2022年考博英语-湖南师范大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第72期

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1、2022年考博英语-湖南师范大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题The seller or his agents are not obliged in law to tell you of the defects or true conditions of the house. So, it is important that your own surveyor is sent to make a structural survey of the house after you have made an offer for in, but before you enter

2、 legal commitment.Your surveyors job is to find out all the internal and exterior defects in the house and to indicate to you how much money it will cost to put them right. He will tell you whether the house is worth the price being asked and may suggest a price to negotiate with the seller. If he d

3、oes his job well, he will earn his-fee (which for a straightforward survey of a five-room house is not likely to be less than 50) by providing information which can be used to start negotiations.Many defects are not apparent to the ordinary house buyer but can be delec1ed detected by the expertthe s

4、urveyor. The building society or local authority from which you hope to get a loan will send itsis surveyor too, whose fee you will have to pay. This surveyor makes only a valuation (not a full survey) to see whether the priority is good security for the part of the purchase price you might be leant

5、. His report is confidential and may not be available to you, though building society may be prepared to tell the purchaser about really major defects following their valuation. They may in fact make it a condition of the mortgage that you will have the defects repaired within a stated time (at your

6、 own expense of course).If you are building a new house, you will also need assurance that the house is properly built and the building will accept the responsibility for any defects that may appear due to poor design, materials or workmanship. If a builder is restricted with National House-Builders

7、 Registration Council, you will know that the house has been spot-check inspected at periodic intervals during buildings. Arbitration machinery and for newly-built house, a 10-year protection against major structural defects, exist should things go wrong and the builder seek to avoid responsibility.

8、If the builder is not registered it will be wise to get a competent surveyor to check the house over during various stages of construction. (He will charge a fee for each visit to the site.)1. What stage in buying a house is a surveyor employed?2. What is the main reason to employ a surveyor?3. Why

9、does the building society or local authority send is own surveyor?4. The main difference between the surveyors employed by you and the building society is that _.5. The buyer of a new house has to be sure that _.问题1选项A.After you have inspected the house yourself.B.Shortly before you take up residenc

10、e in the house.C.Before you have any kind of discussion about the price.D.During the early stage of free negotiation.问题2选项A.To inspect and report on the condition of the house.B.To tell you the true value of the house.C.To assist you in negotiating for a lower price.D.To advise you about carrying ou

11、t repairs.问题3选项A.To provide them with information they need in advising the possible buyer.B.To check the report prepared by the buyers surveyor.C.To check what repairs the buyer must carry out before getting a loan.D.To find out whether it will be advisable to lend the purchase money.问题4选项A.the sec

12、ond surveyor is not interested in the defects of the houseB.you do not have to pay for the second surveyorC.the second surveyors job is to decide what the house is worthD.the second surveyors job is to find out whether house is fit to live in问题5选项A.the construction of the house has been constantly s

13、upervisedB.serious constructional faults will be put right during various stages of constructionC.he will have legal protection in the case of a dispute with the builderD.the builder is registered with the National House-Builders Registration Council【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文

14、章第一段So, it is important that your own surveyor is sent to make a structural survey of the house after you have made an offer for it, but before you enter legal commitment.（因此，重要的是，在你提出报价后，但在你进入法律承诺之前，要派你自己的测量师对房子进行结构测量）和第二段Your surveyors job is to find out all the internal and exterior defects in th

15、e house and to indicate to you how much money it will cost to put them right. He will tell you whether the house is worth the price being asked and may suggest a price to negotiate with the seller.（你的测量师负责找出房子里所有的内部和外部缺陷，并告诉你修复这些缺陷需要多少钱。他会告诉你房子的价格是否值得商谈。），由此可知测量师是在你与卖方讨论价格之前为你工作的，所以C选项“在你讨论价格之前”正确。A

16、选项“你自己检查完房子之后”，文章没有提到需要自己检查房子，且这是测量师的工作，属于无中生有；B选项“在你住进这所房子之前不久”以及D选项“在自由谈判的早期阶段”都与文章事实不相符，属于曲解原文。因此C选项正确。2.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段Your surveyors job is to find out all the internal and exterior defects in the house and to indicate to you how much money it will cost to put them right. He will tell you w

