2022年考博英语-同济大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第56期

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1、2022年考博英语-同济大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Before we move, we should （ ） some of the old furniture, so that we can have more room in the new house.问题1选项A.cancelB.concealC.discardD.retain【答案】C【解析】动词词义辨析。cancel“取消”；conceal“隐藏”；discard“丢弃”；retain “保持”。句意：我们搬家前，我们应该丢弃一些老家具，以便于我们能够为新房子腾出更多空间。选项C符合题意。2. 单选题The

2、hands on my alarm clock are _，so I can see what time it is in the dark.问题1选项A.exoticB.gorgeousC.luminousD.spectacular【答案】C【解析】形容词词义辨析。exotic“奇异的，引人注目的”；gorgeous“极好的，华丽的”；luminous“发光的，发亮的”；spectacular“壮观的，惊人的”。句意：我手边上的指针会发光，所以我能在黑暗中看清时间。选项C符合题意。3. 单选题The dictators first step was to _ the free press.问

3、题1选项A.strangleB.strandC.stratifyD.estrange【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。strangle “压制，使窒息”；strand“使搁浅，陷入困境”；stratify “分层”；estrange “使疏远，离间”。句意：独裁者的第一步是压制言论自由。选项A符合题意。4. 单选题Campaigning on the Indian frontier is an experience by itself. Neither the landscape nor the people find their counterparts in any other portio

4、n of the globe. Valley walls rise steeply five or six thousand feet on every side. The columns crawl through a maze of giant corridors down which fierce snow-fed torrents foam under skies of brass. Amid these scenes of savage brilliancy there dwells a race whose qualities seem to harmonize with thei

5、r environment. Except at harvest time，when self-preservation requires a temporary truce, the Pathan tribes are always engaged in private or public war. Every man is a warrior, a politician and a theologian. Every large house is a real feudal fortress made, it is true, only of sunbaked clay，but with

6、battlements, turrets, loopholes，drawbridges, etc. Every village has its defence. Every family cultivates its vendetta; every clan，its feud. The numerous tribes and combinations of tribes all have their accounts to settle with one another. Nothing is ever forgotten, and very few debts are left unpaid

7、. For the purposes of social life, in addition to the convention about harvest-time, a most elaborate code of honour has been established and is on the whole faithfully observed. A man who knew it and observed it faultlessly might pass unarmed from one end of the frontier to another. The slightest t

8、echnical slip would, however，be fatal. The life of the Pathan is thus full of interest; and his valleys, nourished alike by endless sunshine and abundant water, are fertile enough to yield with little labour the modest material requirements of a sparse population.Into this happy world the nineteenth

9、 century brought two new facts: the rifle and the British Government. The first was an enormous luxury and blessing; the second, an unmitigated nuisance. The convenience of the rifle was nowhere more appreciated than in the Indian highlands. A weapon which would kill with accuracy at fifteen hundred

10、 yards opened a whole new vista of delights to every family or clan which could acquire it. One could actually remain in ones own house and fire at ones neighbour nearly a mile away. One could lie in wait on some high crag，and at hitherto unheard of ranges hit a horseman far below. Even villages cou

11、ld fire at each other without the trouble of going far from home. Fabulous prices were therefore offered for these glorious products of science. Riflethieves scoured all India to reinforce the efforts of the honest smuggler. A steady flow of the coveted weapons spread its genial influence throughout

12、 the frontier, and the respect which the Pathan tribesmen entertained for Christian civilization was vastly enhanced.The action of the British Government on the other hand was entirely unsatisfactory. The great organizing，advancing, absorbing power to the southward seemed to be little better than a

13、monstrous spoil-sport. If the Pathan made forays into the plains, not only were they driven back (which after all was no more than fair)，but a whole series of subsequent interferences took place, followed at intervals by expeditions which toiled laboriously through the valleys, scolding the tribesme

14、n and exacting fines for any damage which they had done. No one would have minded these expeditions if they had simply come, had a fight and then gone away again. In many cases this was their practice under what was called the“butcher and bolt policy” to which the Government of India long adhered. B

15、ut towards the end of the nineteenth century these intruders began to make roads through many of the valleys, and in particular the great road to Chitral. They sought to ensure the safety of these roads by threats, by forts and by subsidies. There was no objection to the last method so far as it wen

16、t. But the whole of this tendency to road-making was regarded by the Pathans with profound distaste. All along the road people were expected to keep quiet, not to shoot one another, and above all not to shoot at travellers along the road. It was too much to ask, and a whole series of quarrels took t

