by taking long routes much more often than they cheated the blind one, even though she would have been easier to mislead. They would have felt guilty cheating a blind woman. Ariely points out that we are driven by morality much more than standard

11、 economic models allow. But I was struck by what you might call the good person construct and the moral calculus it implies. For the past several centuries, most westerners would have identified themselves fundamentally as depraved sinners. In this construct, sin is something you fight like a recurr

12、ing cancer part of a daily battle against evil.But these days, people are more likely to believe in their essential goodness. People who live by the good person construct try to balance their virtuous self-image with their selfish desires. They try to manage the moral pluses and minuses and keep the

13、ir overall record in positive territory. In this construct, moral life is more like dieting: the good person isnt shooting for perfection and more than most dieters are following their diet 100 percent. Its enough to be workably suboptimal and a generally good guy.Obviously, though, theres a measure

14、ment problem. You can buy a weight scale to get an objective measure of your diet. But you cant buy a scale of virus to put on the bathroom floor. And given our awesome capacities for rationalization and self-deception, most of us are going to measure ourselves leniently. I was honest with that blin

15、d passenger because I am a wonderful person. I cheated the sighted one because she probably has too much money anyway.The key job in the good person construct is to manage your rationalizations and self-deceptions to keep them from getting conspicuous. Ariely suggests you reset your moral gauge from

16、 time to time. Your moral standards will gradually slip as you become more and more comfortable youre your own rationalizations.Id add that you really shouldnt shoot for goodness, which is so vague. Were mostly unqualified to judge our own moral performance, so attach yourself to some exterior or so

17、cial standards. And as we go about doing our good person moral educations, it might be worth asking: Is this good enough?1.To which of the following statement would Ariely agree?2.Western traditional culture maintained that human nature is （ ）.3.According to the author, good person construct（ ）.4.Th

18、e word “leniently” in paragraph 4 most probably means（ ）.问题1选项A.A bit of deception invites no Harm.B.We are unlikely to be truly honest.C.We are driven by economic models.D.People tend to cling to moral codes.问题2选项A.inherently goodB.subject to exterior influenceC.genetically determinedD.originally e

19、vil问题3选项A.is desirable for its moral implicationsB.contribute to the resistance to inner sinC.is more likely to encourage dishonestyD.can ease conflicts between virtues and selfishness问题4选项A.honestlyB.falselyC.tolerantlyD.subjectively【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的Nearly everybody cheat

20、s, but usually only a little. That is one of the themes in Dnanel Arielys new book “the (Honest) Truth About Dishonesty”.（几乎人人都会欺骗他人，虽然通常只是一点点。这也是Dnanel Ariely的新书不诚实的事实中的主题之一）可知B选项“我们不太可能真正诚实”符合题意。2.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的For the past several centuries, most westerners would have identified themselves fundam

21、entally as depraved sinners.（在过去的几个世纪里，大多数西方人都会认定自己从根本上是堕落的罪人）可知选D，西方传统文化认为人性本恶。3.推理判断题。由文章第三段中的Its enough to be workably suboptimal and a generally good guy.（成为一个欠佳的人，但总体上是一个好人就足够了）可推测在good person construct结构下人们对自己的要求降低了，以及本文主要讲的是关于诚实的话题，那么人们也就不那么诚实了，因此选C。4.词义题。honestly意为“诚实地”；falsely意为“虚伪地，不实地”；to

22、lerantly意为“宽容地，包容地”；subjectively意为“主观地”。由And given our awesome capacities for rationalization and self-deception, most of us are going to measure ourselves leniently.（鉴于我们在合理化和自欺欺人方面令人敬畏的能力，我们大多数人都会衡量自己）可知我们会用欺骗的手段合理化自己行为，因此排除A、D选项；由leniently后面句中的I am a wonderful person可知我们给自己的定位是好人，可排除B选项，因此选C。5. 单

23、选题All animals, especially the small kind, appear to feel anxiety. Humans have felt it since the days they shared the planet with saber-toothed tigers. But we live in a particularly anxious age. The initial shock of Sept. 11 has worn off, and the fear has lifted, but millions of Americans continue to

24、 share a kind of generalized mass anxiety. A recent TIME/CNN poll found that eight months after the event, nearly two-thirds of Americans think about the terror attacks at least several times a week. And it doesnt take much for all the old fears to come rushing back. What was surprising about the re

25、cent drumbeat of terror warnings was how quickly it triggered the anxiety so many of us thought we had put behind us.This is one of the mysteries of anxiety. While it is a normal response to physical danger and can be a useful tool for focusing the mind when theres a deadline looming anxiety becomes

26、 a problem when it persists too long beyond the immediate threat. Sometimes theres an obvious cause, as with the shell-shocked soldiers of World War I or the terror-scarred civilians of the World Trade Center collapse. Other times, we dont know why we cant stop worrying.Anxiety disorder which is wha

27、t health experts call any anxiety that persists to the point that it interferes with ones life is the most common mental illness in the U.S. In its various forms, ranging from very specific phobias to generalized anxiety disorder, it afflicts 19 million Americans (see “Are You Too Anxious?”).In rece