17、hether the house is worth the price being asked and may suggest a price to negotiate with the seller.（你的测量师负责找出房子里所有的内部和外部缺陷，并告诉你修复这些缺陷需要多少钱。他会告诉你房子的价格是否值得商谈。），由此可知请测量师的主要原因是为了让你知道自己房子的价格是否值得商谈，所以B选项“告诉你房子的真正价值”正确。A选项“检查并报告房屋状况”，此处虽然有提及，但这是测量师的主要工作，并不是请他的主要原因，属于张冠李戴；C选项“帮助你谈一个更低的价格”，此处提到测量师只会告诉你房子的价

18、格是否值得商谈，并不会帮助你谈价，属于曲解原文；D选项“建议你进行修理”，此处提到测量师只会告诉你修理房子缺陷的大概费用，没有提到他们会建议你修理，属于无中生有。因此B选项正确。3.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章三段The building society or local authority from which you hope to get a loan will send its surveyor too, whose fee you will have to pay.They may in fact make it a condition of the mortgage that

19、you will have the defects repaired within a stated time (at your own expense of course).（你希望从那里获得贷款的房屋互助协会或地方当局也会派遣测量师，你必须支付测量师的费用事实上，他们可能会以你在规定的时间内修复缺陷作为抵押的条件，当然是费用自理。），由此可推断出房屋互助协会和地方当局请测量师的原因是为了检查买方在贷款前需要的维修之处，所以C选项“检查买方在获得贷款前必须进行的维修”正确。A选项“向他们提供他们在向潜在买家提供建议时所需的信息”文章没有提到，属于无中生有；B选项“检查买方检验师准备的报告”对

20、应文章第三段，该段中只提到房屋互助协会或地方当局请的测量师的最终报告买方是无法看到的，并不是说他们请测量师是为了检查买方检验师所准备的报告，该选项属于曲解原文；D选项“看看借出购买款项是否明智”文章没有提及，属于无中生有。因此C选项正确。4.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段The building society or local authority from which you hope to get a loan will send its surveyor too, whose fee you will have to pay. They may in fact make it a

21、 condition of the mortgage that you will have the defects repaired within a stated time (at your own expense of course).（你希望获得贷款的房屋互助协会或地方当局也会派遣测量师，你必须支付测量师的费用事实上，他们可能会以你在规定的时间内修复缺陷作为抵押的条件，当然，费用由你自己承担），由此可知房屋互助协会雇佣的测量师是为了测量房子缺陷，用此作为评估给你贷款的依据，如果缺陷重大不宜居住，地方当局会先让你修复好，直到房子适宜居住再贷款给你，所以D选项“第二种测量师的工作是找出房子是

22、否适合居住”正确。A选项“第二种测量师对房子的缺陷不感兴趣”说法错误，第二段说到测量师的工作就是检查房子缺陷，该选项属于反向干扰；B选项“你不必付钱给第二类测量师”说法错误，第三段提到了“whose fee you will have to pay”，所以该选项也属于反向干扰；C选项“第二种测量师的工作是决定房子的价值”，决定房子价值的是第一类测量师，属于张冠李戴。因此D选项正确。5.推理判断题。由题干可定位到第四段第一句If you are building a new house, you will also need assurance that the house is properl

23、y built and the building will accept the responsibility for any defects that may appear due to poor design, materials or workmanship.（如果你正在建造一所新房子，你还需要确保房子合理建造，并且将为建筑由于设计、材料或工艺不良而可能出现的任何缺陷责任。），由此可知需要确保房子的质量，确保房子没有大问题，所以B选项“严重的施工失误将在施工的各个阶段得到纠正”正确。D选项“建筑公司在国家房屋建筑商注册委员会注册”对应第五段If the builder is not re

24、gistered it will be wise to get a competent surveyor to check the house over during various stages of construction.（如果建筑商没有注册，最好找一个有资质的测量师在不同的施工阶段检查房屋。），由此可知建筑商是否注册不是考查的必要条件，属于反向干扰。A选项“房子的建造始终受到监督”对应第四段第二句“If a builder is restricted with National House-Builders Registration Council, you will know th