17、heir origin from this source.1.The word debts in “very few debts are left unpaid” in the first paragraph means _.2.Which of the following is NOT one of the geographical facts about the Indian frontier?3.According to the passage, the Pathans welcomed _.4.Building roads by the British _.5.A suitable t

18、itle for the passage would be _.问题1选项A.loansB.accountsC.killingsD.bargains问题2选项A.Melting snows.B.Large population.C.Steep hillsides.D.Fertile valleys.问题3选项A.the introduction of the rifleB.the spread of British ruleC.the extension of luxuriesD.the spread of trade问题4选项A.put an end to a whole series of

19、 quarrelsB.prevented the Pathans from carrying on feudsC.lessened the subsidies paid to the PathansD.gave the Pathans a much quieter life问题5选项A.Campaigning on the Indian FrontierB.Why the Pathans Resented the British RuleC.The Popularity of Rifles among the PathansD.The Pathans at War【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第

20、3题:A第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.词义题。根据文章第一段，“Every village has its defence. Every family cultivates its vendetta; every clan，its feud. The numerous tribes and combinations of tribes all have their accounts to settle with one another. Nothing is ever forgotten, and very few debts are left unpaid.”，可知每座村庄都设有自己的防卫

21、。每个家族都有自己的仇恨，每个部落都有宿仇。无数部落和部落联合体都有自己的理由与其他部落清算。人们不会忘记任何事情，并且有仇必报。所以这里的债务是指宿仇和仇杀。选项C符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句，“are fertile enough to yield with little labour the modest material requirements of a sparse population”，可知土地丰饶，只要些许劳作就足以供养稀少人口的物质需求。所以人口并不多。选项B符合题意。 3.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“ convenience of the rifle w

22、as nowhere more appreciated than in the Indian highlands. A weapon which would kill with accuracy at fifteen hundred yards opened a whole new vista of delights to every family or clan which could acquire it.”，可知步枪的便捷受到了前所未有的欢迎。这个在1 500码远的地方可精确杀死对手的武器给每一个能拥有它的家庭或家族带来了新的希望。所以帕坦人是欢迎步枪这种武器的引入的。选项A符合题意。

23、4.推断题。根据文章第三段，“They sought to ensure the safety of these roads by threats, by forts and by subsidies.”，他们通过威胁恐吓、堡垒、补助等方式来确保这些道路的安全。所以没有减少补贴，可排除选项C。根据文章第三段，“All along the road people were expected to keep quiet, not to shoot one another,”可知英国政府要求沿路周围的人们保持安静，不许相互射杀，所以帕坦部落并没有过着安静的生活，可排除选项D。根据文章第三段最后一句，

24、“It was too much to ask, and a whole series of quarrels took their origin from this source.”，可知一切斗争都源于这些道路的修建，一系列的争吵并没有结束，排除选项A。选项B符合题意。 5.主旨题。纵观全文，第一段主要介绍了印度边境的环境和活动，第二段提到了步枪引入到帕坦部落，并且受到了欢迎，第三段提到了帕坦部落人对英国政府的不满，并且讲到了帕坦部落对英国政府的修路意图尤其憎恨，这也是一切斗争的根源。由此可见，本文主要介绍了帕坦部落的生活环境，对步枪的喜爱以及对英国政府的憎恶等各方面的内容。选项D符合题意。

25、5. 单选题The heavy snow _ travel, so he had to stay here for more days.问题1选项A.impeachedB.impelledC.impededD.imparted【答案】C【解析】动词词义辨析。impeached “归咎，弹劾”；impelled “推进，促使”；impeded “阻碍”；imparted “给予，传授，告知”。句意：大雪阻碍了旅行，所以他必须在这儿多待几天。选项C符合题意。6. 单选题Mutual respect for territorial _ is one of the bases upon which o

26、ur two countries develop relationships.问题1选项A.unityB.integrityC.entirelyD.reliability【答案】B【解析】名词词义辨析。unity“统一”；integrity “完整，正直”; entirely “完全地”；reliability“可靠性”。句意：对领土完整的相互尊重是两国关系发展的基础之一。选项B符合题意。7. 单选题The field of sociology in the United States developed as a result of a social experience which had

27、 very little to do with the political and ideological controversies that stimulated sociology in France and Germany. Rather, the discipline evolved as a result of the experiences associated with the problems of an immigrant society caught in the turmoil of rapid industrialization and urban growth. I

28、ndeed, it must be emphasized that from its beginning, sociology has had a very practical interest, which was characterized less by political divisiveness than by social reform and social work. This practical emphasis in the discipline has continued to persist to the present. It has only been since W

29、orld War，however, that there has existed something in American higher education that could be properly termed a “sociological establishment” or a highly respected academic field of study. Its major strength as an academic discipline resulted from its empirical and sophisticated approach to the ident