28、nt years, however, researchers have made significant progress in nailing down the underlying science of anxiety. In just the past decade, they have come to appreciate that whatever the factors that trigger anxiety, it grows out of a response that is hardwired in our brains. They have learned, among

29、other things:There is a genetic component to anxiety; some people seem to be born worriers.Brain scans can reveal differences in the way patients who suffer from anxiety disorders respond to danger signals. Due to a shortcut in our brains information-processing system, we can respond to threats befo

30、re we become aware of them.The root of an anxiety disorder may not be the threat that triggers it but a breakdown in the mechanism that keeps the anxiety response from careering out of control.Before we delve into the latest research, lets define a few terms. Though we all have our own intuitive sen

31、se of what the words stress and fear mean, scientists use these words in very specific ways. For them, stress is an external stimulus that signals danger, often by causing pain. Fear is the short-term response such stresses produce in men, women or lab rats. Anxiety has a lot of the same symptoms as

32、 fear, but its a feeling that lingers long after the stress has lifted and the threat has passed.In general, science has a hard time pinning down emotions because they are by nature so slippery and subjective. Even most people are as clueless about why they have certain feelings as they are about ho

33、w their lungs work. But fear is the once aspect of anxiety thats easy to recognize. Rats freeze in place. Humans break out in a cold sweat. Heartbeats race, and blood pressure rises. That gives scientists something they can control and measure.Indeed, a lot of what researchers have learned about the

34、 biology of anxiety comes from scaring rats and then cutting them open. The researchers destroy small portions of the rats brains to see what effect that has on their reactions (an experiment that would be impossible to conduct in humans). By painstakingly matching the damaged areas with changes in

35、behavior, scientists have, bit by bit, created a road map of fear as it travels through the rats brain.The journey begins when a rat (well get to humans later) feels the stress, in this case an electric shock. The rats senses immediately send a message to the central portion of its brain, where the

36、stimulus activates two neural pathways. One of these pathways is a relatively long, circuitous route (迂回路径)through the cortex (脑皮层)where the brain does its most elaborate and accurate processing of information. The other route is a kind of emergency shortcut that quickly reaches an almond-shaped clu

37、ster of cells called the amygdala (扁桃体).Whats special about the amygdala is that it can quickly activate just about every system in the body to fight like the devil or run like crazy. Its not designed to be accurate, just fast. If you have ever gone hiking and been startled by a snake that turned ou

38、t to be a stick, you can thank your amygdala.But while the amygdala is busy telling the body what to do, it also fires up a nearby curved cluster of neurons called the hippocampus(大脑侧面室脑壁上的隆起物).(A 16th century anatomist named it after the Greek word for seahorse.) The job of the hippocampus is to he

39、lp the brain learn and form new memories. And not just any memories. The hippocampus allows a rat to remember where it was when it got shocked and what was going on around it at the time. Such contextual learning helps the poor rodent avoid dangerous places in the future. It probably also helps it r

40、ecognize what situations are likely to be relatively safe. This makes sense, in terms of survival. After all, its better to panic unnecessarily than to be too relaxed in the face of life-threatening danger.Discovering this basic neural circuitry turned out to be a key breakthrough in understanding a

41、nxiety. It showed that the anxiety response isnt necessarily caused by an external threat; rather, it may be traced to a breakdown in the mechanism that signals the brain to stop responding. Just as a car can go out of control due to either a stuck accelerator or failed brakes, its not always clear

42、which part of the brain is at fault. It may turn out that some anxiety disorders are caused by an overactive amygdala (the accelerator) while others are caused by an underactive prefrontal cortex (call it the brake).Of course, what you would really like to know is whether any of the work done in rat

43、s applies to humans. Clearly researchers cant go around performing brain surgery on the amygdalas of living patients to see if it affects their anxiety levels. But the fascinating case of a woman known only by her research number, SM046, suggests that when it comes to fear, rodents and hominids real

44、ly arent so different.Owing to an unusual brain disorder, SM046 has a defective amygdala. As a result, her behavior is abnormal in a very particular way. When scientists at the University of Iowa show SM046 pictures of a series of faces, she has no trouble picking out those that are happy, sad or an

45、gry. But if the face is displaying fear, she cannot recognize the feeling. She identifies it as a face expressing, some intense emotion, but that is all. Her unusual condition strongly suggests that even in Homo sapiens, fear takes hold in the amygdala.Eventually, researchers would like to learn wha

46、t role our genes, as opposed to our environment, play in the development of anxiety. “It has been known for some time that these disorders run in families.” says Kenneth Kendler, a psychiatric geneticist at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, Va. “So the next logical question is the nature

47、-nurture issue.” In other words, are anxious people born that way, or do they become anxious as a result of their life experiences?Kendler and his colleagues approached the question by studying groups of identical twins, who share virtually all their genes, and fraternal twins, who, like any other s

48、iblings, share only some of them. What Kendlers group found was that both identical twins were somewhat more likely than both fraternal twins to suffer from generalized anxiety disorder, phobias or panic attacks. (The researchers have not yet studied twins with post-traumatic stress disorder or obse