25、at the house has been spot-check inspected at periodic intervals during buildings.（如果一个建筑商受管制于国家房屋建筑商注册委员会，你就知道该房屋在建造期间会被定期抽查。）”，结合第五段可知在国家房屋建筑商注册委员会注册过的会受到监督，而建筑商不一定注册，属于曲解原文。C选项“如果与建筑商发生纠纷，将受到法律保护”对应第四段最后一句“Arbitration machinery and for newly-built house, a 10-year protection against major structu

26、ral defects, exist should things go wrong and the builder seek to avoid responsibility.（仲裁机制为防止房屋重大结构缺陷和建筑商逃避责任，对新建房屋有10年保护期。）”，由此可知如果和建筑商发生纠纷，原本就会受到法律保护，不需要去确定这件事，属于曲解原文。因此B选项正确。2. 单选题Her 30-year study of the Gombe National Park chimpanzees is the largest continuous field project ever recorded. It

27、has made herand the chimpanzeesa living _, earning her honorary degrees, doctorates and wildlife conservation awards all over the world.问题1选项A.legendB.specimenC.maximumD.document【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项legend“传奇”；B选项specimen“样本”；C选项maximum“最大限度”；D选项document“文件”。句意：她花了30年研究贡贝国家公园里的黑猩猩，是有记录以来规模最大的连续野外研究项目。

28、这让她和黑猩猩们成为活生生的_，并获得了世界各地的荣誉学位、博士学位和野生动物保护奖。这个项目是有记录以来规模最大的连续野外研究项目，超出了人们的想象，A选项legend“传奇”符合题意。因此A选项正确。3. 单选题The fire started on the first floor of the hospital _ were elderly and weak.问题1选项A.many of its patientsB.many of which patientsC.many patients of whomD.many of whose patients【答案】D【解析】考查定语从句。句意

29、：大火从医院的一楼开始蔓延，在一楼有许多年老体弱的病人。横线到句尾部分是修饰first floor的定语从句，patients和first floor是所属关系，用引导词whose，D选项many of whose patients符合题意。A选项中its不是引导词，不引导从句；B选项中which不表示所属关系；C选项中whom用在先行词是人的情况。因此D选项正确。4. 单选题Among all societies legal marriage is usually accompanied by some kind of ceremony that express group（ ）of the

30、 union.问题1选项A.opinionB.consistencyC.insistenceD.approval【答案】D【解析】opinion观点, 主张；consistency一致性, 相容性；insistence坚持, 强调；approval批准, 认可, 赞同。句意：在所有社会中, 合法的婚姻通常伴随着某种仪式, 表达群体对婚姻的认可。选项D符合语境。5. 单选题The annual review of American company board practices by Korn/Ferry, a firm of headhunters, is a useful indicator

31、 of the health of corporate governance. This years review, published on November 12th, shows that the Sarbanes-Oxley act, passed in 2002 to try to prevent a repeat of corporate collapses such as Enrons and WorldComs, has had an impact on the boardroom-albeit at an average implementation cost that Ko

32、rn/Ferry estimates at $5.1 m per firm.Two years ago, only 41% of American firms said they regularly held meetings of directors without their chief executive present; this year the figure was 93%. But some things have been surprisingly unaffected by the backlash against corporate scandals. For exampl

33、e, despite a growing feeling that former chief executives should not sit on their companys board, the percentage of American firms where they do has actually edged up, from 23% in 2003 to 25% in 2004.Also, disappointingly few firms have split the jobs of chairman and chide executive. Another survey

34、of American boards published this week, by A.T. Kearney, a firm of consultants, found that in 2002, 14% of the boards of S&P 500 firms had separated the roles, and a further 16% said they planned to do so. But by 2004 only 23% overall had taken the plunge. A survey earlier in the year by consultants

35、 at McKinsey found that 70% of American directors and investors supported the idea of splitting the jobs, which is standard practice in Europe.Another disappointment is the slow progress in abolishing “staggered” boardsones where only one-third of the directors are up for re-election each year, to t

36、hree-year terms. Invented as a defense against takeover, such boards, according to a new Harvard Law School study by Lucian Bebchuk and Alma Cohen, are unambiguously “associated with an economically significant reduction in firm value”.Despite this, the percentage of S&P 500 firms with staggered boa

37、rds has fallen only slightly-from 63% in 2001 to 60% in 2003, according to the Investor Responsibility Research Centre. And many of those firms that have been forced by shareholders to abolish the system are doing so only slowly. Merck, a pharmaceutical company in trouble over the possible side-effe