30、ification and solution of practical but highly significant social problems.Today，what does the academic sociologist do? Professional sociologists are individuals who study and teach about societies，social institutions，and the patterns of human interaction and human behavior. As a scientific discipli

31、ne，sociology may be divided into three broad, analytical fields: the study of groups; institutions analysis; and the study of the social structure in general. Thus, the content of the rapidly expanding discipline of sociology is based upon culture and society，with emphasis placed upon the study of t

32、he various types of interaction and relationships which exist among individuals and human groups. In the study of such areas as social organization and disorganization, sociologists attempted to explain the evolution and change of social institutions and the changing nature of human attitudinal and

33、value systems. Among the selected topics of investigation included within the study of sociology are the changing nature of family life，institutional life, sexual attitudes, crime and violence，religious values, and the entire gamut of interpersonal relationships in politics and government. Indeed，ma

34、ny of the areas which professional sociologists study are, by their very nature, relatively familiar to many of us even though they are not clearly understood. The basic hypotheses of the disciplinethat social life (both group and individual behavior) is patterned； that value and attitudes are learn

35、ed, reinforced, and shared; that we as individuals are, in many respects，what others consider us to beare ideas which most people now instinctively accept in order to live and function as members of society. These topics, which emphasize individual and group behavior processes, then, comprise areas

36、of concern for sociology as one of the behavior science disciplines.During these last decades of the twentieth century advanced Western society will continue to be confronted with crucial social issues in the context of both individual and group behavior patterns resulting from continued rapid techn

37、ological expansion. The solution to the problem plaguing our complex society will become，to a much greater extent, the primary responsibility of sociology, social psychology, and cultural anthropology, the three major academic disciplines comprising the behavioral sciences. This trend is being witne

38、ssed currently by the increasing numbers of behavioral scientists that are being employed by government, by business and industry, by hospitals and other agencies devoted to problems of health care, by welfare agencies, by public educational systems, and by many other types of organizations in which

39、 some systematic knowledge of human behavior is required.1.The primary purpose of the passage is to _.2.Which of the following statements about sociology would the author be most likely to disagree with?3.It can be inferred from the passage that social psychology and cultural anthropology_.4.Which o

40、f the following statements would the author most likely agree with?5.The word “empirical” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to_.问题1选项A.distinguish sociology in the United States from sociology in France and GermanyB.compare sociology with social psychology and cultural anthropologyC.provide a gen

41、eral discussion of modern Western sociology and its significanceD.show that sociology is the study of social institutions问题2选项A.Most sociologists are interested in theoretical rather than practical questions.B.There is a discernable structure to everyone s behavior.C.Human behavior can be systematic

42、ally studied.D.Ones self-image is not encoded genetically.问题3选项A.are subareas of sociologyB.are other names for sociologyC.will achieve the academic respectability of sociologyD.may be consulted for solutions to sociology problems问题4选项A.Sociology theory is rarely based on empirical evidence.B.The pr

43、oblems facing sociologists do not change as times change.C.The problems of immigrants in a new culture stimulate sociological research.D.There are factors in interpersonal relationships that are not of interests to the sociologist.问题5选项A.“relating to experience and observation”B.“relating to behavio

44、r and manner”C.“concerning academy”D.“relying on education”【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.主旨题。根据全文可知，第一段讲到了说美国社会学发展的重要性，第二段讲到了社会学的领域和内容，最后讲到了社会学在解决复杂的社会问题中的重要性。选项C符合题意。 2.推断题。根据文章第一段，“This practical emphasis in the discipline has continued to persist to the present.”，这门学科强调实践的特点一直延续至今。所以社会学是注重实践

45、的。选项A符合题意。 3.推断题。根据文章最后一段，“to a much greater extent, the primary responsibility of sociology, social psychology, and cultural anthropology, the three major academic disciplines comprising the behavioral sciences.”，可知在更大程度上，解决我们的复杂社会更多麻烦的问题，将成为社会学、社会心理学和文化人类学的主要责任。可推断出社会心理学和文化人类学是可以用于解决社会问题的。选项D符合题意。

46、 4.推断题。根据文章第一段，“the discipline evolved as a result of the experiences associated with the problems of an immigrant society caught in the turmoil of rapid industrialization and urban growth.”，可知，社会学学科的发展是社会经历发展的结果，这种经历伴随着移民社会的诸多问题：快速工业化和城市扩张引起的骚乱。可推断出新文化中的移民问题激发了社会学研究。选项C符合题意。 5.词义题。根据文章第一段最后一句， “Its