49、ssive-compulsive disorder.)The correlation isnt 100%, however. “Most of the heritability is in the range of 30% to 40%,” Kendler says. Thats a fairly moderate genetic impact, he notes, “Your genes set your general vulnerability,” he concludes. “You can be a low-vulnerable, intermediate-vulnerable or

50、 a high-vulnerable person.” But your upbringing and your experiences still have a major role to play. Someone with a low genetic vulnerability, for example, could easily develop a fear of flying after surviving a horrific plane crash.There are no guidebooks to tell you when its safe to venture out a

51、gain. In many ways, the whole country was made part of an unwitting experiment in mass anxiety. Our brains are even now in the process of rewiring themselves. How successfully we navigate this delicate transition will depend a lot on our genes, our environment and any future attacks.1.Anxiety can be

52、 a useful tool for focusing the mind when （ ）.2.Now in the United States, about 19 million people are suffering from（ ）.3.Which of the following statement about fear is NOT true?4.Generally, scientists find it hard to study emotions because（ ）.5.As fear travels through the rats brain, scientists hav

53、e, bit by bit, created a road map of fear by（ ）.问题1选项A.there is an obvious cause of anxiety.B.we know why we can stop worryingC.it persists too long beyond the immediateD.there is a deadline looming.问题2选项A.terror warningB.mental illnessC.anxiety disorderD.physical danger问题3选项A.Fear is the external s

54、timulus that signals danger.B.Fear is the short-term response stresses produce in men.C.Fear has a lot of the same symptoms as anxiety.D.Fear is the aspect of anxiety that is easy to recognize.问题4选项A.they are the nature of human beingsB.only fear is easy to recognizeC.most people are as cluelessD.th

55、ey are slippery and subjective问题5选项A.studying its reaction after being cut off some portions of brainB.sending a message to the central portion of its brainC.measuring its blood pressureD.matching the damaged areas with changes in behavior【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的This is one

56、of the mysteries of anxiety. While it is a normal response to physical danger and can be a useful tool for focusing the mind when theres a deadline looming（这是焦虑的奥秘之一。虽然这是对身体危险的正常反应，但在最后期限即将来临的时候，它可以成为集中注意力的有用工具）可知选D。2.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的it afflicts 19 million Americans（它折磨着1,900万美国人）可知句中的“it”指代前面提及的“Anxi

57、ety disorder”，因此选C。3.细节事实题。由文章第五段中的stress is an external stimulus that signals danger, often by causing pain. Fear is the short-term response such stresses produce in men, women or lab rats. Anxiety has a lot of the same symptoms as fear（压力是一种外部刺激，通常通过引起疼痛来发出危险信号。恐惧是短期反应，这种压力会在男性、女性或实验室老鼠身上产生。焦虑和恐惧有

58、很多相同的症状。）和第六段中的But fear is the once aspect of anxiety thats easy to recognize（但恐惧是焦虑的一方面，很容易识别）可知A表示不正确，根据题干中的“NOT true”，因此选A。4.细节事实题。由文章第六段中的In general, science has a hard time pinning down emotions because they are by nature so slippery and subjective.（一般来说，科学很难压制情绪，因为它们天生就很滑和主观）可知选D。5.细节事实题。由文章第七

59、段中的By painstakingly matching the damaged areas with changes in behavior, scientists have, bit by bit, created a road map of fear as it travels through the rats brain.（通过努力将受损的区域与行为的变化相匹配，科学家们一点点地创造了一张在老鼠大脑中传播的恐惧路线图）可知D选项“将受损区域与行为变化相匹配”符合题意。6. 单选题He was so mean that he couldnt bear to （ ）the smallest

60、 sum of money for the charity appeal.问题1选项A.part withB.give inC.pay offD.let out【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。part with意为“放弃，失去，割舍”；give in意为“屈服”；pay off意为“付清”；let out意为“出租，放出，发出”。句意：他如此吝啬以至于不能忍受为慈善割舍一点点钱。7. 单选题Pop stars today enjoy a style of living which was once the prerogative only of Royalty. Wherever they g

61、o, people turn out in their thousands to greet them. The crowds go wild trying to catch a brief glimpse of their smiling, colorfully dressed idols. The stars are transported in their chauffeur driven Rolls-Royces, private helicopters or executive airplanes. They are surrounded by a permanent entoura

62、ge of managers, press agents and bodyguards. Photographs of them appear regularly in the press and all their comings and goings are reported, for, like Royalty, pop stars are news. If they enjoy many of the privileges of Royalty, they certainly share many of the inconveniences as well. It is dangero

63、us for them to make unscheduled appearances in public. They must be constantly shielded from the adoring crowds which idolize them. They are no longer private individuals, but public property. The financial rewards they receive for this sacrifice cannot be calculated, for their rates of pay are astr

64、onomical.And why not? Society has always rewarded its top entertainers lavishly. The great days of Hollywood have become legendary: famous stars enjoyed fame, wealth and adulation on an unprecedented scale. By todays standards, the excesses of Hollywood do not seem quite so spectacular. A single gramophone record nowadays may earn much more in royalties than the films of the past ever did. The competition for the title “Top of the Pop