38、cts of its arthritis drug Vioxx, is allowing its directors to run their dull term before introducing a system in which they are all re-elected (or otherwise) annually. Other companies staggered boards are entrenched in their corporate charters, which cannot be amended by a shareholders vote. Anyone

39、who expected the scandals of 2001 to bring about rapid change in the balance of power between managers and owners was, at best, naive.1.The Sarbanes-Oxley act is most probably about（ ）.2.The word “backlash” (Line 3, Paragraph 2) most probably means（ ）.3.According to the text, separating the roles be

40、tween chairman and chief executive is（ ）.4.We learn from the text that a “staggered” board（ ）.5.Toward the board practice of American companies, the writers attitude can be said to be（ ） .问题1选项A.corporate scandalB.corporate managementC.corporate costD.corporate governance问题2选项A.a violent forceB.a st

41、rong impetusC.a firm measureD.a strong negative reaction问题3选项A.a common practice in American companiesB.what many European companies doC.a must to keep the health of a companyD.not a popular idea among American entrepreneurs问题4选项A.is adverse to the increment of firm valueB.gives its board members to

42、o much powerC.has been abolished by most American companiesD.can be voted down by shareholders问题5选项A.biasedB.pessimisticC.objectiveD.critical【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。根据第一段，猎头公司“光辉国际”(Korn/Ferry)对美国公司董事会做法的年度评估是了解公司治理状况的一个有用指标。萨班斯-奥克斯利法案是为了防止出现像安然和世通等公司垮掉那样的情况。由此可推断，该法案是关于治理公司的，选项D正确。

43、2.词语辨析题。根据句意：一些事情并未受到企业丑闻强烈负面反应的影响。“backlash”指强烈的负面反应，选项D正确。3.细节事实题。根据第三段的最后一句“70% of American directors and investors supported the idea of splitting the jobs, which is standard practice in Europe.”70%的美国董事和投资者支持分职的想法，这在欧洲是一种惯例。选项B符合原文。4.细节事实题。根据第四段最后一句“.such boards, ., are unambiguously “associate

44、d with an economically significant reduction in firm value.”这种（交错）董事会是为了防范收购而发明的，但它显然“与公司价值的显著降低有关”。由此可知，“staggered” board不利于企业价值的增长，选项A符合原文。5.作者观点题。根据原文，作者在第三、四段表达了对美国公司董事会感到失望，因为它们变化缓慢。说明作者对美国公司的董事会是持批评的态度，选项D正确。6. 单选题Grain production in the world is（ ） but still millions go hungry.问题1选项A.staggeri

45、ngB.shrinkingC.soaringD.suspending【答案】C【解析】stagger蹒跚，交错；shrink收缩；soar高涨；suspend延缓，推迟。 句意：世界粮食产量正在高涨，但仍有数百万人挨饿。选项C符合语境。7. 单选题To alleviate the problem of contaminated chicken, the experts recommend that the government shift its inspection emphasis from cursory bird-by-bird visual check to a more _ ran

46、dom sampling for bacterial and chemical contamination.问题1选项A.rigorousB.perfunctoryC.symbolicD.discreet【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项rigorous“严格的，严厉的；严密的；严酷的”；B选项perfunctory“敷衍的；马虎的；得过且过的”；C选项symbolic“象征的；符号的；使用符号的”；D选项discreet“谨慎的；小心的”。句意：为缓解鸡的污染问题，专家们建议政府把检查重点从走马观花式的肉眼检查改为进行更为_的对细菌和化学污染进行随机取样检查。根据shift“改变”可知

47、，横线处应填一个与cursory“粗略的”意思相反的词。且由检查重点从肉眼检查到改进为对细菌和化学污染随机取样检查，可知检查推向深入，较以前更加严格，A选项rigorous“严格的”符合题意。因此A选项正确。8. 单选题As soon as Henry found the gem to be（ ）, he went back to the shop and had his money back.问题1选项A.scatteredB.syntheticC.identicalD.conspicuous【答案】B【解析】scattered分散的, 散乱的；synthetic人造的, 合成的；ident