47、 major strength as an academic discipline resulted from its empirical and sophisticated approach to the identification and solution of practical but highly significant social problems.”，可知作为一个学科，它的主要优势来源于对于识别和解决实际的且相当重要的社会问题的完全依据经验的和老练的方法。所以是用富有经验和老练的方法解决社会问题。选项A符合题意。8. 单选题The losing candidate _ imm

48、ediately after the polls had closed.问题1选项A.confessedB.concededC.concurredD.admitted【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。confessed “承认，认罪”；conceded “承认，坦白”；concurred “同意”；admitted “承认”。句意：投票选举结束后，输掉的候选人立即坦白承认了。选项B符合题意。9. 单选题For multinational corporations, tax planning has become extremely complex affairs. It has been sta

49、ted that no multinational corporation possesses the ultimate tax expertise. Therefore，in addition to having their own experts, MNCs rely on heavily on local tax experts and legal counsel.Taxes have a very important impact on foreign direct investment decisions. Taxes will determine the financial str

50、ucture of subsidiary，and they will influence pricing decisions. They may also lead to the formation of holding companies. An MNC may decide to establish a branch rather than a subsidiary because of a given tax situation. The absence of a tax treaty between the country of a would-be investor and the

51、nation where a foreign investment is to take place might lead to cancellation of investment plans. An unfavorable depreciation allowance may keep the foreign investor out. This unit will deal with the different tax systems in the world and their impact on an MNCs global strategy.Basically, any tax s

52、ystem can be divided into direct and indirect taxes. Corporate and individual income taxes are direct，value-added taxes，sales taxes，and import duties are indirect taxes. Corporate income taxes (taxes levied on earning) vary among the industrialized nations. France, the United States, Holland, Canada

53、, and Germany have rates of around 50 percent; Italy，the United Kingdom and Japan have rates of between 36 and 40 percent.Less developed countries usually have lower corporate tax rates in order to attract foreign investment. Thus, Brazil has a rate of 30 percent, and Indonesia has a 40 percent tax

54、rate. A corporate tax is levied on taxable earnings. Taxable earnings are more significant than the tax rate itself. They determine what can be deducted before the tax is computed; in other words, these items are tax deductible. Countries differ greatly in determining taxable earnings. Some allow ac

55、celerated depreciation, whereby the asset (usually the plant or equipment) is written off at a substantially higher rate during the first years than in the later years. This allows for smaller taxable earnings in the early years. Other countries allow tax-free investment reserves. These are used at

56、a later stage for investment in undeveloped areas of countries or are sent when countries are in a recession.A recent type of tax that has won recognition in the European Common Market is value-added tax (VAT). This is a national sales tax levied at each stage of production or at the sale of consume

57、r goods. The tax is assessed in proportion to the value added during that stage. Generally, manufacturing goods, such as plant and equipment, have been exempted from this tax. In most cases, food items also have been exempted.Here is an example of how VAT works. A tree owner who sells part of a tree

58、 to a lumber mill for $ 1 must set aside ten cents VAT to pay to the government. The lumber mill processes the tree into building material and sells the wood for $ 3 to a lumber wholesaler. The mill adds $ 2 in value，and thus sets aside 10 percent of the added value, or twenty cents, to pay to the g

59、overnment. And so the VAT continues until the final sale.The VAT system offers advantages, such as rebates on exports. Profitable and unprofitable firms are taxed alike, as there is no possibility of tax deductions to determine taxable income. A badly run company is, therefore, forced to improve or

60、go out of business. Further, VAT is easy to calculate and collect. But VAT is often accused of having contributed to serious inflation in countries where it was introduced, notably in Western Europe.1.Tax systems can be divided into_.2.One arrives at taxable earnings when_.3.The reason no multinatio

61、nal corporation possesses the ultimate tax expertise is that_.4.Which of the following is not an advantage of a VAT system?5.Why did the less developed countries usually have lower corporate tax rates?问题1选项A.income taxes and direct taxesB.indirect taxes and direct taxesC.value-added taxes and sales

62、taxesD.import duties and sales taxes问题2选项A.all tax-deductible items have been subtractedB.accelerated depreciation is allowed forC.tax-free investment reserves are allowed forD.assets are written off问题3选项A.an MNC is not allowed to learn ultimate tax expertiseB.taxes have a very important impact on f

63、oreign direct investment decisionC.there are too many countries and regions involved and their tax systems are complicatedD.an unfavorable depreciation allowance may keep the foreign investor out问题4选项A.Rebates on exports.B.Profitable or unprofitable firms are taxed alike.C.Easy to calculate and collect.D.Contributions to serious inflation.问题5选项A.They want to invest more money on other projects.B.The less developed countr