48、ical 同一的；conspicuous显著的。句意：Henry一发现这个钻石是人造的, 他立马返回商店退款。选项B符合句意。9. 单选题Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one of every five Americans at work was employed, i.e., worked for somebody else. Today only one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And when f

49、ifty years ago “being employed” meant working as a factory laborer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills. Indeed, two things have characte

50、rized American society during these last fifty years; middle-class and upper-class employees have been the fastest-growing groups in our working populationgrowing so fast that the industrial worker, the oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite the ex

51、pansion of industrial production.Yet you will find little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it be the mechanists trade o

52、r bookkeeping. Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employeeship is more important to success than the specia

53、l professional knowledge or skill. Certainly, more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, and the greate

54、r the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.1. It is implied that fifty years ago _.2. According to the passage, with the development of modem modern industry _.3. The word “dubious” (underlined in Para 2.) most probably mean

55、s _.4. According to the writer, professional knowledge or skill is _.5. From the passage it can be seen that employeeship helps one _.问题1选项A.eighty per cent of American working people were employed in factoriesB.twenty per cent of American intellectuals were employeesC.the percentage of intellectual

56、s in the total work force was almost the same as that of industrial workersD.the percentage of intellectuals working as employees was not so large as that of industrial workers问题2选项A.factory laborers will overtake intellectual employees in numberB.the proportion of factory laborers in the total empl

57、oyee population has decreasedC.employers have attached great importance to factory laborersD.there are as many middle-class employees as factory laborers问题3选项A.valuableB.usefulC.doubtfulD.helpful问题4选项A.as important as the ability to deal with public relationsB.less important than awareness of being

58、a good employeeC.more important than employer employee relationsD.as important as the ability to co-operate with others in the organization问题5选项A.to be more successful in his careerB.to be more specialized in his fieldC.to solve technical problemsD.to develop his professional skill【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:

59、C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段And when fifty years ago “being employed” meant working as a factory laborer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and tech

60、nical skills.（50年前，“被雇佣”的意思是作为工厂工人或农场工人工作，而今天的雇员越来越多地是中产阶级，接受过大量的正规教育，从事需要智力和技术技能的专业或管理工作。），由此可知50年前，当人们提到被雇佣时想到的是工厂或农场工人，而现在想到的是中产阶级，由此可推断出50年前，知识分子作为雇员工作的占比没有产业工人的大，所以D选项“知识分子作为雇员工作的百分比没有产业工人的百分比大”正确。A选项“百分之八十的美国工人受雇于工厂”和B选项“百分之二十的美国知识分子是雇员”对应文章第二句“大约一百年前，每五个在工作的美国人中只有一个被雇佣，即为别人工作。”，此处说的是一百年前，并不是五

61、十年，且此处要表达的意思是一百年前百分之二十的美国工人受雇于工厂，所以A选项和B选项说法都不正确，属于反向干扰；C选项“知识分子在全体劳动力中的比例几乎与产业工人的比例相同”说法错误，文章第一段说到50年前，知识分子作为雇员工作的占比没有产业工人的大，所以C选项属于反向干扰。因此D选项正确。2.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these last fifty years: middle-class and upper-class employees have bee

62、n the fastest-growing groups in our working populationgrowing so fast that the industrial worker, that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production.（事实上，在过去的50年里，美国社会有两个特点：中产阶级和上层社会的雇员一直是我们劳动人口中增长最快的群体增长如此之快，以至于工业革命

63、时以体力为主的工人在数量上已经失去了重要性，尽管工业生产在扩大。），由此可推断出产业工人的数量减少了，所以B选项“产业工人在总雇员人口中的比例有所下降”正确。A选项“产业工人的数量将超过知识型员工”和D选项“中产阶级雇员和产业工人一样多”与原文表述不符，属于反向干扰；C选项“雇主非常重视产业工人”文章没有提到，属于无中生有。因此B选项正确。3.词汇推断题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段开头Yet you will find little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion.（然而，你会发现几乎没有任何关于如何成为一名员工的内容。但是你却可以找到很多关于如何获得工作或晋升非常_的建议。），根据第一句几乎没有什么文章写道应该如何成为一名员工，却有如何获得工作或晋升的建议，所以不难推测这种建议是不可信的，因此C选项“可疑的；不可信的”正确。A选项“有价值的”；B选项“有用的”；